胰腺癌组织中EGFR和CD31的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨EGFR和CD31在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测EGFR和CD31蛋白在88例胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)和11例正常胰腺组织中的表达水平,并计算肿瘤组织微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD),分析其与胰腺癌临床分期及其与预后的关系.结果 PDAC组织中EGFR的表达明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.001);PDAC组织中MVD明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.001);胰腺癌组织中EGFR的表达与淋巴结有无转移及临床分期密切相关(P<0.05);胰腺癌组织中微血管密度与其有无淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05).结论 EGFR和CD31在PDAC组织中的表达明显高于正常胰腺组织;并且与胰腺癌的临床分期和淋巴结转移相关,联合检测有助于判断胰腺癌患者的预后.     

胰腺癌CD105和D2-40的表达及其临床病理意义

目的探讨新生血管内皮标记物CD105和淋巴管内皮标记物D2-40在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床病理意义。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测胰腺癌组织芯片中CD105和D2-40在88例胰腺导管腺癌和11例正常胰腺组织的表达水平,并分别计数微血管密度(MVD)和淋巴管密度(LVD),分析其与胰腺癌临床分期和有无淋巴结转移及其预后的关系。结果 88例胰腺导管腺癌组织微血管密度明显高于11例正常胰腺组织(P0.05);88例胰腺导管腺癌组织淋巴管密度明显高于11例正常胰腺组织(P0.05);胰腺癌临床分期级别越高,微血管密度越大(P0.01),有淋巴结转移的胰腺癌组织中微血管密度高于无淋巴结转移的胰腺癌组织(P0.01);胰腺癌临床分期级别越高,淋巴管密度就越高(P0.01),病理分级越高的胰腺癌组织淋巴管密度越高(P0.01),有淋巴结转移的胰腺癌组织中淋巴管密度高于无淋巴结转移的胰腺癌组织(P0.01)。结论 CD105和D2-40在胰腺导管腺癌组织中的表达显著高于正常胰腺组织,并且和胰腺癌的临床分期和淋巴结转移显著相关,二者的联合检测可能更有助于判断胰腺癌病人的预后。     

TSG101在胰腺癌组织的表达及临床意义

目的:检测肿瘤易感基因101(TSG101)在胰腺癌组织中表达水平及其与癌患者临床病理特征的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测TSG101蛋白在胰腺癌及其对应正常胰腺组织的表达情况,并分析其在肿瘤中表达水平与患者性别、分化、临床分期及转移等临床病理资料之间的相关性。结果:TSG101在胰腺肿瘤组织中表达率为47/58(81.0%)明显高于正常胰腺组织表达率7/58(12.1%)(P<0.05),统计学分析提示TSG101在胰腺癌组织表达率明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.05),在高分化胰腺癌组织中表达明显强于中、低分化肿瘤组织,在转移性胰腺癌中表达率高于非转移性肿瘤组织(P<0.05),而与患者性别及临床分期间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:TSG101在胰腺癌组织中表达与其分化程度及转移呈正相关。     

血管内皮生长因子C和nm23表达与微血管密度及宫颈癌转移的关系

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子-C(vascular endothelial growth factor-C,VEGF-C)和nm23(non-metastasis23)表达与微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)及宫颈癌转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化SABC法检测16例正常宫颈上皮及68例宫颈癌中VEGF-C、nm23的表达。并用CD105标记新生血管内皮细胞,计算肿瘤内MVD。结果VEGF-C在宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率显著高于正常组织(P<0.01),淋巴结转移组VEGF-C阳性率高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05),VEGF-C表达强度与MVD呈正相关(P<0.05)。nm23蛋白表达率显著低于正常组织(P<0.01),淋巴结转移组nm23阳性率低于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05)。nm23在宫颈癌中的表达与VEGF-C呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论宫颈癌组织VEGF-C呈高表达、nm23呈低表达,可能在宫颈癌血管生长、肿瘤浸润转移过程中起重要作用。检测宫颈癌中VEGF-C、nm23表达对进一步了解宫颈癌局部血管生成情况及判断预后有一定的应用价值。     

