人工肝联合肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭

急性肝功能衰竭（acute liver failure，ALF）疾病凶险，自然死亡率高达80％以上。20世纪80年代中期肝移植开始应用于治疗急性肝功能衰竭。现今，结合肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭病人存活率大大提高，英国伯明翰伊丽莎白医院一组110例ALF结合肝移植病人1年存活率达到81％，5年存活率高达73%。笔者一组86例ALF结合肝移植资料表明病人的1年存活率为88％，5年存活率达71％。这些数据表明现代外科干预处理ALF可获得满意疗效。     

成人原位背驮式肝移植--附8例报告

目的 研究原位背驮式肝移植治疗终末期肝病的手术技巧及临床效果。方法 在23月内为8例终末期肝病病人实施原位肝移植手术,其中肝炎后肝硬化2例,肝癌1例,酒精性硬化1例,化疗后中毒性肝炎致肝硬化1例,原发件胆汁性肝硬化3例。结果 手术成功率100％,1例手术后32天死于肾功能衰竭,围手术期存活7例（87.5％）,随访期间7例病人均存活,现存活7例（87.5％）,生存时间最长1例已23个月。术后并发症:腹腔出血并肾衰竭1例;腹腔内出血胆瘘致腹膜炎1例。结论 肝移植手术是终末期肝病的有效治疗手段。在成人原位背驮式肝移植病肝切除术中,有效的预防减少出血及其它手术并发症,预防肝移植术后乙肝再感染,有效而合理的使用免疫抑制剂是提高手术成功率,保证长期生存的关键。     

再次肝移植治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道狭窄的研究:附48例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院自2001年9月至2005年12月期间48例缺血型胆道狭窄病人行再次原位肝移植的资料，分析其预后及影响因素。结果40／48（83．3％）例病人再次肝移植前有介入治疗史；术中出血量为850～12000ml，中位值为3000ml；术中用血量为600～13300ml，中位值为3200ml；手术平均时间为（12．00±4．35）h。48例病人随访时间为3～31个月，中位随访时间为6个月，1个月及1年，累计存活率分别为79％和72％，中位存活时间为187d；无感染组与合并感染组的存活率有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；9／14例（64．29％）死于感染及多脏器功能衰竭；无并发症，单一并发症，多种并发症的生存曲线存在显著性差异（P=0．002）。结论再次肝移植是挽救缺血性胆道狭窄无法介入治疗或介入治疗失败的有效手段；预防缺血型胆道并发症的发生仍是我国肝移植重要的努力方向。     

成人原位背驮式肝移植—附8例报告

目的：研究原位背驮式肝移植治疗终末期肝病的手术技巧及临床效果。方法：在23月内为8例终末期肝病病人实施原位肝移植手术，其中肝炎后肝硬化2例，肝癌1例，酒精性硬化1例，化疗后中毒性肝炎致肝硬化1例，原发性胆汁性肝硬化3例。结果：手术成功率100%，1例手术后32天死于肾功能衰竭，围手术期存活7例（87.5%），随访期间7例病人均存活，现存活7例（87.5%），生存时间最长1例已23个月。术后并发症：腹腔出血并肾衰竭1例；腹腔内出血胆瘘致腹膜炎1例。结论：肝移植手术是终末期肝病的有效治疗手段。在成人原位背驮式肝移植病肝切除术中，有效的预防减少出血及其它手术并发症，预防肝移植术后乙肝再感染，有效而合理的使用免疫抑制剂是提高手术成功率，保证长期生存的关键。     

肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭处理及危险因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的处理及相关危险因素。方法回顾分析400例肝移植临床资料，观察术后急性肾功能衰竭病人的处理及预后。根据有无肾功能衰竭分组，对13项相关的危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的发生率为7．2％，均接受持续静脉静脉血液滤过治疗，1年生存率为44．4％。单因素分析中年龄、术前肝功能分级、术前肌酐、尿素氮、手术时间、术中输血量组间差异有统计学意义，多因素分析中只有术前肝功能分级是独立的危险因素。结论肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭预后差，可能与多种诱发因素有关，术前肝功能不全是独立的危险因素。     

