氩氦刀冷冻消融与射频消融在肝癌治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻消融与冷循环射频消融(cool-tip radiofrequency ablation,RFA)在恶性肝肿瘤治疗中的临床应用价值。方法超声引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗肝癌38例共42个病灶;经超声引导下RFA治疗肝癌40例共44个病灶,治疗前后经超声造影、增强CT或增强MRI检查明确诊断及评价疗效。结果 42个病灶经一次冷冻消融治疗后32个达完全消融,10例经再次冷冻消融后达到完全消融;44个病灶经一次RFA治疗后完全消融33个,11例经再次RFA后达到完全消融。两者一次完全消融率分别为76.2%(冷冻消融)和75%(RFA),差异无统计学意义。结论氩氦刀冷冻消融和冷循环RFA均能有效地原位灭活肝癌细胞,是有效的非手术治疗恶性肝肿瘤的方法之一。     

氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗肝癌

目的观察氩氦刀治疗5 cm以内原发肝癌或肝转移瘤的疗效。方法收集5 cm以内原发肝癌或肝转移瘤患者31例,共39个病灶。所有患者均于CT或超声等影像引导下接受氩氦刀治疗。结果肿瘤消融范围为90%100%,完全消融病灶占69.23%（27/39）。1年和2年存活率分别为90.32%（28/31）、61.29%（19/31）。31例患者均无出血等严重并发症,术中寒战4例（12.90%）;肝区疼痛6例（19.36%）,重度疼痛1例,体表皮肤温度触冰感,CT扫描无出血迹象,生命体征稳定,给予强痛定止痛,效果差,术后2 h疼痛缓解,其余疼痛患者均为中、轻度疼痛,未予处置;术后发热7例（22.58%）,体温37.1238.25℃;无血管、胆管损伤病例;冷冻术后患者的精神状态得到改善,腹部疼痛症状减轻,恢复较快。结论对于不能手术切除的小肝癌和肝转移瘤,氩氦刀消融治疗安全性高、疗效可靠。     

CT引导经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗肺部恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨氩氦刀冷冻治疗肺部恶性肿瘤的适应证、疗效及临床价值。方法 2001年5月～2002年1月7例肺部恶性肿瘤在CT引导下行经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗术。术后患者定期复查血清肿瘤标记物、胸片检查及CT或MRI。结果 支气管肺癌1例。肺转移癌6例。治疗后瘤标降至正常或CT、MRI提示病灶完全坏死者3例。结论 氩氦刀冷冻治疗肺部恶性肿瘤是一种微创、安全、疗效可靠的新方法。对于不适宜行手术治疗的肺部恶性肿瘤患者是一种有效的治疗方法。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺冷冻消融治疗肺转移癌

目的 观察CT引导下经皮穿刺冷冻消融治疗肺转移癌的有效性及安全性。方法 对59例肺转移癌患者（80个转移灶）行CT引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗,统计治疗有效率、疾病控制率、并发症及生存情况[局部肿瘤进展（LTP）时间、无进展生存期（PFS）及总生存期（OS）]。结果 共对59例80个肺转移癌成功完成75例次冷冻消融。冷冻消融治疗有效率为85.33%(64/75),疾病控制率为94.67%(71/75),治疗后1及2年的LTP率分别为49.08%及32.83%、无进展生存率分别为37.02%及19.37%、总生存率分别为58.14%及33.49%。72例次（72/75,96.00%）出现国际介入放射学学会（SIR）A～B级并发症,3例次（3/75,4.00%）出现SIR C级并发症,其中咳嗽（49/75,65.33%）、咯血（41/75,54.67%）及疼痛（19/75,25.33%）最为常见;未见SIR D～F级并发症。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗肺转移癌较为有效且安全。     

超声引导细刀头氩氦刀靶向冷冻治疗肝癌

目的探讨细刀头氩氦刀靶向冷冻毁损治疗肝癌的疗效。方法在超声引导下采用Cryo—Hit氩氦刀对27例肝癌经皮或开腹靶向冷冻治疗，其中原发性肝癌10例，复发性肝癌11例，转移性肝癌6例。结果27例冷冻治疗后无肝破裂、出血、胆漏等并发症发生。12例术前AFP值增高者（36．5—1200μg／L），术后AFP下降（8．0—254μg／L），其中6例恢复正常。3例术前CEA值升高，术后均下降，其中2例降至正常。术后随访1—3个月，59．2％（16／27）的病人CT或MR检查提示病灶完全坏死，25．9％（7／27）的病人CT或MR提示病灶有不同程度缩小，但仍见活动病灶。结论超声引导细刀头氩氦刀靶向冷冻治疗肝癌是安全、有效、操作简便，远期疗效还有待进一步观察。     