PAR-2在人胰腺肿瘤细胞中的表达及其相关机制的研究

目的:通过对蛋白酶激活受体-2(PAR-2)在人胰腺癌细胞及癌旁组织中表达态势的研究,以期明确PAR-2在胰腺癌中表达特点,并探索其相关机制。方法:收集胰腺癌标本,采用免疫组织化学(SP法)检测胰腺癌PAR-2基因的表达;培养胰腺癌细胞,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测胰腺癌PAR-2基因的表达。结果:胰腺癌组PAR-2 mR-NA的表达高于对照组(P<0.01)。PAR-2在胰腺癌中的表达与患者年龄、性别无关(P>0.05),但癌细胞远处转移者显著高于无转移者(P<0.01)。结论:胰腺癌的发生与发展与PAR-2正相关。PAR-2在胰腺癌中的表达与患者年龄、性别无关;但与淋巴结转移正相关。     

CXCL8和VEGF在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与血管生成的关系

目的探讨CXCL8和VEGF在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤血管生成的关系。方法应用免疫组化方法检测23例胰腺癌组织和27例正常胰腺组织微血管密度和CXCL8、VEGF的表达,分析MVD、CXCL8、VEGF与胰腺癌临床病理因素的关系,并分析三者之间的相关性。结果胰腺癌组织中MVD显著高于正常胰腺组织(t=11.187,P0.05),胰腺癌分化程度差、CA199分泌多、临床分期晚肿、瘤直径越大以及淋巴结转移患者肿瘤组织MVD值越高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中VEGF的表达显著高于正常胰腺组织(χ~2=40.338,P0.05);胰腺癌组织中CXCL8的表达显著高于正常胰腺组织(χ~2=25.343,P0.05),胰腺癌患者中CA199水平越高,分化程度越差,CXCL8的阳性表达率越高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中MVD与VEGF的表达无相关性;在所有统计病例中,VEGF表达阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中CXCL8阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05),所有统计病例中,CXCL8阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05);胰腺癌组中CXCL8与VEGF的表达无相关性,在所有统计病例中,CXCL8与VEGF的表达呈正相关(r=-0.079,P0.05)。结论胰腺癌中微血管新生高于正常胰腺组织,CXCL8和VEGF与肿瘤血管生成相关。     

乳腺癌MMP-2表达与间质微血管密度和肿瘤转移的关系

目的 :研究乳腺癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )的表达特点 ,探讨其与间质微血管密度及肿瘤转移的关系。方法 :应用免疫组化S P法 ,检测 49例乳腺癌、10例癌旁正常组织MMP 2的表达 ,并在CD34染色切片上检测间质微血管密度(MVD)。结果 :乳腺癌组织MMP 2的表达 (75 5 % )明显高于癌旁正常组织 (30 % ) ,二者之间差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;MMP 2阳性组MVD均值 (5 4 93± 13 86 )高于MMP 2阴性组 (4 1 2 8± 11 6 9) ,MMP 2的表达与MVD呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。此外 ,乳腺癌MMP 2的表达与组织学分级、淋巴结转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型、临床分期无关。结论 :MMP 2促进乳腺癌间质血管生成 ,促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移 ,有可能成为判定乳腺癌生物学行为和预后的重要指标     

