食指背侧翻转皮瓣和拇指掌侧前移皮瓣修复拇指末节脱套伤

目的 探讨一种治疗拇指开节脱套伤的有效术式。方法 对16例拇指末节脱套伤,选用拇指掌侧前移皮瓣,食指翻转皮瓣进行修复。结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,随访3－12个月,伤指修复后外形及屈伸功能均满意,感觉正常。结论 用拇指前移皮瓣和食拇翻转皮瓣修复拇指末节脱套伤,操作简易,皮瓣成活率高,修复后患指功能及外形均满意。     

以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复拇指套脱伤

目的介绍应用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复拇指套脱伤的临床疗效。方法选择9例拇指套脱伤而指血管神经束、甲根、甲床完好或可修复的患者，采用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的手背桡侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指。结果术后9例皮瓣及供区植皮全部存活。术后7例获得6个月-4年的随访，2例失访。修复后的拇指及指甲外形、供区皮肤外形均较满意，指甲生长正常，拇指对指功能正常。皮瓣两点分辨觉为6．9mm，平均8mm。结论对拇指套脱伤指血管神经束存在，甲根、甲床尚好或可以修复的患者，采用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的手背桡侧岛状皮瓣修复是一种疗效较好的手术选择。     

双足带有同蒂多叶皮瓣的趾甲皮瓣移植治疗全手皮肤套脱伤

目的 探讨应用组合组织移植修复全手皮肤套脱伤的方法.方法 对3例全手皮肤套脱伤患者,分别采用一侧足部以胫前动脉为蒂的带踝前皮瓣、足背皮瓣、足内侧皮瓣和足外侧皮瓣的拇甲皮瓣再造拇指,修复桡侧手掌手背及虎口区皮肤缺损;另一侧足部带以上相同皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣再造示指(或中指),修复尺侧手掌及手背皮肤缺损.结果 术后3例,除一再造示指坏死外,其余组织瓣全部存活.术后随访3～12个月,修复后手部外形和捏、握、抓等功能基本恢复.皮瓣及再造拇、示指(或中指)感觉恢复至S2～S4.结论 双足带有同蒂多叶皮瓣的趾甲皮瓣移植治疗全手皮肤套脱伤是一种有效的治疗方法.     

甲瓣加双“凸”状皮瓣组合移植修复全手皮肤脱套伤

目的探讨全手皮肤脱套伤的修复方法。方法采用甲瓣修复拇指创面,去除中、小指,双“凸”状皮瓣分别修复示指、桡掌背侧及环指、尺掌背侧皮肤缺损。结果临床治疗6例,取得了移植组织全部成活,手部恢复拿捏及对掌功能。结论甲瓣加双“凸”状皮瓣组合移植修复全手脱套伤是一种行之有效的治疗方法。     

精细再造拇指25例报道

目的探讨利用游离[足母]甲皮瓣及游离笫2足趾带[足母]趾腓侧皮瓣联合再造拇指的临床疗效。方法自1999年7月-2008年4月利用游离[足母]甲皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤21例,利用[足母]趾腓侧皮瓣嵌入第2足趾改形再造拇指4例,术中将皮瓣内携带的四趾腓侧趾底神经与受区内侧指神经行外膜吻合,重建再造指感觉。结果临床应用25例,再造拇指全部成活,外形逼真,经吻合神经后皮瓣恢复部分感觉,功能恢复良好。结论利用游离[足母]甲皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤及游离第2足趾带[足母]趾腓侧皮瓣联合再造拇指,是再造拇指较理想的术式。     

不同形式的第二趾甲皮瓣移植修复不同程度的手指皮肤脱套伤

目的总结第二趾甲皮瓣的临床应用效果并探索手指皮肤脱套伤最合理的治疗方案。方法根据手指皮肤脱套伤的特点,将83例95指手指皮肤脱套伤分为二度。Ⅰ度脱套伤:2～5指皮肤脱套范围自指中节中段至指尖,采用单纯第二趾甲皮瓣修复,共59指。Ⅱ度脱套伤:2～5指皮肤脱套范围自指根部至指尖,采用带足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣修复,共36指。结果95块甲皮瓣全部存活。术后65指随访8个月～5年10个月,失访30指。按中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定,优62指、良3指。结论第二趾甲皮瓣是治疗手指皮肤脱套伤最合理的方法之一。对手指皮肤脱套伤的伤情进行分度,有利于治疗方案的选择。     

Reconstruction of a degloved thumb

We present two cases of degloving injuries of the thumb with amputation of the distal phalanx. The first one was treated with an osteocutaneous flap from the first toe, giving effective function to the thumb, and the second by a fasciocutaneous interosseous flap around the segment of the exposed thumb, with a satisfactory result.     