CT评价单纯氩氦刀冷冻术联合放疗粒子治疗非小细胞肺癌的疗效

目的探讨CT评价单纯氩氦刀冷冻术及联合^125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）疗效的价值。方法应用单纯氩氦刀冷冻术（A组,22例）及氩氦刀冷冻术联合^125I粒子植入（B组,20例）治疗NSCLC患者共42例。以胸部CT扫描动态观察治疗前、后病灶的变化,包括治疗时的冰球覆盖率、治疗后肿瘤的大小、密度并进行临床疗效评价。结果42例均置刀成功。CT显示两组低密度冰球的平均覆盖率均大于80％。两组中直径3～5cm与〉5cm病灶的疗效差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。A、B组在术后1、3、6、12个月有效率分别为63．64％（14／22）和65．00％（13／20）、72．73％（16／22）和75．00%（15／20）、54．55％（12／22）和85．00％（17／20）、59．09％（13／22）和80．00％（16／20）。结论氩氦刀冷冻术能有效治疗失去手术机会的NSCLC;联合^125I粒子植入能有效地控制残余肿瘤,进一步提高有效率;CT可准确定位、追踪复查评价治疗效果。     

支气管动脉化疗栓塞联合氩氦刀 治疗非小细胞肺癌

目的探讨支气管动脉化疗栓塞术（BACE）联合氩氦刀治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的可行性、安全性及并发症。方法收集2008年6月—2009年9月原发性NSCLC患者22例,均于BACE后3～7天接受CT引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗。结果22例NSCLC患者中,13例病灶完全坏死,9例部分坏死。无一例发生严重并发症。结论BACE联合氩氦刀治疗NSCLC安全、有效、可行,值得临床推广。     

氩氦靶向冷冻术在中晚期肝癌综合治疗中的应用

目的 探讨氩氦靶向冷冻综合治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效。方法 应用美国恩多凯尔公司生产的氩氦超导手术系统(Endocare Cryocare System,氩氦刀)对80例中晚期肝癌分别采用B超或CT引导经皮穿刺氩氦靶向冷冻切除术，术中直视下B超引导氩氦刀冷冻加手术切除术，氩氦刀联合肝动脉介入栓塞化疗术(TACE)，氩氦刀联合瘤内无水酒精注射术。结果 全组无手术死亡及严重并发症，冷冻术后CT影像学上改变CT值明显降低，肿块逐渐缩小，65．0％病人AFP值显著下降，临床症状改善，损伤小、并发症少、恢复快。结论 氩氦靶向冷冻综合治疗肝癌疗效明确，对正常肝组织损伤少，并可产生肿瘤免疫抗体，能弥补单用TACE及瘤内注射无水酒精治疗的不足，具有安全、有效、微创，为目前中晚期肝癌治疗提供一种有效的疗法。     

经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝癌56例临床分析

目的　探讨氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的临床意义。方法　 2 0 0 1年 7月～ 2 0 0 2年6月 5 6例肝脏恶性肿瘤在B型超声引导下行经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗。术后患者定期复查血清肿瘤标记物、B型超声检查及CT或MRI。结果　患者肝功能ChildA级 5 0例 ,ChildB级 5例 ,ChildC级 1例。原发性肝癌 4 6例 ,转移性肝癌 10例。小肝癌 (直径≤ 5cm)甲胎蛋白阳性者治疗后转阴占80 % ,甲胎蛋白阴性者治疗后CT或MRI复查病灶完全坏死达 6 1.5 %。转移性肝癌治疗后瘤标降至正常或CT、MRI提示病灶完全坏死者占 6 0 %。结论　氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤是一种微创、安全、疗效可靠的新方法。对于不适宜行手术治疗的肝脏恶性肿瘤患者是一种有效的微创外科治疗方法。     

经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤(附34例临床报告)

