巨脾大部切除后残脾的超微结构研究

目的:探讨脾大部切除术后腹膜后长期存在的残脾其内皮细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、网状细胞超微结构变化,从微观角度评价残脾免疫细胞的状况。方法:选取门静脉高压症脾肿大行脾大部切除患者8例,采用手术和穿刺活检获取脾组织标本,分为巨脾组和残脾组,另设外伤性脾破裂8例为对照组。制作超薄切片,电镜下观察细胞超微结构变化。结果:1)内皮细胞呈"长杆状"形态,基膜清晰,膜孔存在,胞质内线粒体结构大致正常;2)可见中、小淋巴细胞,形态大致正常;3)部分巨噬细胞出现凋亡现象,核染色质边集,核膜消失及核染色质外溢;4)网状细胞减少,胞体大,核质多,胞内张力丝较清晰,线粒体等细胞器未见异常。结论:残脾脱离高压状态细胞超微结构会发生适应性改变,是残脾免疫细胞功能恢复的基础。     

门静脉高压巨脾大部切除后残脾神经分布与定量研究

目的：观察门静脉高压巨脾大部切除后残脾神经纤维分布与密度变化,评估残脾保留的价值。 方法：选取门静脉高压脾肿大行脾大部切除并残脾腹后固定术患者13例,收集患者术后切取的巨脾组织,以及术后8年穿刺获取的残脾组织,另取外伤性脾组织13例为正常对照。采用免疫组化法检测脾神经肽Y（NPY）和神经丝蛋白200（NF 200）阳性神经纤维分布及密度。 结果：3组脾组织NPY和NF200阳性神经纤维的分布部位大致相同,但两者在巨脾组织中的密度明显较高。红髓部分的定量分析显示,巨脾组织NPY与NF200阳性神经纤维密度均明显高于残脾组织和正常脾组织（均P<0.05）,而两种阳性神经纤维密度在残脾组织与正常脾组织间差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：巨脾大部切除术后残脾神经纤维分布及含量与正常脾大致相同,提示解除高压环境后,残脾神经功能能逐渐恢复正常。     

高流体静力压和缺氧对大隐静脉和脾静脉滋养血管超微结构的影响

目的观察大隐静脉和脾静脉滋养血管内皮细胞超微结构变化,探讨高流体静力压和缺氧对滋养血管内皮细胞的影响。方法收集曲张大隐静脉和高压性脾静脉管壁标本34例,另设对照组为正常大隐静脉和脾静脉34例。采用HE染色光镜下观察大隐静脉和脾静脉外膜层滋养血管,半薄切片定位。再采用超薄切片,透射电镜下观察滋养血管内皮细胞的超微结构变化。结果大隐静脉曲张组和病脾静脉组滋养血管内皮细胞细胞核结构完整,染色质分布正常;部分线粒体基质深染,嵴模糊、嵴断裂。结论高流体静力压和缺氧下大隐静脉和脾静脉管壁滋养血管内皮细胞的超微结构会出现重塑现象,二者改变相同。     

巨脾大部切除后残脾微血管密度和CD34、VEGF、VEGFR-2表达的临床研究

目的:观察巨脾大部切除后残脾VEGF、VEGFR-2、CD34的表达,探讨残脾微血管密度(MVD)变化。方法:选取门静脉高压脾肿大患者13例,术后切取脾组织为巨脾组,术后8年穿刺获取脾组织为残脾组,另设外伤性脾组织13例为对照组。应用免疫组织化学方法,并对残脾MVD进行定量分析。结果:残脾组红髓MVD为(12.54±1.32)个/高倍视野,脾实质为(16.64±1.10)个/高倍视野;巨脾组红髓MVD为(16.72±1.41)个/高倍视野,脾实质为(21.20±1.52)个/高倍视野;对照组红髓MVD为(9.65±1.47)个/高倍视野,脾实质为(13.56±1.14)个/高倍视野。巨脾组MVD值与残脾组、对照组比较明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);残脾组MVD值与对照组比较明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。在脾脏组织CD34表达阳性,VEGF和VEGFR-2表达阴性。结论:巨脾大部切除后残脾MVD减少,VEGF和VEGFR-2阴性表达。     