肝移植现状与面临的挑战

进人21世纪以来，肝移植已经成为治疗终末期肝脏疾病、急性暴发性肝功能衰竭的一种最有效的选择。据美国UNOS报道．在过去10年中．全世界已实施26040例肝移植；在先进的移植中心．肝移植受者的1年和3年存活率分别达到90％和80％．5年存活率达65％～75％．儿童肝移植和亲属活体肝移植存活率更高，除了存活时间延长外．生活质量得到明显改善．     

原发性肝癌肝切除术后复发患者的肝移植治疗

目的观察肝移植治疗原发性肝癌肝切除术后复发患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例原发性肝癌肝切除术后复发接受经典原位肝移植治疗的受者的临床资料,观察移植效果。结果在围手术期,1例术后发生移植肝功能不全和凝血功能障碍并发肾功能衰竭死亡;1例术后出现急性胰腺炎,给予生长抑素治疗10d缓解;2例发生急性排斥反应,行大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3d逆转。10例受者顺利出院。出院后,3例分别于术后第5个月、第7个月、第19个月死于肝癌复发,1、2年受者存活率分别为72．7％（8／11）和63．6％（7／11）,至今最长存活的1例已达4年余。获长期存活的受者肝癌肝切除术前原发病均为小肝癌,肝切除术后复发行肝移植时肝癌均符合Milan标准。结论小肝癌行肝癌肝切除术后应密切随访,如发现肝癌复发且符合Milan标准可考虑行肝移植治疗,患者仍有可能获较长时间生存。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能22例报告

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能的临床经验。方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2006年6月期间中山大学附属第三医院施行22例再次肝移植受者的临床资料，结合文献加以讨论。再次肝移植的原因分别为移植术后胆道并发症（12例）、移植术后肝癌复发（4例）、肝动脉栓塞（2例）、肝动脉狭窄（2例）以及乙肝复发（2例）。再次移植率为3．62％，供肝植入均采用改良背驮式肝移植技术。结果 全组无手术死亡，8例随访至今分别存活21、14、8、3个月各1例，12、1个月各2例；14例存活2周到28个月不等。首次肝移植术后8～30d行再次肝移植病人围手术期病死率最高，为66．7％；1年内死亡10例，主要死亡原因为感染（60％）。结论 再次肝移植是移植肝失功能的惟一有效的治疗方法，正确掌握手术时机及适应证，钻研手术技巧，合理的个体化免疫抑制方案以及围手术期有效的抗感染治疗是提高再次肝移植病人存活率的关键。     

急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭22例的临床分析

目的 探讨急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的效果.方法 回顾分析2003年1月至2009年1月间22例急性肝功能衰竭患者急诊行肝移植的临床资料,对患者预后、存活率及并发症等情况进行总结.结果 22例患者中,与乙型病毒性肝炎相关肝功能衰竭14例,与药物相关性肝功能衰竭8例.术前等待供肝的平均时间为2.3d.围手术期死亡3例(13.6％),1例于术后5个月时死于严重肺部感染,1例于术后6个月时接受再次肝移植治疗,其他受者术后移植肝功能恢复良好.手术并发症主要为腹腔出血2例,胆道并发症2例,无血管并发症.非手术并发症主要包括不同程度的肾功能障碍22例,肺部感染11例,排斥反应3例,神经与精神症状17例,癫痫1例.术后1、2、3年受者存活率分别为81.8 ％(18/22)、81.8 ％(18/22)和81.8 ％(18/22),移植物存活率分别为81.8％(18/22)、77.3 ％(17/22)和77.3％(17/22).结论 急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的效果良好,术前应合理评估供肝和受者情况,减少等待供肝时间,术后有效地处理各种并发症是提高受者预后的关键.     