目的　探讨氩氦刀冷冻毁损联合肝动脉栓塞化疗 (TACE)介入治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的适应证、疗效及临床意义。方法　 2 0 0 1年 7月至 2 0 0 2年 6月 34例肝脏恶性肿瘤病人先行TACE治疗 ,术后 7～ 4 5d后在B超或B超CT联合引导下行经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻毁损治疗肝脏肿瘤术。术后病人定期复查血清肿瘤标记物、B超检查及CT或MRI扫描。结果　病人肝功能ChildA级 32例 ,ChildB级 2例 ,ChildC级 0例。原发性肝癌 2 8例 ,转移性肝癌 6例。在随访期 (3～ 15个月 )内 ,4 1 1% (14 /34)的病人血清肿瘤标记物降至正常或 (和 )CT、MRI提示病灶完全坏死者。 4 4 1% (15 / 34)的病人血清肿瘤标记物明显下降或CT、MRI提示病灶明显缩小。结论　氩氦刀冷冻联合TACE治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤是一种微创、安全、疗效可靠的新方法。对于不适宜行手术治疗的肝脏恶性肿瘤病人是一种有效的综合治疗方法。     

CT引导下经皮复合式冷冻消融治疗肺恶性肿瘤的有效性及安全性

目的 观察CT引导下经皮复合式冷冻消融治疗肺恶性肿瘤的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析22例接受CT引导下经皮冷热交替复合式冷冻消融治疗肺恶性肿瘤患者,根据病灶大小、形态及部位分为根治性消融（15例）及姑息性消融（7例）,观察术中及术后4周内不良反应及并发症;于术后1、3、6个月复查胸部增强CT,以改良实体瘤疗效评价标准（mRECIST）评价疗效。结果 22例均顺利完成消融,术中无明显不良反应。6例术中及术后即刻出现少量气胸或液气胸,未经干预自行改善;2例术中局部皮肤轻度冻伤,予局部处理后缓解;1例术后1周出现大量气胸,给予胸腔闭式引流后恢复;无其他并发症。15例根治性消融术后1、3、6个月完全缓解分别为14例（14/15,93.33%）、14例（14/15,93.33%）及13例（13/15,86.67%）;7例姑息性消融术后1、3、6个月局部缓解分别为7例（7/7,100%）、6例（6/7,85.71%）及4例（4/7,57.14%）。结论 CT引导下冷热交替复合式冷冻消融治疗肺恶性肿瘤短期效果确切、安全可控。     

肺恶性肿瘤氩氦刀治疗后的CT和MRI表现

目的评价肺恶性肿瘤氩氦刀治疗后的CT和MRI表现。方法收集并分析24例肺恶性肿瘤患者氩氦刀治疗前7天内及治疗后1天、7天、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年的CT和MRI表现。根据随访结果,将患者分为完全消融组(A组)和残留或复发组(B组)。结果治疗后1~7天的CT和MRI均表现为消融灶较治疗前增大,消融灶周围出现环形低密度/信号影,A组消融灶周围的环形影较B组完整。MRI显示消融灶周围环形影的清晰度优于CT。治疗后1~6个月,A组消融灶开始缩小,无明显强化;B组消融灶与治疗前相仿或稍增大,明显不均匀强化。治疗后6个月~1年,A组消融灶逐渐缩小;B组消融灶明显增大。结论肺恶性肿瘤氩氦刀治疗后CT和MRI表现有一定特征性,治疗后消融灶周围的环形低密度/信号影是评价肿瘤是否残留或复发的重要征象,且MRI对环形影的显示清晰度优于CT。     

The role of [<Superscript>18</Superscript>F] FDG-PET,CT/MRI and tumor marker kinetics in the evaluation of postchemotherapy residual masses in metastatic germ cell tumors—prospects for management

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of [¹⁸F]FDG-PET, CT/MRI and serum tumor marker (TM) to predict the viability of residual masses after high-dose chemotherapy (HD-Ctx) in patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT). In a prospective study, 60 residual tumors in 28 GCT patients were classified as viable/nonviable by FDG-PET, CT/MRI and TM levels. The results were validated either by histological examination of a resected mass and/or biopsy or by clinical/radiological follow-up for at least 6 months. There were no significant differences among the sensitivities observed with PET, CT/MRI and TM, but PET was significantly more specific than CT/MRI in predicting residual mass viability. TM showed the highest specificity. The highest accuracy in classification of residual tumors was achieved by a combination of PET, CT/MRI and TM (area under the ROC curve =0.91). All mature teratomas showed false-negative PET results with SUVs in the same range as necrosis. For classification of residual masses after HD-Ctx of metastatic GCT, [¹⁸F]FDG-PET is a valuable diagnostic method to complement the established procedures CT and TM. Positive PET results are highly correlated with the presence of viable tumor, but residual masses with negative PET findings still require resection. In cases of tumor progression diagnosed by CT and elevated TM, additional PET examinations are without benefit. PET seems useful in patients with stable disease or partial remission in CT/MRI and normalized TM as well as in marker-negative disease.     

