Pre-optic origin of the anterior cerebral artery

Summary Division of the internal carotid artery immediately after the siphon at the level of the ophthalmic artery is described in a 55-year-old woman. Because of the early division, the anterior cerebral artery lay between the optic nerves. This anomaly was combined with agenesis of the horizontal part of the opposite anterior cerebral artery. The problems concerning ligation of a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm are discussed.     

Occlusion of the intradural vertebrobasilar artery

Summary The diagnosis of occlusion of the intradural vertebrobasilar artery (OIDVBA) was made by means of cerebral angiography in 22 patients. The clinical presentation, course and followup were studied in conjunction with the angiographic findings in each case and the following conclusions made. OIDVBA is not rare. It occurs one-fourth as often as occlusion of the carotid artery. The correct diagnosis is not made clinically before angiography in the majority of patients. Complete visualization of the neck and intracranial vasculature is necessary to document the occlusion. Atherosclerotic thrombosis is the most common type of occlusive lesion. The most common predisposing factors are atherosclerosis, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and developmental vertebrobasilar hypoplasia. Most patients with occlusion are in the 7th and 8th decades of life and transient attacks of vertebrobasilar ischemia precede the occlusion in one-half of the cases. Emboli usually lodge in the terminal portion of the basilar artery whereas thrombotic occlusions tend not to be located in a characteristic segment. A majority of patients diagnosed angiographically survive their OIDVBA, but most distal occlusions result in death, often following several weeks of coma. In the surviving majority, disturbance of gait, impairment of vision, and symptoms of transient vertebrobasilar ischemia are the most common sequelae.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Federation of Westerm Societies of Neurological Science, February, 1975 and at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, June, 1975     

Anterior cerebral artery variations detected by MR angiography

Introduction From anatomical and angiographic studies, it is well known that there are several variations of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). However, ACA variations have rarely been studied by magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. The purpose of this study was to investigate not only the type, location, configuration, and incidence of ACA variations, but also coexisting arterial pathology such as aneurysms detected by cranial MR angiography.Methods We retrospectively reviewed cranial MR angiography images of 891 patients at our institution. All images were obtained with one of two 1.5-T scanners using the three-dimensional time-of-flight technique. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images in the horizontal rotation view were displayed stereoscopically. We reviewed these horizontal MIP images, inferosuperior MIP images, and source images, and identified variations of the ACA.Results We found 50 instances (5.6%) of unilateral A1 segment aplasia, 27 (3.0%) of three A2 segments, 18 (2.0%) of an unpaired A2 segment, and 11 (1.2%) fenestrations of the A1 and/or A2 segment. Seven anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms and one ACA territory embolic infarction were found among the 50 patients with unilateral A1 segment aplasia. One ACoA aneurysm and one pericallosal infarction were found in the 27 patients with three A2 segments. Two distal ACA aneurysms were detected among the 18 patients with an unpaired A2 segment. No associated aneurysm was seen at the fenestrations.Conclusion Although the clinical significance of ACA variations is usually minor, an associated aneurysm is found relatively frequently. Thus, recognizing ACA variations during the interpretation of cranial MR angiograms is important.     

Traumatic injury of the internal mammary artery: embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management

The purpose of the study was to compare the outcomes, complications, and effectiveness of embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management in patients with injury to the internal mammary artery. Eighteen cases of angiographically proven internal mammary artery injury were identified by a retrospective review. Patient age range was 17–71 years (mean 34 years). Causes of vascular injury were equally divided (9 each) between penetrating and blunt trauma. Type of trauma, associated injury, plain film findings, treatment complications (immediate and delayed), and overall outcomes were assessed. Results of embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management were compared. Angiographic findings included occlusion, active hemorrhage, and pseudoaneurysm of the internal mammary artery. Of the 18 patients studied, 12 underwent embolization; 2 underwent surgical ligation, and 4 were managed by nonoperative observation. No patient died as a direct result of vascular injury; one died of renal failure unrelated to chest trauma and one other died of myocardial contusion. One patient who underwent embolization had delayed bleeding and two patients with conservative management developed a delayed hemothorax. This small series demonstrates that embolotherapy offers an effective, efficient, and safe alternative to conventional surgical management of internal mammary artery injuries. Electronic Publication     

