Structural and mutational analysis of the xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene

Individuals affected by the autosomal recessive disease xerodermapigmentosum (XP) are acutely sensitive to sunlight and predisposedto skin cancer on exposed areas. Cells cultured from XP patientsare both UV sensitive and defective in the nucleotide excisionrepair of damaged DNA. These cellular phenotypes are amenableto experimental strategies employing complementation, an approachpreviously used to demonstrate the correction of XP-D phenotypesfollowing the introduction of the XPD (ERCC2) gene. In the presentstudy, we have characterized the genomic organization of theXPD (ERCC2) gene and found it to be comprised of 23 exons. Thesedata were helpful in evaluating the functional integrity ofalleles in two XP-D cell lines. In cell line GM436 a C     

Mutations that disable the DNA repair gene XPG in a xeroderma pigmentosum group G patient

The human XPG (ERCC5) gene encodes a large acidic protein thatcorrects the ultraviolet light sensitivity of cells from bothxeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G and rodent ERCCgroup 5. Here we characterize five XPG sequence alterationsand a minor splicing defect in XP-G patient XP125LO. Three ofthese changes are polymorphic variants whereas the remainingtwo, one in each XPG allele, inactivate complementation in vivo.These single point mutations provide formal proof that defectsin XPG give rise to the group G form of xeroderma pigmentosum,and their locations suggest ways in which this may occur.     

A genetic mouse model carrying the nonfunctional xeroderma pigmentosum group G gene

ABSTRACT  A genetic mouse model with a disrupted XPG allele was generated by insertion of neo cassette sequences into exon 3 of the XPG gene by using embryonic stem (ES) cell techniques. The jcpg-deficient mice showed distinct developmental characteristics. Their body was marked smaller than that in wild-type littermates since the postnatal day 6, and this postnatal growth failure became more severe with developmental proceeding. Their life span was very short, all of the mutants died by postnatal day 23 after showing great weakness and emaciation. In addition, the mutant homozygous mice also showed some progressive neurological signs, like the lower level of activity and a progressive ataxia. Further examination indicated there was developmental retardation of the brain in the mutant mice. Their brain weight, and thickness of cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex were significant different from the controls. These characteristics, like small size brain, brain developmental retardation and progressive neurological dysfunctions in the homozygotes were similar to the typical clinical phenotype of the XPG patients and Cockayne syndrome, we believe that the xpg-deficient mice will be an animal model for studying the function of the XP-G protein in nucleotide-excision repair and mechanisms related to the clinic symptoms of XP-G and Cockayne syndrome in humans.     

Rapid complementation method for classifying excision repair-defective xeroderma pigmentosum cell strains

A rapid method has been developed that permits demonstration of complementation between different cell strains from ultraviolet-sensitive xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Combining polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion with low doses of ultraviolet light to eliminate unfused sensitive cells, the method permits assignment of cell strains to complementation groups by visual inspection, avoiding use of laborious methods involving autoradiography. This method can be augmented by measuring DNA repair synthesis, which shows large quantitative differences between fusions that result in complementation and those that do not.     

Molecular analysis of the XP-D gene in Italian families with patients affected by trichothiodystrophy and xeroderma pigmentosum group D

In several patients with the rare hereditary disorder trichothiodystrophy (TTD), a DNA repaire defect has been shown to be in the same geen as in xeroderma pigmentosum complementatin group D (XP-D). The ERCC-2 gene (excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency of group 2) has recently been identified as a strong candidate gene for XP-D, since it restores normal UV sensitivity to XP-D cells after transfection. Using Southern blotting, we have analysed the ERCC-2 gene in DNA samples from 28 members of nine Italian families with individuals affected by XP-D (three patients) or by TTD with photosensitivity due to the XP-D defect (eight patients). No major modifications of the ERCC-2 gene were detected with two cDNA probes in either XP-D or TTD patients indicating that the association between TTD and XP-D is not likely to result from a large deletion or rearrangement involving this gene. We found two RFLPs after digestion of the DNA samples with TagI, or MspI, but neither of them could be related to the molecular alteration determining the pathological phenotype. We also analysed a human homologue detected with the hamster sequence isolated by Arrand et al. (1989), which specifically, but partially, complements the DNA repair deficiency in XP-D cells. Our analysis demonstrated that this gene is not the primary gene defective in XP-D. In fact two RFLPs detected with a genomic probe do not co-segregate with the disease in an XP-D family.     

A xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A related gene: confirmation using monoclonal antibodies against the cyclobutane dimer and (6-4) photoproduct

Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A was partially complemented by a cosmid genomic clone containing a 42-kb human DNA insert selected with a cDNA clone that we obtained through cDNA competition between the repair-proficient and repair-deficient cell line. The relationship between these two clones was confirmed using PCR amplifications. The enhancement in DNA-repair capacity of the transformants was assessed with the monoclonal antibodies specific for cyclobutane dimers and (6−4) photoproducts and partially correct the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A defect. Furthermore, the level of the photoproduct-repair capacity is in agreement with the survival enhancement calculated from the D₃₇ values. This gene was mapped to chromosome 8, suggesting that this may represent one of the defective gene(s) in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A.     

着色性干皮病基因D和p53对HBV复制的影响

 目的:探讨人着色性干皮病基因D(XPD) 和p53对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）复制的影响。方法:使用脂质体转染法把重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD和空载质粒pEGFP-N2转染进入人肝癌细胞株HepG2.2.15细胞,转染后的第2天用20 μmol/L pifithrin-α（p53抑制剂）孵育细胞24 h。实验共分为空白对照组、pEGFP-N2组、pEGFP-N2/XPD组、pEGFP-N2/XPD+pifithrin-α组和pifithrin-α组。使用RT-PCR法检测XPD、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）及乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白（HBx） mRNA表达的变化;使用ELISA法检测培养上清液中HBsAg和HBeAg含量的变化;用荧光定量PCR法检测培养上清液中HBV-DNA含量的变化;用bDNA法检测细胞内核心颗粒中HBV-DNA含量的变化。结果:RT-PCR结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染可使得XPD mRNA表达增高,XPD表达增高能使得HBsAg、HBeAg和HBx mRNA表达明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。ELISA结果显示,XPD表达增高能使得培养上清液中HBsAg和HBeAg含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。荧光定量PCR结果显示,XPD表达增高能使得培养上清液中HBV-DNA含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。bDNA结果显示,XPD表达增高使得细胞内核心颗粒中HBV-DNA含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。结论: XPD能通过p53通路抑制HBV复制,所以XPD和p53可能成为乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的作用靶点。     

Generation and characterization of an immortal cell line of xeroderma pigmentosum group E

Xeroderma pigmentosum group E (XP-E) fibroblasts (XP95TO) were transformed with pSV3neo. Selection in medium containing G418 yielded 14 clones with extended life span. Following crisis, one clone was recovered that behaved in culture as an immortal cell line and was named XPET6/1. Expression of the SV40 large T antigen gene (Tag) and increased level of p53 were demonstrated by western analyses. Fingerprinting with 14 polymorphic microsatellite genetic markers confirmed that XPET6/1 originated from the parental strain XP95TO. XPET6/1 retained the sensitivity to killing by UV observed with the parental strain. Cell-free extracts from the immortal or the parental XP-E cells were deficient in excision, compared to extracts from HeLa or extracts from Tag-transformed XP variant fibroblasts. Complementation of XP-E extracts with XP-A, XP-D or XP-G extracts restored nucleotide excision activity to normal levels. XPET6/1 could prove a useful cell line for cloning of the XPE gene by functional complementation.     

剪切修复基因XPD抑制Ox-LDL诱导人脐动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖

目的:探讨剪切修复基因——着色性干皮病D组基因(XPD)在氧化低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)促血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用及机制。方法:将重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD利用脂质体转染人脐动脉平滑肌细胞(HUASMCs),实验分为空白对照组、空载质粒pEGFP-N2组、重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD组、Ox-LDL组、Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2组和Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD组。用MTT法和Ed U法测定各组细胞的增殖率;流式细胞术检测各组细胞周期分布;利用Western blot法检测XPD、caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白水平。结果:Western blot实验结果发现,与空白对照组相比,pEGFP-N2/XPD组的XPD表达增加(P0.05),表明转染成功;MTT和Ed U检测结果显示,pEGFP-N2/XPD组的细胞增殖率较空白对照组降低(P0.05);与Ox-LDL组比较,Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD组细胞增殖明显被抑制(P0.05)。流式细胞术的检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,pEGFP-N2/XPD组的S期细胞比例明显减少(P0.05),G0/G1期细胞比例明显增多(P0.05);与Ox-LDL组比较,Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD组的S期细胞比例减少(P0.05),G0/G1期细胞比例明显增多(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,与对照组比较,pEGFP-N2/XPD组的cleaved caspase-3和Bax蛋白水平增加(P0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达降低(P0.05);与Ox-LDL组比较,Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD组的cleaved caspase-3和Bax蛋白水平增加(P0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达降低(P0.05)。结论:XPD能抑制HUASMCs的增殖并促其凋亡,还能抑制Ox-LDL的促HUASMCs增殖作用,有可能成为抗动脉粥样硬化治疗的靶点。     