巨脾大部切除后残脾纤维组织的分布与定量研究

目的 探讨门脉高压症巨脾大部切除后残脾组织内胶原、弹力及网状纤维的变化,为巨脾保脾术寻找理论依据.方法 选取门静脉高压症脾肿大患者13例,采用手术和穿刺活检获取脾组织标本,分为巨脾组和残脾组.另设外伤性脾破裂标本13例为对照组.应用Masson染色、EVG染色及改良氨银染色,光镜下进行比较分析.结果 胶原纤维、弹力纤维、网状纤维含量,残脾组分别为(7.81±0.83)％、(7.72±3.42)％、(4.67±1.09)％;巨脾组分别为(7.76±0.81)％、(7.21±3.18)％、(4.79±1.20)％;对照组分别为(3.21±0.51)％、(1.67±3.22)％、(10.92±0.86)％.残脾组胶原、弹力、网状纤维含量与巨脾组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).残脾组与巨脾组胶原和弹力纤维含量比对照组增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);残脾组和巨脾组网状纤维含量比对照组减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 巨脾大部切除残脾固定腹膜后,不会加重脾组织的纤维化程度.     

巨脾大部切除术后残脾T、B淋巴细胞分布与定量研究

目的 探讨巨脾大部切除后残脾组织内T、B淋巴细胞浸润情况.方法 收集门静脉高压症患者巨脾标本13例,术后8年穿刺获取残脾标本13例,另设外伤性脾组织13例作对照.采用免疫组化染色,光镜下观察T、B淋巴细胞分布并计数.结果 T、B淋巴细胞在残脾组分别为(59.769±9.429)个/10-5像素面积、(10.822±1.938)个/10-5像素面积;巨脾组为(34.715±3.497)个/10-5像素面积、(2.369±0.664)个/10-5像素面积;对照组为(48.229±14.869)个/10-5像素面积、(6.844±0.807)个/10-5像素面积.残脾组与巨脾组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),巨脾组与对照组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 巨脾大部切除后,残脾单位面积T、B淋巴细胞数目明显增加,提示残脾的免疫功能可能有所改善.     

高流体静力压下脾静脉和大隐静脉管壁细胞凋亡变化

目的:观察不同静脉管壁在高流体静力压下细胞凋亡变化及机制。方法:收集高压性病脾静脉(DSV)与曲张大隐静脉(VGSV)标本,分别以正常脾静脉(SV)、正常大隐静脉(GSV)标本为对照。采用TUNEL、免疫荧光观察静脉管壁细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化检测凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-xl表达,电镜观察超微结构的变化。结果:与各自的对照比较,DSV和VGSV管壁(内膜和中膜)凋亡细胞比率明显降低(均P0.05);促凋亡蛋白Bax表达减少,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-xl表达增加,Bax/Bcl-xl比值明显降低(均P0.05);DSV和VGSV的内皮细胞与平滑肌细胞出现线粒体嵴模糊、髓样变、核染色质边集。结论:不同的静脉管壁在高流体静力压下均存在相同的经线粒体通路细胞凋亡失调,这可能是导致相关疾病状态下静脉管壁扩张和增厚的重要机制。     

门静脉高压巨脾形态学研究

门静脉高压症（PHT）是否行巨脾大部切术,在旧内外学术界一直争执不休,关键在于没有坚持不懈地从PHTFi脾的病理生理、残脾纤维化、脾大复发等方面做深入、系统的研究。本文现就国内外PHT巨脾组织和细胞形态学研究现状作一概述。     

