血液透析血液灌流对继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的影响

目的观察血液灌流比较血液透析滤过对慢性肾衰竭维持血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的影响。方法选取2004年8月至2005年11月河北大学第二医院维持性血液透析患者40例，分为2组，比较单次血液透析串联血液灌流（HD＋HP）治疗，及单次血液透析滤过（HDF）治疗前后，患者血甲状旁腺激素（PTH）和磷（P）的清除力和清除百分比。结果单次血液透析串联血液灌流后，慢性肾衰竭维持血液透析患者血PTH下降明显，血钙（Ca）增高。结论血液透析串联血液灌流后患者骨病的临床症状好转；血液灌流可以明显降低患者的PTH，能很好地改善维持性血液透析患者的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症状。     

维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺切除后左心室功能的变化

目的了解维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺切除后左心室收缩与舒张功能的变化。 方法选择2013年3月至2016年9月在济南军区总医院维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进行甲状旁腺切除术的患者33例,采用自身对照,将患者治疗前定为对照组、手术后定为观察组。分别于术前1个月内、术后6个月检测甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积等生化指标,左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVdV)、二尖瓣E/A值、组织多普勒获得的二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值(Ea)与舒张晚期峰值(Aa)比值,左心室整体应变率(strain rate,SR,SR)。采用配对样本t检验。 结果观察组iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积以及LVEF、LVdV、二尖瓣E/A值、Ea/Aa、SR较对照组均明显下降(P值分别为0.000、0.037、0.008、0.000、0.037、0.021、0.026、0.017、0.033,P均<0.05),生化指标变化幅度以iPTH下降最为明显,依次为钙磷乘积、血钙、血磷(P>0.05),反映左心室舒张功能的二尖瓣E/A值、Ea/Aa变化幅度(23.88±10.24、0.43±13.17)明显大于反映左心室收缩功能的LVEF、SR变化幅度(16.48±3.76、16.79±4.32)(P<0.05),LVEF与SR的变化幅度两者之间无明显差异(P>0.05),E/A与Ea/Aa的变化幅度两者之间有明显差异(P＝0.020)。 结论维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺切除后左心室舒张功能的改善程度高于收缩功能。     

维持性血液透析患者防治继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的研究进展

正武汉市第四医院华中科技大学同济医学院附属普爱医院肾内科     

血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的防治

正武汉大学人民医院肾内科血透中心     

血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的防治

正联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院肾内科     

维持性血液透析合并难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进 患者甲状旁腺激素水平与骨密度的关系

维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)患者合并难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism, rSHPT),导致患者生活质量下降,死亡率增高[1-2].骨转换、骨矿化和骨量异常是SHPT最主要的骨骼病理改变,进一步使...     

血液灌流对尿毒症患者血浆甲状旁腺激素的清除效果观察

目的：观察血液灌流治疗对尿毒症患者血浆甲状旁腺激素（ PTH）的清除效果。方法将60例尿毒症患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,两组每周3次常规血液透析,观察组每周1次血液灌流治疗,治疗前后分别观察两组患者血浆PTH的变化。结果对照组治疗前后PTH无明显变化（ P＞0．05）;观察组治疗后PTH降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;治疗后组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。治疗24周后,伴随着PTH的降低,观察组患者骨痛、皮肤瘙痒、感觉异常等症状明显缓解。结论血液透析联合血液灌流治疗能有效清除尿毒症患者血浆PTH。     

高通血液透析联合西那卡塞、骨化三醇注射液对维持性血液透析老年患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效

目的 探讨高通量血液透析联合西那卡塞、骨化三醇注射液对维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)老年患者疗效的影响.方法 80例维持性血液透析SHPT老年患者随机数表法分为对照组与观察组,各40例,其中对照组采用血液透析滤过+骨化三醇注射液+盐酸西那卡塞片治疗,观察组采用高通量血液透析+骨化三醇注射液+盐酸西那卡塞...     