Combined multi-lobed flaps: A series of 39 extensive hand and multi-digit injuries one-staged reconstructions using modified designs of ALT,DPA and chimeric linking flaps

IntroductionThe use of multiple small flaps linked in a “chain-linked” flap microanastomosed chimeric system is recommended in distal hand and digital defects reconstruction. The aim of this study is to demonstrates our experience utilizing microsurgical fabrication, multi-lobed and linking combined flaps for the reconstruction of hand degloving injuries with complex multidigit soft tissue defects.MethodsMicroanastomosed chimeric flap systems using ALT and DPA modified designed flaps were combined in five selections to cover extensive soft tissue defects involving the hands and multiple digits of 39 patients (M:F − 36:3) from October 2009 to February 2013. Five different microsurgical combined chimeric flap systems utilised in extensive hand and multidigit injuries; innervated ALT flaps, multilobed DPA flaps, innervated ALT flap with multilobed DPA flap, innervated ALT flap with sensate ALT flap and bilobed ALT flap with multilobed DPA flap. All DPA donor sites were reconstructed using free ALT flap and anterior tibial artery propeller flap.ResultsThirty-nine combined free flap extremities reconstructions on 39 patients (M:F − 36:3) with average age 28.5 (18–45) years sustained traumatic degloving injuries, 24 from road traffic accidents and 15 from industrial devices. Five different designs of combined multi-lobed flaps have be successfully used without any peri-operative complications. Average follow-up of 12 months, all flaps survived without complications. Operated extremities showed favorable functional recovery with restoration of the diminished protective sensation on the flap through reinnervation. All flaps survived uneventfully with coverage matching the texture and color of the recipients. Donor sites healed without complication.ConclusionThe microsurgical fabrication of chimeric ALT flaps and multilobed DPA flaps is a valuable alternative for the reconstruction of hand degloving injury with complex multidigit soft tissue defects.Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.     

Secondary coverage of the hand using a dorsalis pedis plus first web space free flap.

Traditionally, severe degloving injuries of the hand have been treated with random abdominal or pedicled groin flaps, which offer good cutaneous coverage but do not provide sensibility. The authors present the results of the application of an extended dorsalis pedis plus first web space of the foot flap to resurface the hands of five male patients who had been treated originally with random abdominal or pedicled groin flaps. The reported flap has the advantage of providing the patient with up to three different nerve territories, aiding in a better functional use of the hand.     

The evolution and refinements of the distally based dorsal metacarpal artery (DMCA) flaps.

Distally based DMCA flaps are well established in reconstructive hand surgery. They comprise the dorsal flap described by Quaba and the DMCA flaps described by Earley, Milner and others. The most frequent indications for these flaps are soft tissue defects of the dorsum of the proximal phalanx and the total length of the finger. Since its introduction several modifications have been developed to match specific defect requirements; these include: the development of pure fascial DMCA flaps, the use of DMCA flaps in dorsally grafted burned hands and modifications in design to avoid 'tunnelling' and to permit skin-skin defect closure. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the evolution and refinements of the DMCA flaps based on the experience of a single centre. The DMCA flaps provide one stage coverage of excellent quality with independent vascularisation and permit primary closure of the recipient site without sacrificing relevant arteries (e.g. proper digital artery). However, the DMCA flaps also possess drawbacks, for example, apart from the fact that this technique is quite demanding, possible hair growth and a visible scar on the exposed dorsal part of the hand present aesthetic problems for some patients. Despite these limitations, DMCA flaps are considered to be extremely useful.     

髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤

目的应用髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤.方法将带旋髂浅血管或腹壁浅血管为蒂的髂腹股沟皮瓣的远端1/3～1/2修剪成带真皮下血管网薄皮瓣,修复除拇指以外的手部大面积皮肤缺损.结果临床应用9例,皮瓣全部成活,外形及运动功能恢复满意.结论带蒂髂腹股沟真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤是简单、有效的方法.     