原位肝移植术后乙肝复发尸检1例报告

原位同种异体肝移植是目前终末期肝病及肝功能衰竭最有效的治疗手段。肝炎病毒特别是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)所致的急慢性严重肝病是肝移植的最佳适应证。但此类病人肝移植后常发生肝炎病毒的再感染或复发感染,导致植入肝发生炎症、纤维化,甚至功能衰竭,严重影响移植肝的存活率及病人的存活率[1]。本文报告原位肝移植术后乙肝复发尸体解剖1例。1临床资料死者女,49岁。于1999年5月10日因乙肝、肝硬化、门静脉高压症、脾大脾亢、肝功能失代偿行同种异体肝移植术。术后病检见正常肝小叶结构消失,肝细胞增生呈大小相近的的结节状细胞团,其间纤维组…     

提高原位肝移植术后长期生存率的临床研究

目的 探讨提高原位肝移植术后长期生存率的临床措施。方法 回顾性分析我科3年多来所施行的72例原位肝移植病人术后生存情况、并发症发生的种类及数量，以及诊治处理方法，以探讨成功及失败原因。结果 72例肝移植病人中，原发病为良性疾病50例(其中终末期乙肝肝硬化34例)；恶性疾病22例(其中HCC19例)。术后发生并发症54例次，含因凝血功能紊乱致术后腹腔内继发性出血4例，术前腹水感染未能控制，致术后腹水严重感染2例，激素用量过大致应激性溃疡出血、穿孔1例，胆瘘6例，肺部感染21例，肠道真菌感染5例。全组无原发性肝无功能及血管并发症，随访2～41个月，无远期胆道并发症及慢排发生。住院期死亡6例，随访期死亡6例，目前生存60例，总生存率为83．33％，存活超过1年者32例，最长已3年5个月。结论 ①术中技术的改进及新技术的应用；②采用个体化的免疫抑制方案；③加强术后感染预防与治疗；④加强乙肝复发的预防和治疗；⑤预防肿瘤复发的系列措施，是提高肝移植术后生存率的关键。     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Acute Hepatic Failure Caused by Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Infection After Chemotherapy for Hematologic Malignancy: Case Reports

Cancer chemotherapy in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers occasionally leads to acute hepatic failure (AHF) from viral reactivation resulting in an high mortality rate. In this situation, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can be life saving. Herein we have reported 2 cases of successful LDLT performed for AHF caused by reactivation of HBV infection during chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies. In case 1, a 38-year-old male HBV carrier with a neck mass was hisopathologically diagnosed as Hodgkin's lymphoma. During 4 cycles of chemotherapy he developed right upper quadrant pain and jaundice. Laboratory data (alanine amino transferase, 701 U/L, total bilirubin: 7.92 mg/dL, positive hepatitis B e antigen showed that he had experienced an acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis. Soon, he developed grade IV hepatic encephalopathy with a total bilirubin level of 50.56 mg/dL and a model for End-Stage Liver Disease score of 40. After LDLT, he has been free of relapse for 52 months so far. In case 2, a 49-year-old male HBV carrier was diagnosed in the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. The patient had been under Imatinib treatment for 1 year until he was admitted for AHF. He developed grade II encephalopathy with a total bilirubin of 50.8 mg/dL. We performed LDLT; the patient has been free of relapse for 17 months. LDLT was a life-saving procedure for AHF caused by reactivation of HBV during chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy. It can provide long-term survival if the coexistent hematologic malignancy has been controlled.     

Outcomes of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation

The introduction of high doses of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and lamivudine for liver transplantation (OLT) prophylaxis has reduced the risk of hepatitis B recurrence and improved the survival of patients transplanted for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease. But, posttransplant prophylaxis strategies to treat the recurrence of HBV have not yet been standardized. We analyzed 23 patients with HBV recurrence among 340 HBV-associated liver transplants performed from September 1996 to April 2004 (6.7%). Nine patients underwent deceased donor OLT and 14, living donor OLT. Mean follow-up was 37 months. Seroconversion after recurrence was observed in 6 of 23 patients (26%). Mean time to HBV recurrence tended to be shorter among the seroconversion (+) patients compared to seroconversion (-) patients (10 months vs 19.7 months; P = .062). Seroconversion rate after HBIG and lamivudine combination therapy for patients with HBV recurrence was 37.5% and time to seroconversion after HBV recurrence was 1.7 months. Seroconversion was best achieved when the pretransplant HBV DNA level was high and HBeAg was positive. Also, seroconversion rate was increased when HBV DNA level was low and the alanine transferase level high at the time of recurrence and when the time to recurrence after transplantation was short. Seroconversion after HBV recurrence, which was observed in 26%, may be increased in selected cases. Accordingly, aggressive treatment should be undertaken after HBV recurrence.     

