番茄红素对动脉粥样硬化兔血浆内源性纤溶活性及一氧化氮的影响

目的观察番茄红素对高脂喂饲所致动脉粥样硬化兔模型内源性纤溶活性及一氧化氮的影响。方法采用高脂喂饲模型，将30只新西兰家兔随机分为3组：对照组、高脂模型组和番茄红素组，分别给予普通饲料（正常对照组）和高脂饲料（其它2组）喂养，番茄红素组另加用番茄红素；于实验开始前1d和开始后第8周末取空腹血测定血浆t-PA、PAI-1活性和含量以及血清一氧化氮含量。实验结束后，观察主动脉血管病理变化。结果与正常对照组相比，高脂模型组t-PA活性与含量减低，PAI-1活性与含量增加，NO含量减低；与高脂模型组相比，番茄红素组t-PA、PAI-1活性与含量差异无统计学意义；但一氧化氮含量增加（t=2．05，P〈0．05），主动脉脂质斑块面积减少（t=1．94，P〈0．05）。结论动脉粥样硬化兔纤溶活性减低，番茄红素对动脉粥样硬化病变形成具有较好的保护作用。其保护作用与改善内源性纤溶活性无关；与抗氧化损伤，维持一氧化氮分泌，保护血管内皮功能有关。     

胃促生长素与高脂饮食诱导大鼠肥胖的关系

目的探讨胃促生长素在高脂饮食诱导大鼠肥胖中的作用。方法采用40只健康雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分为高脂实验组和基础对照组,分别给予高脂饲料(30只)和基础饲料(10只)喂养12周。实验结束时,将高脂组大鼠根据体重分为饮食诱导肥胖(DIO)和饮食诱导肥胖抵抗(DIR)大鼠,观察各组大鼠能量摄入、体重增长情况,比较血浆胃促生长素、血糖、胰岛素及血脂水平的差异;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定胃壁组织胃促生长素前体信使核糖核酸(mRNA)的表达水平。结果DIO大鼠能量摄入、体重增长显著高于DIR和对照组大鼠(P<0.05),而DIR大鼠与对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);DIO大鼠血浆胃促生长素和胃壁胃促生长素前体mRNA的表达水平均低于DIR大鼠和基础对照组(P<0.01)。结论高脂饮食下胃促生长素表达和释放减少与能量摄入过多和肥胖的发生密切相关。     

断乳后低钙膳食对高脂膳食大鼠肥胖影响

目的探讨断乳后低钙膳食对高脂膳食大鼠肥胖的影响。方法80只刚断乳雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为2组,分别给予低钙或正常钙膳食3周,然后以正常饲料喂养3周。第6周末各组动物又随机分成2组,分别喂饲高脂饲料和基础饲料,观察肥胖发生情况。结果断乳后低钙膳食大鼠食用高脂饲料后体脂含量、血脂、瘦素水平显著升高,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）水平显著降低。结论断乳后给予低钙膳食可能促进高脂膳食大鼠肥胖的发生。     

Quercetin alleviates hypercholesterolemic diet induced inflammation during progression and regression of atherosclerosis in rabbits

ObjectiveRecent advances have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of atherosclerosis, from initiation through progression. Quercetin may be a powerful bioactive constituent of the human diet, as a free radical scavenging agent and through interactions with various endogenous proteins. The present study focused on the effect of quercetin on inflammation induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) in rabbits.MethodsThe animals were subjected to two different experiments, atherosclerotic progression and regression. In the atherosclerotic progression study, quercetin (25 mg/kg of body weight) was administered with the HCD for 90 d. In the atherosclerotic regression study, the animals were fed with the HCD for 90 d and then supplemented with quercetin (25 mg/kg of body weight) for another 90 d. The inflammatory enzyme activities were examined and a histopathologic examination of the aorta was performed.ResultsIn the atherosclerotic progression study, quercetin coadministered with the HCD significantly decreased the activities of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenases (LOX) such as 5-LOX and 12-LOX in monocytes, nitric oxide synthase activity in the plasma, myeloperoxidase activity in the aorta, and the level of C-reactive protein in serum. In the regression study, quercetin administration significantly decreased the increased activities of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase, 5-LOX, 12-LOX, myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide synthase and the serum level of C-reactive protein in HCD-fed rabbits compared with regression control rabbits. This effect was confirmed by histopathologic examination of the aorta.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that quercetin modulates the deleterious inflammatory effects induced by an HCD in vivo in rabbits, suggesting its beneficial effect in decreasing inflammation in atherosclerotic progression and regression.     