指动脉双叶皮瓣修复拇指皮肤套状缺损

目的：探讨应用指动脉双叶皮瓣修复拇指套状缺损的可行性.方法：自2007年1月至2012年12月,对45例拇指套状缺损患者采用指动脉双叶皮瓣修复治疗.男39例,女6例;年龄19～46岁,平均32岁.平甲根平面的掌侧皮肤和甲床缺损18例,拇指末节皮肤套脱19例,整个拇指皮肤套脱8例.根据拇指皮肤缺损情况,分别于中指尺侧和环指桡侧设计皮瓣的2个叶,以中环间的指总动脉及其向中指及环指的2个指固有动脉为血管蒂,皮瓣携带指固有神经,将皮瓣转位后瓦合覆盖拇指外露指骨.皮瓣供区用全层皮片植皮,观察皮瓣的外观、质地、颜色和耐磨性,植皮区外观、颜色和凹陷,皮瓣的感觉,手指活动等.结果：所有患者皮瓣及植皮区组织全部成活,完成随访43例,平均随访25个月.失访2例,皮瓣色泽及质地与健侧拇指指腹相近,两点辨别觉平均（4.2±0.3） mm.植皮区,皮肤颜色略深于周围皮肤.结论：应用指动脉双叶皮瓣修复拇指套状缺损是风险小、成功率高、修复效果较理想的手术方式.     

股前外侧皮瓣的临床运用

目的：总结回顾我院运用股前外侧皮瓣的临床体会。方法：从1998年12月－2001年9月运用股前外侧皮瓣修复全手脱套伤2例，前臂、腕部软组织缺损、瘢痕粘连6例，小腿足背部软组织缺损16例。其中组合皮瓣2例，顺行股前外侧皮瓣修复骨盆部感染1例。结果：1例由于肌皮穿支持寻困难，术中放弃改为游离小腿内侧皮瓣。1例组合皮瓣术后发生动脉危象，经探查后成活。余均无血管危象发生。所有病例均获随访，随访时间6－30月，平均12.5月。全手脱套伤修复后手部显臃肿，余均获满意功能及外形。结论：股前外侧皮瓣可切取面积大，血运丰富，不损伤主要血管，是修复软组织缺损、瘢痕挛缩、局部感染的理想皮瓣。对全手脱套伤的治疗亦是一种可以借鉴的选择。     

Vacuum-assisted closure, dermal regeneration template and degloved cryopreserved skin as useful tools in subtotal degloving of the lower limb

The standard management of degloving injuries involves either immediate grafting with the avulsed skin or full- or split-thickness grafts at a later date. Alternative methods include pedicle and free flaps and revascularisation. The authors present an innovative technique of treating degloving injuries with cryopreserved split-thickness skin grafts harvested from degloved flap, artificial dermal replacement and vacuum-assisted closure (VAC therapy). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of such bilaminar reconstruction of a degloving injury.     

髂腹股沟皮瓣联合股部皮瓣带蒂瓦合移植在手部大面积套脱伤治疗中的应用

目的 介绍髂腹股沟皮瓣联合股部皮瓣带蒂移植治疗手部大面积套脱伤的手术方法和临床效果.方法 对7例手、腕及前臂部广泛皮肤套脱伤的患者,采用髂腹股沟皮瓣联合股前外侧皮瓣带蒂移植修复4例,联合阔筋膜张肌皮瓣带蒂移植2例,联合股前侧皮瓣带蒂移植1例.髂腹股沟部供区创面直接闭合,股部供区创面取全厚层皮片植皮覆盖.术后半个月拆线,并进行皮瓣夹蒂训练,术后1个月根据皮瓣夹蒂训练情况酌情断蒂.急诊一期修复2例,二期修复5例.结果 术后7例皮瓣全部存活,供区伤口I期愈合,随访2～6个月,皮瓣柔软,质地良好,皮瓣外形较臃肿,无坏死及破溃.结论 髂腹股沟皮瓣联合股部皮瓣带蒂移植,二者瓦合可覆盖全手及前臂大面积皮肤套脱伤,手术操作简单,安全性高,易于推广;该皮瓣缺点是需二期手术断蒂,且移植皮瓣外形臃肿,需后期整形.     

The distal lateral arm flap for resurfacing of extensive defects of the digits

The distal lateral arm flap (DLAF) was used to reconstruct six extensive defects of the digits: 2 degloving injuries of the thumb and 4 major skin losses of the fingers. Two adjacent fingers were involved in 1 patient. Flap size ranged from 3 x 7 cm to 9 x 14 cm. Four flaps were reinnervated using the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. All flaps survived, though 1 showed marginal necrosis. Average follow-up was 53.4 months. Thumb opposition scored 5 according to Kapandji; finger ROM averaged 50.75%; pinch strength 72.5%. Protective sensation with touch localization was restored. Patient satisfaction for resurfaced digits averaged 8.9 on a 10-points visual analogic scale. All donor sites resulted in a painless scar with good patient satisfaction. The DLAF offers a thin, pliable skin ideal for digit reconstruction, with low rate of donor site morbidity and can be considered when toe-to-hand flap transfer is not advisable or refused by the patient.     