Liver Transplantation in Lymphoma Patients With Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation

Background

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (AoCLF) occurs in lymphoma patients because of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. We aimed to identify characteristics of patients who underwent liver transplantation (OLT) because of AoCLF that occurred due to HBV reactivation in the setting of lymphoma and to compare these patients with AoCLF patients who did not have lymphoma.

Methods

Twenty patients underwent OLT due to AoCLF between February 2009 and June 2011. Among these patients, five were diagnosed with lymphoma before OLT and assigned to group 1. The remaining patients (n = 15) were assigned to group 2.

Results

Hospitalization after transplantation in group 2 was longer than in group 1 (P = .014). However, there were no differences in other variables between the two groups. The overall survival rate of group 1 was lower than that of group 2, but there was no difference between the two groups (P = .134). With the exception of one patient, the median time from complete remission to liver transplantation in group 1 was 4.5 months (range, 1–15) in group 1. Lymphoma recurrence occurred in one patient 8 months after transplantation.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that OLT is a feasible and effective approach in AoCLF due to HBV reactivation in select lymphoma patients.     

Liver Transplantation for Hepatitis B and C Virus-Related Cirrhosis: Mid-Term Results

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is almost universal; cirrhosis develops in up to 30% of cases. Currently there is interest in the midterm outcomes of HCV patients with concomitant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among OLT recipients. We therefore retrospectively analyzed our database of patients who underwent OLT for HCV-HBV-related cirrhosis. Between April 1992 and December 2008, 350 patients underwent OLT, including 20 (5.7%) transplanted for HBV-HCV cirrhosis. We assessed patient and graft survivals at 1 and 5 years, as well as the progression of fibrosis. Protocol liver biopsies were available yearly after OLT. The survival curves were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier approach and chronic hepatitis evaluated according to the Ishak scoring system. At a median follow-up of 68.4 ± 53 months, the 1- and 5-year patient and graft survival rates were 80% and 70%, respectively. The 5-year fibrosis progression rate was 0.17 ± 0.08 units of fibrosis. The only patient who developed histologic cirrhosis within 10 years of follow-up showed a lamivudine-resistant HBV recurrence. Patients transplanted for HBV-HCV coinfection showed a lower fibrosis progression rate compared with HCV monoinfected subjects.     

Lamivudine monoprophylaxis for liver transplant recipients with non-replicating hepatitis B virus infection

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lamivudine (LAM) monoprophylaxis for patients with non-replicating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: Among 128 liver recipients with HBV infection between 1994 and 2004 transplanted at our institution, 60 had non-replicating HBV infection at the time of OLT. Of those, 26 patients received LAM prophylaxis (monoprophylaxis group) and 34 patients received LAM and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) prophylaxis (combination group) after OLT. RESULTS: Median follow-up after OLT was 67 and 54 months, for monoprophylaxis and combination groups respectively. One and five yr patient/graft survival were 96/85% and 96/80% in monoprophylaxis group, and 85/79% and 67/55% in combination group. HBV DNA was re-detected or increased >10(5) IU/mL in four patients (15%) at 20-29 month in monoprophylaxis group and six (18%) at 4-35 months in combination group. Recurrent hepatitis was seen in two patients (8%) at 27 and 45 months and monoprophylaxis group and three (9%) at 21-35 months in combination group. The rate of recurrence was not statistically different between two groups. CONCLUSION: LAM monoprophylaxis seemed to be effective for OLT recipients with HBV infection who had non-replicating HBV at transplantation. HBIG administration may play a less valuable role in preventing HBV recurrence in this group of patients.     