中国人着色性干皮病遗传互补组分析

目的　建立中国人着色性干皮病（ｘｅｒｏｄｅｒｍａ ｐｉｇ ｍ ｅｎｔｏｓｕ ｍ ， Ｘ Ｐ） 患者成纤维细胞株，分析其遗传互补组及分布。方法　对着色性干皮病患者成纤维细胞进行传代培养、建株，采用放射自显影和细胞融合技术分析 Ｘ Ｐ 细胞互补组。结果　４ 株 Ｘ Ｐ 细胞中，３ 株属 Ｃ 组，１ 株属 Ｅ 组， Ｅ 组 Ｘ Ｐ 细胞在中国人群中是第１ 次发现。结论　综合已往报道的中国人 Ｘ Ｐ 细胞互补组７ 例和本研究４ 例，共计１１ 例，其中 Ｃ 组９例， Ｆ 组１ 例， Ｅ 组１ 例。说明中国人 Ｘ Ｐ Ｃ 组居多。而日本人 Ｘ Ｐ 细胞分布以 Ｘ Ｐ Ａ 组居多， Ｘ Ｐ Ｃ 组极少。     

人着色性干皮病D组基因对白细胞介素-6促进人血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用的影响

目的: 探讨人着色性干皮病D组基因(XPD)对白细胞介素-6(IL-6)促进人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖作用的影响。方法: 用脂质体转染法将重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD和空质粒pEGFP-N2稳定转染VSMCs,然后给予1×10⁵ U/L IL-6孵育48 h。实验分为6组:(1)空白对照组;(2)pEGFP-N2组;(3)pEGFP-N2/XPD组;(4)IL-6组;(5)IL-6 + pEGFP-N2组;(6)IL-6 + pEGFP-N2/XPD组。用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白报告基因表达情况;用MTT法观察细胞增殖活力;用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡率;用RT-PCR和Western blotting检测XPD、Bcl-2、Bax和野生型P53(wt-P53)表达量的变化。结果: 在荧光显微镜下,可在转染了重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD或空质粒pEGFP-N2的细胞中观察到绿色荧光,即转染成功;MTT结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染抑制了细胞增殖活力(P<0.05),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs增殖的作用(P<0.05);流式细胞仪结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染引起了细胞G₀/G₁期增加(P<0.05)、S期减少(P<0.05)、凋亡率增加(P<0.01),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs G₀/G₁期减少、S期增加、凋亡率降低的作用(P<0.01);RT-PCR和Western blotting检测发现,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染使得XPD表达增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时Bcl-2表达降低,Bax和wt-P53表达增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs的Bcl-2表达增高、Bax和wt-P53表达降低的作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论: XPD能抑制VSMCs增殖并促进其凋亡,并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs增殖和降低其凋亡的作用,有望成为治疗动脉粥样硬化的靶点。     

中国人着色性干皮病跗互补组分析

目的 建立中国人着色性干皮病（ｘｅｒｏｄｅｒｍａ ｐｉｇｍｅｎｔｏｓｕｍ，ＸＰ）患者成纤维细胞株，分析其遗传互补组及分布。方法 对着色性干皮病患者成纤维细胞进行传代培养、建株，采用放射自显影和细胞融合技术分析ＸＰ细胞互补组。结果 ４株ＸＰ细胞中，３株属Ｃ组，１株属Ｅ组，Ｅ组ＸＰ细胞在中国人群中是第１次发现。结论 综合已往报道的中国人ＸＰ细胞互补组７例和本研究４例，共计１１例，其中Ｃ组９例，Ｆ组１例