Antiobesity action of a daidzein derivative on male obese mice induced by a high-fat diet

Emerging evidence suggests that consumption or supplementation of foods rich in isoflavones may has a beneficial effect on obesity and glucose levels in animals and humans. It has been demonstrated that genistein, the main component of isoflavones, could significantly reduce body weight and fat pad size. However, there is no evidence as to whether daidzein, which is also a main component of isoflavones, has the same effect. We hypothesize that LRXH609 (Dzd; a daidzein derivative) also has an antiobesity effect. In this study, we investigate the effects of Dzd on body weight, adipose tissue, blood, and liver lipid levels in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Activities of pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase, as well as lipolysis, were verified to clarify the potential mechanism of the daidzein. The results indicate that Dzd can significantly reduce body and fat pad weight and ameliorate the high-fat diet–induced hyperlipoidemia. We also found that Dzd inhibits the activity of pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits the differentiation of rat preadipocytes, and stimulates lipolysis by activating hormone-sensitive lipase.     

Post-weaning isocaloric hyper-soybean oil versus a hyper-carbohydrate diet reduces obesity in adult rats induced by a high-fat diet

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a post-weaning isocaloric hyper-soybean oil diet on later obesity and explore the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, newborn male Wistar rats were weaned on d 24, divided into CON (control), HC and HSO groups. CON was assigned to AIN-93G diet (a hypercarbohydrate diet, for short HC diet) during the entire experiment. HC and HSO were fed with HC and isocaloric hyper-soybean oil (HSO) diet for 3 wk respectively, fed with HC diet for 2 wk successively, finally administrated high fat diet (HF) for 6 wk to induce obesity. On 3,5,11 wk, the body weight, body fat content, blood glucose, blood lipid, serum insulin and leptin levels and obesity-related gene (CPT-1, FAS, UCP2, UCP3) expression levels in rats were detected. It was shown that body weight, body fat content, blood glucose and blood lipid, serum insulin and leptin levels in HSO were down-regulated on 3 and 5 wk, therefore were significantly reduced on 11 wk vs. HC. The CPT-1, UCP2, UCP3 gene expressions were up-regulated but FAS were down-regulated persistently in HSO. The study indicated that an early isocaloric HSO diet may reduce later obesity risk and reduce blood lipid and glucose abnormalities in adulthood via persistently influencing insulin and leptin sensitivity and permanent regulation of obesity-related gene expressions.     

Overweight induced by high-fat diet delays rat cutaneous wound healing

Prolonged wound healing is a complication that contributes to morbidity and mortality. Overweight people regularly undergo surgery and trauma, and often develop chronic wounds, but the effects of the adipose tissue excess on cutaneous wound healing are not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that overweight induced by a high-fat diet impairs rat cutaneous wound healing. Male Wistar rats were fed with either a high-fat or a standard (control) diet. After 15 weeks, an excisional lesion was done and the animals were killed 21 d later. Wound contraction and re-epithelialization, blood pressure, glucose and retroperitoneal fat were evaluated. After killing, lesion and adjacent normal skin were formol-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Inflammatory infiltrate, myofibroblasts, collagen fibres and cellular proliferation were analysed and blood vessels were evaluated using stereological methods. There was no difference in blood pressure and glucose, but retroperitoneal fat increased in the high-fat diet group. Animals fed with the high-fat diet presented delayed wound contraction and re-epithelialization. It was found that 21 d after wounding, overweight induced by a high-fat diet increased the inflammatory infiltrate and delayed myofibroblastic differentiation, collagen deposition, epithelial and connective tissue cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. These findings support the hypothesis that a high-fat diet exerts negative effects on rat cutaneous wound healing, due mainly to the prolongation of the inflammatory phase.     

高脂饮食诱导肥胖与肥胖抵抗动物模型建立

目的建立高脂饮食诱导肥胖易感（OP）大鼠和肥胖抵抗（OR）大鼠动物模型。方法高脂饲料喂饲健康雄性SD大鼠8周后,筛选出OP大鼠和OR大鼠。实验结束后,处死动物,测量体脂肪含量,并收集血清,以检测血糖与血脂水平。结果OP大鼠肾周脂肪、睾周脂肪、网膜脂肪、体脂肪含量均显著高于OR大鼠,OP大鼠血糖、甘油三酯水平显著高于OR大鼠,而高密度脂蛋白水平显著低于OR大鼠。结论使用高脂饲料建立饮食诱导肥胖与肥胖抵抗动物模型,方法可靠,模型成功。     

Purslane extract effects on obesity-induced diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet

Purslane extract in the form of ethanolic formulation is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin, w-3 fatty acids and melatonin. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of purslane using obese diabetic rats. The rats received either regular diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet with additional purslane (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Purslane, co-administered with a high fat diet, significantly inhibited body weight gain, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acids and the atherogenic index levels in a dose dependent manner. Purslane-treated rats at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight improved the insulin resistance index when compared to high fat diet control. In conclusion, purslane ethanolic extract showed effects indicative of potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic actions in rats fed a high fat obesity-induced diet.     