β-连环蛋白、细胞周期蛋白D1和c-myc表达与胰腺癌发生及生物学行为的关系

目的 研究β-连环蛋白(β-cat)的异常表达、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)和 c-myc的高表达与胰腺癌发生、增殖、浸润、转移和预后的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学PicTure~(TM)二步法,检测47例胰腺癌组织、12例胰腺导管上皮内肿瘤(上皮中度不典型增生)和10例正常胰腺组织中β-cat、cyclin D1和c-myc的表达。同时检测胰腺癌增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA),作为胰腺癌增殖状态的指标。结果 β-cat在10例正常胰腺组织均呈正常表达,而cyclin D1和c-myc均呈阴性。三者在胰腺导管上皮内肿瘤和胰腺癌中的表达率差异无显著性[分别为6/12和68.1％(3/47)、6/12和74.5％(35/47)、5/12和70.2％(33/47),均P>0.05]。β-cat异常表达率与胰腺癌的转移和1年生存率显著相关(均P<0.05),而与胰腺癌大小、分化程度、增殖活性及浸润无关(均P>0.05)。cyclin D1的表达率与胰腺癌的增殖和分化程度有关(均P0.05)。c-myc的表达率与胰腺癌的大小、分化程度、浸润、转移和1年生存率无关(均P>0.05),而与胰腺癌组织的增殖活性密切有关(P<0.05)。β-cat异常表达与cyclin D1和c-myc的高表达在胰腺导管上皮内肿瘤和胰腺癌中均有显著的正相关性(均P<0.05,r=1.000、0.845、0.437、0.452)。结论 β-cat     

热休克蛋白70、90在子宫内膜癌中的表达

目的:探讨子宫内膜癌组织中热休克蛋白(HSP)70、90的表达及意义。方法:用免疫组化Envision法及图象分析仪,检测 30例正常子宫内膜、30例增生过长子宫内膜和53例子宫内膜癌中HSP70、HSP90的表达。结果:子宫内膜癌中HSP70表达的灰度值为(209.06±5.36),明显高于正常内膜[(145.21±4.09),P<0.01]和增生过长内膜[(148.59±4.23),P<0.01];子宫内膜癌中HSP90表达的灰度值为(166.98±5.71),明显低于正常子宫内膜[(208.57±31.14),P<0.05]和增生过长子宫内膜[(249.73±4.94),P<0.01]。子宫内膜癌中HSP70的表达随肿瘤病理分级的增加而增强(P<0.01),非内膜样癌(229.90±3.77)较内膜样癌表达强[(198.37±3.15),P<0.01];子宫内膜癌中HSP90表达随肿瘤病理分级的升高而表达减弱,非内膜样癌(140.21±3.22)较内膜样癌表达减弱[(176.59±2.79),P<0.01]。子宫内膜癌中HSP70、90的表达与肌层浸润深度、临床分期及淋巴结转移未见显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论:HSP70、90可能与子宫内膜癌的发生及预后有关。     

血管内皮生长因子-D、 微血管密度及微淋巴管密度的表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征的相关性

目的 探讨乳腺癌中血管内皮生长因子D(vascular endothelial growth factor-D,VEGF-D)及微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)、微淋巴管密度(Lymphatic vessel density,MLD)表达情况及意义.方法 收集2009年1月至2016年5月在临沂市肿瘤医院病理科存档病例,其中乳腺癌61例,乳腺增生症23例.采用免疫组化法检测各组织VEGF-D、MVD和MLD表达.结果 乳腺癌组织中VEGF-D蛋白阳性率为62.30%,明显高于乳腺增生组织,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.215,P<0.05);乳腺癌组织中MVD和MLD分别为(17.70±7.10)和(2.41±0.85),明显高于乳腺增生组织,差异有统计学意义(t=10.900、t=8.795,P<0.05);VEGF-D表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小以及淋巴结转移无明显关系(χ2=0.394、0.032、0.244,P>0.05);MVD和MLD密度与乳腺癌患者年龄和肿瘤大小无明显差异(χ2=0.081,0.126,0.219,0.196,P>0.05);VEGF-D、MVD和MLD密度与乳腺癌组织学分级相关(χ2=13.076、23.892、10.082,P<0.05),随着组织学分级递增,VEGF-D、MVD和MLD密度明显增高;MVD和MLD在乳腺癌伴淋巴结转移中密度明显高于无淋巴结转移(t=2.481、5.791,P<0.05).结论 VEGF-D在乳腺癌组织中呈高表达,可能在乳腺癌的发生发展中起重要作用,而MVD和MLD与乳腺癌肿瘤分化、转移有一定的关系.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.