Preliminary experience with 18f-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in pediatric oncology patients

The aim of this study was to present preliminary experience with FDG PET/CT in pediatric oncology patients in National PET Center, Clinical Center of Serbia and to asses its impact on management of malignancies in children. 33 FDG PET/CT scans were performed on 30 pediatric patients. PET/CT imaging was performed for staging the disease, assessing therapy efficacy and diagnosing recurrent or metastatic disease. FDG PET/CT changed the stage of the disease in 60.6% (20/33) of the cases. 14 patients were down-staged after PET/CT, mostly patients with Hodgkin's disease, were in 7/10 cases PET/CT showed no activity in residual masses. Six scans led to upstage of the disease. In three cases PET/CT did not change the stage of disease, but has showed new distant metastases. In conclusion, FDG PET/CT showed important role in managing pediatric patients with different malignancies and was useful complementary diagnostic tool to conventional imaging methods.     

Preoperative intrathoracic lymph node staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: accuracy of integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of integrated positron emission tomography with ¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) and computed tomography (PET/CT) in preoperative intrathoracic lymph node staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to ascertain the role of invasive staging in verifying positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) results. Methods: Retrospective, single institution study of consecutive patients with suspected or pathologically proven, potentially resectable NSCLC undergoing integrated PET/CT scanning in the same PET centre. Lymph node staging was pathologically confirmed on tissue specimens obtained at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy. Statistical evaluation of PET/CT results was performed on a per-patient and per-nodal-station bases. Results: A total of 1001 nodal stations (723 mediastinal, 148 hilar and 130 intrapulmonary) were evaluated in 159 patients. Nodes were positive for malignancy in 48 (30.2%) out of 159 patients (N1 = 17; N2 = 30; N3 = 1) and 71 (7.1%) out of 1001 nodal stations (N1 = 24; N2 = 46; N3 = 1). At univariate analysis, lymph node involvement was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the following primary tumour characteristics: increasing diameter, maximum standardised uptake value >9, central location and presence of vascular invasion. PET/CT staged the disease correctly in 128 out of 159 patients (80.5%), overstaging occurred in nine patients (5.7%) and understaging in 22 patients (13.8%). The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of PET/CT for detecting metastatic lymph nodes were 54.2%, 91.9%, 74.3%, 82.3% and 80.5% on a per-patient basis, and 57.7%, 98.5%, 74.5%, 96.8% and 95.6% on per-nodal-station basis. With regard to N2/N3 disease, PET/CT accuracy was 84.9% and 95.3% on a per-patient basis and on per-nodal-station basis, respectively. Referring to nodal size, PET/CT sensitivity to detect malignant involvement was 32.4% (12/37) in nodes <10 mm, and 85.3% (29/34) in nodes ≥10 mm. Conclusion: Our data show that integrated PET/CT provides high specificity but low sensitivity and accuracy in intrathoracic nodal staging of NSCLC patients and underscore the continued need for surgical staging.     

超声造影评价氩氦刀消融治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的疗效

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）评价氩氦刀消融治疗肝癌局部疗效的意义。方法超声引导下对27例肝癌患者的27个病灶行氩氦刀消融治疗术,用CEUS评价其局部疗效;并以同期增强CT（CECT）作为对比。结果术后1个月复查CEUS示病灶完全消融21个（77.78%）,不完全消融为6个（22.22%）;CECT提示病灶完全消融为22个（81.48%）,不完全消融5个（18.52%）。同CECT比较,CEUS的诊断敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为80.00%（4/5）、90.91%（20/22）、66.67%（4/6）、95.24%（20/21）和88.89%（24/27）。结论CEUS可作为评价氩氦刀消融治疗肝癌局部疗效的一种有效手段。     

Comparison of 18F‐FDG PET/CT and 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT in the Targeted Imaging of Culprit Tumors Causing Osteomalacia