基于能量代谢技术对高脂饲料干预的小鼠脂代谢研究

目的研究长期高脂饲料对机体能量及脂肪代谢的影响。方法 20只雄性清洁级C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为对照组和高脂组,分别喂饲基础饲料和高脂饲料。第12周末,间接测热法检测小鼠的总能量消耗及物质代谢情况。多排定量CT扫描仪检测小鼠全身脂肪含量和分布。实验结束处死小鼠,留取血样和肝脏组织,进行生化指标及组织病理学检测。结果与对照组比较,高脂组小鼠能量摄入增多,全身和内脏脂肪含量增加,脂肪酸氧化水平显著升高(P<0.05);空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素以及肝脏和血清中的脂肪酸含量皆显著高于对照组(P<0.05);肝细胞脂肪变性,线粒体受损。结论长期高脂饲料能导致机体能量摄入过多,进而导致脂肪代谢紊乱,出现明显腹部肥胖、高脂血症、脂肪肝和胰岛素抵抗。     

荷泽口服液对生长期高脂诱导过重大鼠脂质代谢的影响

[目的]研究荷泽口服液对生长期高脂诱导肥胖大鼠血甘油三脂、体脂及脂肪细胞大小的影响,并对其影响机制进行初步探讨.[方法]将实验大鼠随机分为正常组、过重组和中药组,分别饲以基础饲料、高脂饲料并灌胃生理盐水、和高脂饲料并灌胃中药,至第6周末测三组大鼠血清甘油三酯水平、腹膜后、附睾脂肪组织含量,腹膜后脂肪组织脂肪细胞直径;RT-PCR测肝组织乙酰辅酶A羧化酶表达水平.[结果]过重组大鼠体重、甘油三酯水平、脂肪组织含量、脂肪细胞直径、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因表达显著高于正常组(P均<0.05);中药组大鼠体重与过重组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是其甘油三酯水平、脂肪组织含量、脂肪细胞直径、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因表达显著低于过重组(P均<0.05).[结论]荷泽服口液具有减肥降脂作用,肝脏脂肪酸合成减少可能是其减肥降脂作用的途径之一.     

Green perilla leaf extract ameliorates long-term oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet in aging mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESOxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between harmful free radicals and antioxidants. Long-term oxidative stress can lead to an “exhausted” status of antioxidant defense system triggering development of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation. Green perilla (Perilla frutescens) is commonly used in Asian cuisines and traditional medicine in southeast Asia. Green perilla possesses numerous beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. To investigate the potentials of green perilla leaf extract (PE) on oxidative stress, we induced oxidative stress by high-fat diet (HFD) in aging mice.MATERIALS/METHODSC57BL/6J male mice were fed HFD continuously for 53 weeks. Then, mice were divided into three groups for 12 weeks: a normal diet fed reference group (NDcon), high-fat diet fed group (HDcon), and high-fat diet PE treated group (HDPE, 400 mg/kg of body weight). Biochemical analyses of serum and liver tissues were performed to assess metabolic and inflammatory damage and oxidative status. Hepatic gene expression of oxidative stress and inflammation related enzymes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).RESULTSPE improved hepatopathology. PE also improved the lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes, including hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum and liver. Hepatic gene expressions of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory related enzymes, such as SOD-1, CAT, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) were significantly enhanced by PE. PE also reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and liver; moreover, PE suppressed hepatic gene expression involved in pro-inflammatory response; Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6).CONCLUSIONSThis research opens opportunities for further investigations of PE as a functional food and possible anti-aging agent due to its attenuative effects against oxidative stress, resulting from HFD and aging in the future.     

高脂饮食对SD大鼠肝脏及胰岛B细胞的损伤

目的分析长期过量摄入脂肪对大鼠肝脏及胰岛B细胞的影响。方法本研究采用24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组,对照组（NC）给予普通日粮,高脂组（HF）给予脂肪热量比为46.43%的高脂日粮,喂养16周后测定空腹血糖（FPG）、胰岛素（FINS）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）,胰岛素敏感性采用胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）计算,ISI=Ln1/（FPG×FINS）,肝脏油红O染色观察脂肪沉积情况,胰岛、肝脏透射电镜分析超微结构改变,数据采用t检验统计分析。结果 HF组血清FINS、FFA、AST、ALT比对照组分别升高了22.63%、15.35%、11.94%、8.86%（P〈0.01）,ISI降低了8.25%（P〈0.05）,血糖水平与对照组差异无统计学意义（P=0.194）;HF组肝细胞线粒体增大、内室肿胀、嵴减少,细胞质内有大量脂滴;胰岛B细胞分泌颗粒增大,晕环明显增宽。结论长期高脂饮食导致大鼠肝脏脂肪沉积、肝细胞线粒体肿胀、肝功能降低,胰岛B细胞结构损伤,胰岛素敏感性下降。     