门脉高压症巨脾大部切除后残脾及其免疫功能研究

采用脾活检、^99m锝核素扫描以及血清免疫球蛋白古量和血清Tuftsin水平检测，对30例脾大部切除后病人残脾及其免疫功能进行比较性研究。结果：脾大部切除后残脾组织结构逆转，残脾形态及吞噬功能正常．血清免疫球蛋白含量和血清Tuftsin水平与对照组比较无差异(P>005)。表明门脉高压症巨脾的保留具有重要的免疫功能价值和临床意义。     

脾大部切除脾肺固定术治疗门脉高压症的评价

目的　探讨脾大部切除脾肺固定术治疗门脉高压症的效果 ,寻找门脉高压症外科治疗新方法。方法　自 1985～ 2 0 0 0年间应用脾大部切除将残脾与肺底固定术治疗门脉高压症患者 2 80例 ,通过X线、B型超声、锝扫描、血清Tuftsin检测、残脾病理检查 ,观察胸腔残脾形态及功能变化 ,采用血管造影、DSA等检测方法 ,了解脾肺间分流情况。结果　胸腔残脾均存活 ,功能正常。部分病人血清Tuftsin水平术前 (6 0 2± 16 4) μg/L ,术后为 (6 6 5± 144 ) μg/L。血管造影显示门肺形成分流通路。食管钡餐透视证实术后食管静脉曲张改善或消失 ,术后随访再出血率为 3% ,肝功能改善 ,腹水消失。无肝性脑病及OPSI发生。结论　保留脾极性脾大部切除术是门脉高压症巨脾保脾术最理想的术式。脾大部切除脾肺固定术可作为治疗门脉高压症的一种术式 ,认为门脉高压症的保脾术比外伤性保脾术更有临床价值     

脾大部分切除加断流术治疗门脉高压脾功能亢进

目的观察脾大部分切除带脾蒂残脾后腹膜移位加断流术治疗门脉高压症的疗效。方法把我院普外科于2000年1月至2003年1月收治的18例肝硬化门脉高压症患者随机分成两组,治疗组行脾大部分切除带脾蒂残脾后腹膜移位加断流术,对照组单纯行贲门周围血管离断术。结果(1)治疗组患者静脉曲张消失3例,改善6例,对照组静脉曲张改善4例,无变化4例,加重1例(P<0.01),(2)两组术后外周血白细胞和血小板改变及IgG、IgM改变,差异有显著性(P<0.01,P<0.05),(3)研究组术后1年查彩色B超,均提示残脾位于左上侧后腹膜内,可探及动、静脉血彩流图。结论本术式兼有断流术和分流术的优点,脾大部分切除可治疗脾功能亢进。     

充血性脾大伴脾功能亢进患者不同脾切除术前后血小板相关抗体的变化

目的 了解充血性脾肿大伴脾功能亢进（脾亢）患者血小板相关抗体（ＰＡ－ＩｇＧ）水平及不同脾切除术后的改变,探索脾肿大、血小板、ＰＡ－ＩｇＧ之间的关系。方法 采用竞争性酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测了２４例脾肿大伴脾亢患者血清ＰＡ－ＩｇＧ水平。结果 脾肿大伴脾亢患者的ＰＡ－ＩｇＧ水平明显高于正常者（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而血小板值低,ＰＡ－ＩｇＧ与血小板之间存在显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４７４７,Ｐ〈０．０     

Subtotal laparoscopic splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization for the thrombocytopenia because of portal cavernoma--case report

An 8-year-old girl presented with a history of pain in the right hypocondrium, multiple petechiae in the skin, and ecchimoses at sites of minor trauma. Laboratory investigations showed severe thrombocytopenia. Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging showed portal and splenic vein cavernomatous transformation and splenomegaly. The patient underwent laparoscopic subtotal splenectomy with lower pole preservation and esophagogastric devascularization. The postoperative course was uneventful. No gastrointestinal bleeding occurred within the first 34 months after surgery.