ObjectiveTo assess and compare the performance of fluorine‐18‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/ CT) and gallium‐68‐labeled tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid‐DPhe1‐Tyr3‐octreotate (⁶⁸Ga‐ DOTATATE) PET/CT in the targeted imaging of culprit tumors causing osteomalacia.MethodsThis was a clinical retrospective analysis. We analyzed 13 patients (five men, eight women; mean age, 49 years; range, 19–55 years) with suspicion of tumor‐induced osteomalacia (TIO) between March 2017 and October 2019. All patients underwent two functional imaging methods to locate the culprittumors. Studies were performed on a PET/CT scanner. The injection doses of ¹⁸F‐ FDG and ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE were 0.5mCi/kg and approximately 5.0mCi, respectively. In the two scans, the whole body was captured from head to toe 45 to 60 min after intravenous tracer injection. ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT imaging results locate culprit tumors according to the following criteria: (i) abnormal foci uptake concentration was observed locally, and the uptake level was higher than the background level of the right lobe of the liver; (ii) combined CT showed or did not have obvious abnormal density changes; and (iii) non‐specific ingestion lesions due to fracture, arthritis, necrosis of femoral head are excluded. Compared with the results of pathological examination and clinical follow‐up, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT imaging for TIO were analyzed.ResultsAll patients had symptoms of osteomalacia and hypophosphatemia. The lag time (symptoms to PET diagnosis) ranged from 2 to 12 years. There were eight cases of TIO patients and five cases of non‐TIO patients confirmed by surgery, pathology and follow‐up. Among the eight TIO patients, there were six cases (75.0%) of PMTs, one case (12.5%) of giant cell tumor, one case (12.5%) of hemangiopericutoma. Most (n = 6, 75.0%) of the confirmed tumors in our patient population were in the lower extremities, followed by craniofacial regions (n = 1, 12.5%), and torso (n = 1, 12.5%), respectively. Among the five non‐TIO patients, there were two cases of Fanconi syndrome, one case of rickets, and two cases of sporadic osteomalacia hypophosphorus. The culprit tumors could be located either in the bone (n = 5, 62.5%) or the soft tissue (n = 3, 37.5%). ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT was able to localize the tumor in six (6/13, 46.1%) patients. ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT detected tumor in 8 (83.3%) of 13 patients. The sensitivity of ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT imaging in the evaluation of TIO in our patient population were 100% (8/8) vs 75% (6/8). The specificity of the two different methods was 80% (4/5). The overall accuracy was 92.3% (12/13) vs 76.9% (10/13).Conclusions ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT is very effective in assessing hypophosphatemia patients with TIO typical symptoms compared with ¹⁸F‐FDG. Therefore, in clinically suspected cases of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT should be preferred as an imaging modality investigation to avoid delay in the treatment of this disease.     

The Added Diagnostic Value of <Superscript>18</Superscript>F-Fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine PET/CT in the Preoperative Work-Up of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background

The precise localization of the primary tumor and/or the identification of multiple primary tumors improves the preoperative work-up in patients with small bowel (SB) neuroendocrine tumor (NET). The present study assesses the diagnostic value of ¹⁸F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (¹⁸F-FDOPA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) during the preoperative wok-up of SB NETs.

Methods

Between January 2010 and June 2017, all consecutive patients with SB NETs undergoing preoperative ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT and successive resection were analyzed. Preoperative work-up included computed tomography (CT), somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), and ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT. Sensitivity and accuracy ratio for primary and multiple tumor detection were compared with data from surgery and pathology.

Results

There were 17 consecutive patients with SB NETs undergoing surgery. Nine patients (53%) had multiple tumors, 15 (88%) metastatic lymph nodes, 3 (18%) peritoneal carcinomatosis, and 9 patients (53%) liver metastases. A total of 70 SB NETs were found by pathology. Surgery identified the primary in 17/17 (100%) patients and recognized seven of 9 patients (78%) with multiple synchronous SB. Preoperatively, ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT displayed a statistically significant higher sensitivity for primary tumor localization (100 vs. 23.5 vs. 29.5%) and multiple tumor detection (78 vs. 22 vs. 11%) over SRS and CT. Compared with pathology, ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT displayed the highest accuracy ratio for number of tumor detected over CT and SRS (2.0?±?2.2 vs. 0.4?±?0.7 vs. 0.6?±?1.5, p?=?0.0003).

Conclusion

¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT significantly increased the sensitivity and accuracy for primary and multiple SB NET identification. ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT should be included systematically in the preoperative work-up of SB NET.