不同带蒂皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损的临床研究

目的 探讨修复拇指软组织缺损的最佳手术方式. 方法 自2006年8月至2008年3月对37例拇指软组织缺损伴骨外露或Ⅰ类拇指缺损者进行手术修复.37例患者中,以拇指桡背侧动脉为蒂的皮瓣修复15例,指腹推进皮瓣修复5例,示指背侧皮瓣修复6例,桡动脉皮瓣修复2例,以拇指尺背侧动脉为蒂皮瓣修复9例.其中拇指尺、桡背侧动脉皮瓣的设计以拇指尺、桡背侧动脉体表投影线为轴心线,拇指桡、尺侧纵轴线上距甲沟(2.2±0.2)cm处为旋转点,皮瓣面积最大可达3.5 cm×4.5cm.结果 术后37例皮瓣全部成活.术后随访3～12个月,平均(5.0±0.8)个月.拇指桡、尺背侧动脉皮瓣修复组拇指外形大部分满意,指腹二点分辨觉为5～10 mm,指间关节活动范围为0～70°,由于吻合了桡神经分支与指神经末端,皮瓣术后恢复S_2以上感觉百分比达86.7%、66.7%.结论 拇指桡背侧动脉皮瓣是修复拇指软组织缺损的较佳选择,全拇指脱套伤在特殊情况下则可以考虑应用桡动脉皮瓣.     

Evaluation of moving and static two point discriminations of volar forearm skin before and after transfer as a sensate radial forearm island flap in reconstruction of degloving injury of the thumb.

In degloving injury of the thumb the large skin defect needs cover with sensate, glabrous and pliable skin. Although coverage of this defect with a sensate free flap from the foot is the best choice, most commonly, cover is achieved using a non-sensate distant pedicle flap. Between 2001 and 2003, degloving injuries of the thumb in eight patients were reconstructed using a sensate radial forearm flap in the sensory territory of the lateral ante-brachial nerve of the forearm which was repaired to the digital nerve of the thumb (six cases) or to a branch of the sensory radial nerve (two cases). Follow-up period ranged from 17 to 41 months (mean: 29.9 months). Sensory evaluation was performed using the moving two point discrimination (M-2PD) and static two point discrimination (S-2PD) of the volar forearm skin. These altered significantly after transfer and their values approached those of the contra-lateral thumb but never reached normal sensation (p<0.01). Sensate radial forearm island flap is a reliable option to cover a large defect of the thumb such as degloving injury and the sensation produced is acceptable.     

足背三叶皮瓣移植术的临床应用

目的 总结足背三叶皮瓣移植术的临床应用的经验。方法 在显微解剖研究的基础上，设计以胫前—足背血管为主干，分别以跗内侧或内踝前、第一跖背、跗外侧或外踝前血管为分支，构建成中内侧、第一跖背、足外侧三叶皮瓣，以单侧三叶皮瓣移植修复多指皮肤软组织缺损，以双侧三叶皮瓣移植修复多指皮肤软组织脱套性缺损。结果 临床应用共31例，皮瓣完全成活29例，1例皮瓣有二叶坏死，2例皮瓣有一叶坏死。结论 足背三叶皮瓣移植是修复多指皮肤软组织缺损及多指皮肤软组织脱套性缺损的较好方法。     

应用小皮瓣急诊修复拇指软组织缺损

目的 报道拇指软组织缺损的皮瓣修复方法及临床效果。方法 根据拇指软组织缺损的不同情况，采用6种小皮瓣进行修复，包括拇指桡侧指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、拇指尺背动脉逆行皮瓣、第一掌背动脉逆行皮瓣，示指背侧岛状皮瓣、带神经血管蒂的V-Y推进皮瓣以及拇甲瓣等。临床应用132例，共137个皮瓣。结果 术后有5例皮瓣出现表皮小部分坏死，经换药处理后愈合，其余均成活。随访1～2年，拇指功能、外形满意。结论 对拇指软组织缺损选择恰当的小皮瓣急诊修复，可获得满意的临床效果。