甲状旁腺癌并甲状旁腺功能亢进一例

患者女 ,36岁。因双髋、膝关节酸痛一年余 ,加重 2个月于 1999年 3月 2日入院。患者一年前无明显诱因出现双髋关节和双膝关节疼痛 ,呈进行性加重 ,伴四肢肌肉软弱无力 ,行走困难。并有多饮、多尿、夜尿增多 ,伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀、纳差、便秘。曾在外院就诊 ,拟诊“骨质疏松症” ,经补钙治疗效果不佳。 1999年 1月因出现血尿在当地医院查Ｂ超示 :右输尿管结石 ,予行“右输尿管切开取石术”。术后关节疼痛、肌肉软弱无力等症状无好转 ,来院拟诊“髋关节炎”收入骨科 ,经会诊转入我科。体检 :体温 37.2℃ ,脉搏 76次 /分 ,呼吸 18次 /分 ,血…     

维生素D受体基因多态性对尿毒症伴继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的影响

目的　评价维生素D受体 (VDR)基因多态性对尿毒症伴继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进( 2°HPT)严重程度的影响。方法　对 1 0 6例尿毒症维持性血液透析患者采用聚合酶链反应———限制性片段长度 (PCR RFLP)方法分析VDR基因Apa I位点多态性 ,有ApaI酶切位点的等位基因规定为a ,没有者规定为A。结果　 1 0 6例患者VDR基因ApaI多态性频率分别为AA 1 7%、Aa54 .7%、aa 2 8.3%。aa基因组患者血清iPTH浓度 [( 339.8± 357.4) pg/ml]明显高于AA基因组[( 1 51 .9± 1 6 7.3) pg/ml]和Aa基因组患者 [( 1 91 .5± 1 6 9.8) pg/ml],两组比较差异有显著性 ( P <0 .0 5)。aa基因组患者骨钙蛋白浓度 [( 36 .2± 56 .0 )ng/ml]明显高于AA基因组 [( 9.2± 6 .1 )ng/ml]和Aa基因组患者 [( 1 5.3± 2 1 .6 )ng/ml],两组比较差异有显著性 ( P <0 .0 5)。三组间血钙、磷、镁及一般情况均无明显差别 ,但aa基因组降钙素浓度明显低于Aa基因组 [( 30 .1 6± 1 7.59)vs( 73.2 2± 6 8.2 6 ) pg/ml,P <0 .0 1 ]。结论　a等位基因患者较非a等位基因患者易产生严重的 2°HPT。     

Effects of hemodialysis on secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure

In the first few weeks after the initiation of maintenance hemodialysis in nine patients with chronic renal failure, there was a progressive rise in both total and ionized serum calcium associated with a reciprocal and significant fall in the concentration of plasma parathyroid hormone. Studies in 36 additional patients with chronic renal failure already on hemodialysis indicated that this favorable trend did not continue; a progressive rise in parathyroid hormone concentration was associated with increasing duration of hemodialysis against the calcium concentration generally used by most centers. These observations are consistent with the increase in bone disease often associated with hemodialysis. Experimental increases in dialysate calcium concentration from 2.6 to 3.5 meq/liter for a 2-mo period failed to decrease parathyroid hormone secretion or cause a significant increase in predialysis calcium concentration in 36 uremic patients. Use of high calcium dialysis earlier in the course of the disease, alternate means of parathyroid suppression, and even subtotal parathyroidectomy may be necessary for the management of hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.     