免疫隔离技术在异种肝细胞移植中的应用

目的探讨微囊化猪肝细胞腹腔内移植对药物性肝衰大鼠的治疗作用，观察移植大鼠存活率、肝功能的变化。方法以海藻酸钠体外包裹经胶原酶灌注法分离的乳猪肝细胞，以SD大鼠为受体，D-氨基半乳糖腹腔内注射诱导大鼠急性肝衰竭，48h后将微囊化的猪肝细胞移植于大鼠腹腔内，观察移植大鼠存活率、绘制生存曲线，并测定肝功能的变化。结果腹腔内肝细胞移植可显著改善大鼠肝功能，转氨酶及胆红素均较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）。与裸肝细胞移植组相比．微囊化肝细胞移植组1周存活率（78．6％ vs 66．7％）及2周存活率（42．9％ vs 25．0％）均显著提高（P〈0．01）。结论对异种肝细胞经微囊化处理后移植治疗急性肝衰大鼠，可给予肝功能代谢支持，提高移植治疗效果。     

Liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure

INTRODUCTION: The mortality rate of acute hepatic failure (AHF) with conservative treatment is 40% to 90%, depending on the etiology. Hepatitis B infection is the major cause of AHF in Asia. In this study, we examined the role of liver transplantation for adult patients with AHF. METHODS: Sixteen patients with AHF received liver transplants in the past 6 years. Eight patients received cadaveric donor and another 8 living-related donor grafts. Fifteen patients suffered from hepatitis B-related disease and 1 had drug-induced AHF. Extracorporeal charcoal hemoperfusion was used as a bridge to liver transplantation in the first 2 patients and plasma exchange was used in the following patients. RESULTS: One patient died 1 month after the operation due to primary nonfunction. The other 15 patients are alive with good graft function at 2 months to 6 years follow-up. The success rate is 94%. Postoperative complications included infection in 10 patients (62.5%), acute rejection in 4 patients (25%), and biliary complication in 2 patients (12.5%). No neurological complications were noted. CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for patients with AHF. Living donors may be considered due to the organ shortage and the critical patient disease.     

Orthotopic liver transplantation for unresectable hepatoblastoma: a single center's experience.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Complete surgical resection after chemotherapy is the definitive treatment for hepatoblastoma. However, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is now accepted as a treatment modality for patients with unresectable tumours. The aim of this study was to review a single center's experience of OLT for unresectable hepatoblastoma. METHODS: A retrospective review of 8 patients with unresectable hepatoblastoma who were referred for liver transplantation was conducted. RESULTS: The patients assessed had an age range of 5 to 105 months at presentation; median, 24 months, (5 boys; 3 girls). Two patients have familial adenomatous polyposis, and one has right hemihypertrophy. All 8 patients had received standard chemotherapy according to SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology) protocols. Extrahepatic metastases were found in 3 patients at diagnosis, but none had detectable metastases at the time of OLT. Four patients continued chemotherapy while awaiting OLT. Three patients received whole grafts, and 5 received reduced grafts. The median follow-up period was 22 months (range, 2 to 78 months). Five patients are alive and well, although 1 patient had a second OLT for biliary cirrhosis secondary to biliary stricture at 6 years. Three patients died: one 26 days post OLT of sepsis and two of disease recurrence at 22 months and 70 months posttransplant. The actuarial survival rate is 88% and 65% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, whereas the overall survival rate is 62.5%. CONCLUSION: OLT for unresectable hepatoblastoma without extra hepatic metastases is highly successful with a low recurrence rate.     

原位肝移植治疗多囊肝病的临床分析

目的 探讨肝移植治疗多囊肝病中的效果和经验.方法 回顾分析我中心2000年1月至2008年12月9例多囊肝行肝移植的病例,对患者术前MELD评分、肝肾功能,术中输血、失血,手术时间、无肝期以及术后并发症、存活时间等方面进行总结.结果 9例患者术前MELD平均(16±9)分,5例同时患有多囊肾,除1例出现肝硬化外其他8例无明显肝功能损害但因明显的压迫症状而严重影响生活质量,3例有肾功能异常需要透析.术中平均输血(1800±1600)ml,失血(3500±2600)ml,平均手术时间(7.2±1.5)h,无肝期(52.7±15.4)min.术后3例分别因腹腔出血、急性排斥反应及循环衰竭导致多器官衰竭而早期死亡;6例患者均存活1年以上,现最长存活时间8年.本组1年和2年存活率分别为77.8%和66.7%.结论 肝移植是治疗多囊肝疾病的有效方法,比较其他的肝移植受者手术时间长,失血量较大,手术难度较高,但预后良好.