大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤纵裂入路显微手术效果

目的总结经纵裂入路显微手术治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤的手术效果,探讨大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤的手术入路。方法回顾性分析2004年1月—2012年1月我科收治的13例大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤患者采用纵裂入路手术治疗的临床资料。结果 13例均行手术夹闭动脉瘤,12例恢复良好,1例术后出现偏瘫,半年后肢体肌力恢复。结论采用额部纵裂入路治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤治疗效果满意,可作为首选入路。     

微导丝成袢技术在小角度大脑前动脉插管中的应用

目的 :报道采用微导丝成袢技术对一些小角度大脑前动脉 (ACA)插管的经验。方法 :把微导丝头端塑成弯度较大的倒置伞柄状 ,当其抵达颈内动脉 (ICA)的虹吸段时 ,把其顶在ICA的壁上并稍用力向前推微导管 ,使微导丝形成一个U型袢 ,并顺势把该袢送入大脑中动脉 (MCA)的M1 段。随后回拉微导丝使其勾住A1 段开口 ,不断后撤微导丝 ,使其的头端不断进入A1 ,最后送入微导管。结果 :12例患者均采用该技术成功地对ACA进行了超选择性插管 ,闭塞了动脉瘤。技术成功率 10 0 %,无并发症。结论 :当常规方法失败后 ,微导丝成袢技术十分适合于小角度ACA的插管     

Ruptured fusiform aneurysm of fenestrated A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery

We present a case report of a 56-year-old woman with a ruptured fusiform aneurysm of a fenestrated A₁ segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Fenestrated A₁ segments are rare and only a few case reports have been published of a saccular type aneurysm formation. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no documented cases of fusiform aneurysms in these segments. None of the authors has been sponsored or supported financially by any commercial organization in the development of this paper     

前交通动脉瘤与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关性研究

目的：探讨前交通动脉瘤（ACoA）发病及伴蛛网膜下腔出血与大脑前动脉A1段缺如的相关性。方法：回顾性分析705例全脑血管造影及临床资料,其中47例ACoA患者为研究组,129例无脑血管病变患者为对照组,比较ACoA发病、动脉瘤大小及蛛网膜下腔出血与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关性。结果：47例ACoA患者中,大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率为44.7%,对照组129例患者中大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率为9.3%,ACoA患者伴大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率明显高于对照组,差异有显著性意义（χ^2=28.303,P〈0.001）。21例伴A1段缺如的ACoA动脉瘤平均直径（5.8±2.8）mm,26例无A1段缺如的ACoA动脉瘤平均直径（4.2±2.2）mm,二者差异有显著性意义（t=2.098,P〈0.05）。21例伴A1段缺如的ACoA,其蛛网膜下腔出血程度与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关（Z=-2.199,P〈0.05）。结论：前交通动脉瘤发病、动脉瘤大小以及伴发蛛网膜下腔出血均与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关,大脑前动脉A1段缺如患者的ACoA发生率明显增高。     

Computed tomographic findings after anterior dislocation of the hip

Anterior dislocation of the hip is a rare phenomenon, seen in only 5–10% of all hip dislocations. These dislocations can be divided into two types: superior or subspinous and inferior or obturator dislocations. Osteochondral impaction fractures of the femoral head are a known complication of anterior dislocation, but little has been reported on the types of acetabular and pelvic fractures associated with this dislocation. Five anterior dislocations were studied with radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and the CT findings are described. Fractures were seen in the femoral head, acetabular roof, and medial wall, as well as in the anterior inferior iliac spine. The most severe injuries occurred after a superior dislocation, but the obturator dislocations demonstrated impaction fractures of the femoral head as well as an intra-articular bone fragment. CT of the acetabuli is recommended after reduction of these dislocations to identify these complications.     

Hyperdense middle cerebral artery: incidence and quantitative significance

Summary The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) is recognized as a CT finding that indicates thrombus or embolus within the middle cerebral artery. The incidence and significance of this sign are quantitatively evaluated in 50 patients entered into experimental drug studies for treatment of cerebral infarction.     

Fenestration of the middle cerebral artery

Summary Three cases of angiographically demonstrated fenestration of the middle cerebral artery are reported. The incidence of demonstration of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery by angiography is 0.26%. Its clinical significance is discussed briefly.     

颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑梗死危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅脑外伤患者去骨瓣减压术后并发脑梗死的相关危险因素,为其预防提供参考.方法 将68例颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑梗死患者作为观察组,另外89例未并发脑梗死患者作为对照组,对相关因素进行单因素及多因素回归分析.结果 颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后脑梗死发生率为43.3%,病死率为23.5%.单因素分析发现,年龄＞60岁、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗死、GCS昏迷评分＜8分、神经系统阳性体征、休克、急性硬膜下血肿、脑挫裂伤、损伤程度、入院时间与术后脑梗死发生相关.多因素分析发现年龄＞60岁、伴高血压、伴糖尿病、伴冠心病、伴陈旧性脑梗死、GCS昏迷评分＜8分、有神经系统阳性体征、轻度损伤、中度损伤、入院时间＜4 h为相关因素,其中轻度损伤、中度损伤、入院时间＜4 h为保护性因素,其余7项为危险因素.结论 年龄＞60岁、伴发心脑血管疾病或糖尿病、受伤程度、GCS评分等与颅脑外伤患者去骨瓣减压术后并发脑梗死相关,正确认识这些危险因素对其防治具有指导意义.     

Xenon CT cerebral blood flow in patients with head injury: influence of pulmonary trauma on the input function

The noninvasive xenon-enhanced CT (Xe CT) cerebral blood flow (CBF) method has been used in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to identify the blood-flow thresholds for the development of irreversible ischaemia or infarction following severe TBI. Quantitative regional CBF (rCBF) estimates are based on the assumption of identity between the end-tidal xenon concentration curve, used as the input function, and the arterial xenon concentration curve, being the true input function to the brain. Accordingly, rCBF data addressing the issue of ischaemia should be viewed in relation to possible deviations between the end-tidal and arterial xenon concentration curves. To evaluate this possible source of error, we studied five patients with severe TBI (Glasgow coma score ≤ 7) who also had pulmonary trauma. CBF was studied with the Xe CT CBF method and flow rates were determined by fitting the Kety equation to each CT voxel using either the end-tidal or the arterial xenon curve as input function. In all patients rCBF estimates were lower using the end-tidal xenon curve than with the arterial xenon curve; the mean underestimation was 20.3 % in gray metter and 17.3 % in white matter. The deviation between the end-tidal and arterial xenon concentration curves should be considered as a source of error when defining critical flow values according to the flow thresholds of tissue viability Received: 1 June 1999/Accepted: 23 July 1999     

Patterns of lesions of corpus callosum in inner cerebral trauma visualized by computed tomography

Summary Computed tomographic analysis of lesions of the corpus callosum in 13 patients with inner cerebral trauma showed significant congruence of linear translation of acceleration and the topographic distribution of such lesions. This congruence permits computed tomography to be used to reconstruct the course of linear translation and the site of the main blow, which can be important for forensic use. The findings of even a small lesion in the corpus callosum indicates the need for further investigation of other structures which are usually involved in inner cerebral trauma, such as the hippocampus and brain stem.     

Evaluation of minimally invasive percutaneous CT-controlled ventriculostomy in patients with severe head trauma

Evaluation of percutaneous CT-controlled ventriculostomy (PCV) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury to measure intracranial pressure as a component of early clinical care. A consecutive series of 52 interventions with PCV was prospectively analyzed with regard to technical success, procedural time, time from the initial cranial computed tomography (CCT) until procedure and transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU). Additionally, the data was compared with a retrospective control group of 12 patients with 13 procedures of conventional burr-hole ventriculostomy (OP-ICP). The PCV was successful in all cases (52 of 52; 95% CI 94–100%). In 1 case a minor hemorrhage into the ipsilateral lateral ventricle was observed on CT scans due to an initially unsuccessful puncture (95% CI 0–6%). No infections occurred (95% CI 0–6%). In the control group with OP-ICP one catheter infection and one unsuccessful catheter placement occurred (each 8%, 95% CI 0–20%). The PCV led to a significant decrease of procedure time from 45±11 min (OP-ICP) to 20±12 min (PCV). The interval from the initial CCT until procedure (PCV 28±11 min, OP-ICP 78±33 min) and transfer to the ICU (PCV 69±34 min, OP-ICP 138±34 min) could also be significantly reduced (each with p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Percutaneous CT-controlled ventriculostomy is a safe and efficient method for ICP catheter placement during initial trauma room management. It significantly reduces the time of initial trauma room treatment.     