Cinacalcet hydrochloride therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients

This study compared the efficacy of a cinacalcet‐based regimen with unrestricted conventional therapy (vitamin D and phosphate binders) for achieving Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) targets for dialysis patients. In this multicenter, prospective study, hemodialysis patients with poorly controlled secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) were randomized to receive a cinacalcet‐based regimen (n = 55) or a conventional therapy (n = 27). Doses of cinacalcet, vitamin D sterols, and phosphate binders were adjusted during a 12‐week dose‐titration phase to achieve intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels ≤ 31.8 pmol/L. The primary end point was the percentage of patients with values in this range during a 24‐week efficacy‐assessment phase. The clinical response to 36‐week cinacalcet treatment was evaluated. A dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was performed before and after 36 weeks of cinacalcet therapy. Fifty‐eight percent of the cinacalcet group reached the primary end point, as compared with 19% of the conventional therapy group (P = 0.001). A higher percentage of patients receiving the cinacalcet‐based regimen versus conventional therapy achieved the targets for calcium, phosphorus and Ca × P. Achievement of targets was greatest in patients with less severe disease (intact PTH range, 31.8 to 53 pmol/L). Cinacalcet therapy increased proximal femur bone mineral density (BMD), but did not affect the lumbar spine. Itching intensity decreased significantly. Cinacalcet based treatment facilitates achievement of the K/DOQI targets for iPTH and bone mineral metabolism compared with conventional therapy in hemodialysis patients. Suppression of iPTH with cinacalcet reverses bone loss in the proximal femur. Cinacalcet alleviated itching.     

Dose determination of cinacalcet hydrochloride in Japanese hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Cinacalcet hydrochloride is a calcimimetic agent that activates the calcium-sensing receptor on the surface of parathyroid cells and inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. To manage secondary hyperparathyroidism, cinacalcet, which lowers PTH levels without increasing serum calcium, phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product (Ca x P) levels, may provide a new potential therapy. To identify the optimal starting dose of cinacalcet for Japanese hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, dose-finding study was conducted. One hundred and twenty Japanese hemodialysis patients with intact PTH levels greater than or equal to 300 pg/mL were randomized into four groups: placebo, and 12.5, 25 and 50 mg of cinacalcet. The treatment period was three weeks followed by a two-week follow-up observation period. Cinacalcet decreased serum intact PTH levels in a dose-dependent manner, and also decreased serum calcium, phosphorus, Ca x P, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. The treatment with cinacalcet was generally well tolerated in this study. However, the incidence of treatment-related adverse events, such as gastrointestinal disorders and hypocalcemia, and the rate of withdrawal from the study due to treatment-related adverse events were higher in the 50 mg dose group than in the other groups. On the basis of both efficacy and safety results, 25 mg has been identified as the optimal starting dose of cinacalcet for Japanese hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.     

Association of nodular hyperplasia with resistance to cinacalcet therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients

There have been few long-term prospective studies investigating the effect of cinacalcet on secondary hyperparathyroidism with or without nodular hyperplasia. We examined whether the effect of cinacalcet on secondary hyperparathyroidism differed between patients with or without nodular hyperplasia. Stable hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism resistant to conventional treatment received cinacalcet for 12 months. Based on ultrasonography findings, patients were divided into group S (gland < 500 mm(3) without nodular hyperplasia) and group L (gland ≥ 500 mm(3) with nodular hyperplasia). Serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen were measured. Thirty-one patients completed the study. The changes of parameters from the baseline did not differ significantly between the two groups after 6 months. However, the percentage reduction of each parameter was significantly smaller in group L compared with group S after 12 months. Nodular hyperplasia is associated with resistance to cinacalcet therapy in patients on chronic dialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism.     

Vitamin D receptor activator reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Treatment with a vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA) has survival benefits probably related to its effects beyond the traditional role in mineral metabolism. We hypothesized that VDRA reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis (HD) patients. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of VDRA on the oxidative status of albumin in HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Eleven HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were treated with calcitriol at an intravenous dose of 1.5 μg/week for four weeks. Serum intact parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus were monitored and we measured the amount of oxidized albumin and albumin hydroperoxides form before and after calcitriol treatment. The ratio of oxidized to un-oxidized albumin was determined as a representative marker of oxidative stress. The radical scavenging activity of albumin was also evaluated. After four weeks of calcitriol therapy, there were no significant changes in serum intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, or phosphorus levels; however, the ratio of oxidized to un-oxidized albumin was markedly decreased and serum thiol content was significantly increased after calcitriol treatment. Furthermore, the radical scavenging activity of albumin was greater after calcitriol treatment compared with that of untreated albumin. Our data suggest that intravenous calcitriol treatment reduces oxidative stress and strengthens antioxidant defenses by inhibiting albumin oxidation in HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.     