Pan-PPAR agonist beneficial effects in overweight mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet

ObjectiveWe analyzed the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists on adipose tissue morphology, adiponectin expression, and its relation to glucose and insulin levels in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice received one of five diets: standard chow, HFHS chow, or HFHS plus rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist), fenofibrate (PPAR-α agonist), or bezafibrate (pan-PPAR agonist). Diets were administered for 11 wk and medications from week 6 to week 11. Glucose intolerance (GI) and insulin resistance were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance testing and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, respectively. Adipocyte diameter was analyzed in epididymal, inguinal, and retroperitoneal fat pads and by adiponectin immunostain.ResultsMice fed the HFHS chow had hyperglycemia, GI, insulin resistance, increased fat pad weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, and decreased adiponectin immunostaining. Rosiglitazone improved GI, insulin sensitiveness, and adiponectin immunostaining, but it resulted in body weight gain, hyperphagia, and adipocyte and heart hypertrophy. Fenofibrate improved all parameters except for fasting glucose and GI. Bezafibrate was the most efficient in decreasing body weight and glucose intolerance.ConclusionActivation of PPAR-α, -δ, and -γ together is better than the activation of PPAR-α or -γ alone, because bezafibrate showed a wider range of action on metabolic, morphologic, and biometric alterations due to an HFHS diet in mice.     

The effects of berberine on hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperlipidemia in rats fed with a long-term high-fat diet

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The study was undertaken to examine the effects of berberine (BBR) on serum homocysteine, lipids and the aortic lesion in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed with a long-term high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS: Healthy male SD rats weighing 190-210 g received randomly standard diet or a high-fat diet for 24 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, rats fed with HFD were randomized to receive berberine (200 mg * kg-1 * day-1) or vehicle by gavage for 16 weeks. After overnight fasting, all rats were sacrificed and total blood samples were also collected for determinant of fasting serum homocysteine (Hcy), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels. The aorta was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Sudan Sha to evaluate aortic lesion. The livers were dissected out and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for hepatic TC content and molecular analysis. 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), Lipoprotein receptors and apolipoproteins gene expression in the liver were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Intragastrical administration with berberine for 16 weeks lowered serum Hcy in rats fed with a high-fat diet. In parallel, it also decreased body weight and improved serum TC and LDL-c. Berberine also tended to decrease hepatic cholesterol. Consistently, berberine also upregulated LDL receptor (LDLR) mRNA level and suppressed HMGR gene expression. Meanwhile, upon berberine-treated rats, there was a significant increase in apolipoprotein E (apoE) mRNA, but no change in apoAI and scavenger receptor (SR) mRNA in the liver. Further, no atherosclerotic lesions were developed in berberine-treated rats for 16 weeks. CONCLUSION: Berberine can counteract HFD-elicited hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperlipidemia partially via upregulating LDLR and apoE mRNA levels and suppressing HMGR gene expression.     

Dietary chickpeas reverse visceral adiposity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in rats induced by a chronic high-fat diet

The improved effects of dietary chickpeas on visceral adiposity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance were examined. Rats were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD), a high-fat diet (HFD) or a high-fat plus chickpea diet (HFD+CP) for 8 months. The epididymal fat pad weight v. total body weight of rats was higher in the HFD group (0.032 (sd 0.0042) g/g) than in the NFD group (0.015 (sd 0.0064) g/g) and smaller in the HFD+CP group (0.023 (sd 0.0072) g/g) compared with the HFD group (P < 0.05). Chickpea treatment also induced a favourable plasma lipid profile reflecting decreased TAG, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-C:HDL-cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). HFD-fed rats had higher TAG concentration in muscle and liver, whereas the addition of chickpeas to the HFD drastically lowered TAG concentration (muscle, 39 %; liver, 23 %). The activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in epididymal adipose tissue and hepatic TAG lipase in liver recorded a 40 and 23 % increase respectively in HFD rats compared with those in NFD rats; dietary chickpeas completely normalised the levels. Furthermore, chickpea-treated obese rats also showed a markedly lower leptin and LPL mRNA content in epididymal adipose tissue. An insulin tolerance test, oral glucose tolerance test and insulin-releasing test showed that chickpeas significantly improved insulin resistance, and prevented postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia induced by the chronic HFD. The present findings provide a rational basis for the consumption of chickpeas as a functional food ingredient, which may be beneficial for correcting dyslipidaemia and preventing diabetes.