The unilateral hyperdense middle cerebral artery: An early CT-sign of embolism or thrombosis

Summary In four patients with acute neurologic deficits non-enhanced CT on admission showed a hyperdense segment of one middle cerebral artery. These patients eventually turned out to have complete infarctions of the middle cerebral artery territory, the high density representing an intravascular clot. Three patients died within a few days and one survived with disabling deficits, so this visualisation of emboli on CT may be considered to be a sign of a poor prognosis.     

A case of bilateral dense middle cerebral arteries with CT angiographic confirmation of vascular occlusion

Hyperattenuating middle cerebral arteries on CT in acute stroke should generally not be associated with presence of intraluminal clot when bilaterally seen. We report a case of a woman who underwent emergency CT 60 min after sudden onset of coma. Bilateral dense middle cerebral arteries without parenchymal hypoattenuating areas or indirect signs of cerebral edema were present. CT angiography confirmed occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery and left internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery.     

大脑前动脉A1段发育状况与前交通动脉瘤介入治疗

目的 探讨大脑前动脉A1段缺如及重度发育不良对前交通动脉瘤介入治疗的影响.方法 回顾性分析接受全脑DSA检查的905例患者临床资料,对CTA、常规DSA疑有单侧A1段缺如患者作压迫对侧颈动脉(压颈)造影,判断A1段是否真正缺如,同时分析其中68例前交通动脉瘤患者临床资料、血管内栓塞治疗过程及随访结果.结果 905例患者经CTA或常规DSA检查有40例表现为大脑前动脉A1段缺如,压颈造影后真正缺如30例,10例为重度发育不良.68例前交通动脉瘤患者中单侧A1缺如16例,重度发育不良4例,轻中度发育不良7例.所有前交通动脉瘤患者均成功接受介入栓塞治疗,其中可解脱式弹簧圈单纯栓塞39例,支架辅助栓塞29例;16例A1段缺如和4例重度发育不良患者中有13例接受支架辅助栓塞.术后即刻动脉瘤完全闭塞56例(82.3％),瘤颈残留10例(14.7％),瘤腔残留2例(3％).术后48例获临床和影像学随访,3例(6.3％)明显复发,其中2例成功接受再次栓塞治疗.结论 对CTA和常规DSA造影疑有单侧大脑前动脉A1段缺如的前交通动脉瘤患者,压颈造影能够鉴别A1段是否真正缺如.单侧A1段缺如及重度发育不良的前交通动脉瘤介入治疗时,应确保前交通动脉及双侧A2段通畅,使用支架辅助栓塞有一定帮助.     

急性血栓性大脑中动脉栓塞脑缺血模型的建立

目的评价急性血栓性大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)脑缺血造模的可行性,旨在提高模型的可重复性和可控制性。方法健康雄性成年SD大鼠60只,体重300～450g,随机分为3组:大栓子组(栓子长1.2～1.5mm,15只)、中等栓子组(0.8～1.0mm,30只)和小栓子组(0.5～0.6mm,15只)。取同系大鼠的股动脉血0.6ml与0.15ml凝血酶溶液混匀后,注入微导管内制备成线样血栓。将切好的栓子经大鼠左侧颈内动脉注入,建立MCAO模型。使用GESigna1.5T超导成像仪,3英寸环形表面线圈行大鼠脑MRI检查,并将检查结果与病理结果对照。结果小栓子组15只,9只发现脑梗死灶(60%),中等栓子组和大栓子组所有大鼠均出现脑梗死灶,小栓子组与另2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中等栓子组脑梗死灶均位于同侧大脑半球,局限于左侧顶叶皮质、皮层下及基底节的占93.3%(28/30)。小栓子组9只,在24h或死亡时的平均脑梗死体积占同侧大脑半球的(14.41±8.72)%,中等栓子组30只占(48.29±18.57)%,大栓子组15只占(73.68±18.29)%。3组之间脑梗死体积比较差异有统计学意义(F=33.171,P<0.01)。小栓子组9只,平均生存时间(301.1±23.02)h;中等栓子组30只,平均生存时间(277.43±20.27)h;大栓子组15只,平均生存时间(59.93±25.03)h。大栓子组与另2组之间生存时间比较差异有统计学意义(F=24.676,P<0.01),而中等栓子组的生存时间与小栓子组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中等栓子组脑梗死区相对脑血流容量(rCBV)在3～18h内比较差异无统计学意义(F=1.578,P>0.05)。结论经过改良后,中等栓子建立的大鼠MCAO模型脑梗死体积适中、存活率高、脑梗死部位恒定而rCBV持续降低,具有良好的可重复性和可控性。