Clinical features and hyperplastic patterns of parathyroid glands in hemodialysis patients with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism refractory to maxacalcitol treatment and required parathyroidectomy

We have previously suggested that when parathyroid glands progress to nodular hyperplasia, secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) may be refractory to medical treatments, including treatment with Maxacalcitol (OCT). In the present study we evaluated the clinical features and hyperplastic patterns of parathyroid glands in patients who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTx) after being withdrawn from OCT. One hundred and eighty-seven advanced 2HPT patients who had been withdrawn from OCT and required PTx were enrolled. At the start of OCT treatment, the patients had a mean age of 55.3 years and had been receiving hemodialysis (HD) for a mean period of 149 months. At the start of OCT treatment and at PTx, the mean intact PTH (i-PTH) levels were 772.8 +/- 446.0 and 855.5 +/- 420.5 pg/mL, respectively. The main reasons for withdrawal of OCT treatment were persistently high PTH (n = 148), hypercalcemia (n = 79), hyperphosphatemia (n = 65), and progressive symptoms (n = 60). We classified the parathyroid glands by hyperplastic pattern into four categories: diffuse hyperplastic gland (D), early nodularity in diffuse hyperplastic gland (EN), nodular hyperplastic gland (N), and single nodular gland (SN). The mean total excised gland weight was 2592.6 mg. Out of a total of 706 glands, 118 were classified as D, 66 as EN, 436 as N, and 86 as SN. All patients had at least one nodular hyperplastic gland or single nodular gland. The mean number of nodular hyperplastic glands and/or single nodular glands was 2.9. All hemodialysis patients with advanced OCT-refractory 2HPT who underwent PTx had at least one nodular hyperplastic gland or single nodular gland.     

维生素D治疗慢性肾脏疾病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的进展

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)是慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)最常见的并发症之一.维生素D及其类似物是治疗SHPT的常用药物,充分了解低维生素D状态对CKD患者的危害,维生素D制剂治疗SHPT的药理机制及治疗过程中应该注意的问题,有助于临床医师合理应用此类药物,延缓SHPT发展为三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗

目的:探讨甲状旁腺全切加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术治疗慢性肾功能衰竭患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析民航总医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2009年9月至2013年3月收治的32例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料,患者均行中央区加前上纵隔清扫切除全部甲状旁腺加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术。比较手术前后症状缓解程度,血清全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、血钙、血磷和血红蛋白变化评价手术效果。结果:手术成功率100%。术后半年内所有患者骨痛、皮肤瘙痒均缓解。肌无力、不宁腿及睡眠质量均明显改善。术后半年血清i PTH[(80.62±81.28)pg/ml vs(1 492.9±1 170.70)pg/ml]、血钙[(2.15±0.33)mmol/L vs(2.39±0.22)mmol/L]、血磷[(1.09±0.38)mmol/L vs(2.25±0.60)mmol/L]和血钙磷乘积[(28.63±10.19)mg/d L vs(67.12±20.35)mg/dl]均较术前明显下降,且统计学差异显著(P0.01)。术后半年血红蛋白[(118.45±11.88)g/L vs(109.60±16.17)g/L]和红细胞压积[(37.16%±3.42%)vs(34.01%±5.25%)]均较术前明显升高(P0.05)。经病理证实,32例患者共切除甲状旁腺121枚,其中108枚位于气管食管沟,9枚位于前上纵隔,4枚位于甲状腺内。结论:中央区加前上纵隔清扫切除全部甲状旁腺加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症安全可靠,初次手术的成功率高。