Conclusions

Thrombocytopenia associated with splenomegaly is a rare form of presentation in portal cavernoma. Preserving the spleen immune function must be a goal in surgical management, especially in children. Laparoscopic subtotal splenectomy combined with esophagogastric devascularization is a difficult procedure, but it can be useful in patients with portal cavernoma and severe thrombocytopenia without gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Laparoscopic subtotal splenectomy

BACKGROUND: Since 1979, we have been studying subtotal splenectomy. This procedure was used in over 200 patients to treat splenic trauma, portal hypertension, myeloid metaplasia due to myelofibrosis, Gaucher disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, retarded growth, and sexual development associated with splenomegaly, and disorders of the pancreatic tail. On the basis of our clinic experience with laparoscopic splenectomy with and without splenic autotransplantation, open subtotal splenectomy, and after a training period with laparoscopic conservative splenic operations on animals, this communication presents laparoscopic subtotal splenectomy as a new treatment of severe pain due to ischemia of the spleen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two patients with severe splenic pain due to ischemia provoked by vascular obstruction of the spleen were successfully treated by laparoscopic subtotal splenectomy, with preservation of the upper splenic pole supplied only by the gastrosplenic vessels. RESULTS: This procedure was safely conducted with minor bleeding and no technical difficulties or complications. The postoperative follow-up of 5 and 21 months has been uneventful and the pain disappeared since the first postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible and safe to perform subtotal splenectomy by laparoscopy. This procedure seems to be a good treatment for pain due to splenic ischemia.     

Subtotal splenectomy for treatment of retarted growth and sexual development associated with splenomegaly

This communication presents a new alternative for the treatment of retarded growth and sexual development associated with spleno- megaly: subtotal splenectomy, preserving the upper splenic pole supplied only by the splenogastric vessels, to avoid adverse effects of total splenectomy. We performed this procedure associated with central splenorenal shunt or portal-variceal disconnection in 3 teenagers with portal hypertension due to Schistosomia-sis Mansoni, complicated by variceal bleedings. All of them presented retarded growth and sexual development. All patients had uneventful postoperative follow-up, and normal growth and sexual development after the surgery. Subtotal splenectomy should be considered for treatment dwarfism associated with splenomegaly.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and effective procedure for patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: This study was conducted retrospectively to examine whether laparoscopic splenectomy is an effective procedure for patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension in comparison to patients with a normal-sized spleen. METHODS: From September 1994 to May 2005, we performed laparoscopic splenectomy in 50 patients at Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Japan. Of these, 17 patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and 17 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with normal-size spleen were enrolled in this study, in which we compared the surgical outcome between patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and those without splenomegaly (ITP group). RESULTS: The mean operative time (splenomegaly due to portal hypertension vs ITP; 171 vs 165 min; P = 0.7433) and estimated blood loss (248 vs 258 ml; P = 0.5396) were similar in the two groups. There were two patients with complications (11.8%) in the patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and five patients with complications (29.4%) in those with ITP. All patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension showed appropriate increases in the platelet count following surgery. No perioperative mortality occurred. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that laparoscopic splenectomy was an effective procedure for splenomegaly due to portal hypertension, with findings being similar to those observed in patients with a normal-sized spleen (such as patients with ITP).     

Portal venous pressure following splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension of differing etiology.

To clarify the effect of splenomegaly on portal hemodynamics in patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices, manometric studies were carried out before and after splenectomy during an operation for esophageal varices. The 118 patients evaluated retrospectively had underlying liver cirrhosis (LC) (62), idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) (42), and extrahepatic portal occlusion (EHO) (14). The weight of the spleen did not differ significantly among the three diagnostic groups: 640 +/- 473.5 g for LC, 780 +/- 414.6 g for IPH, and 683 +/- 457.2 g for EHO. Before splenectomy, portal pressure was significantly elevated in the patients with EHO (410 +/- 85.2 mm H2O) as compared to either the LC or IPH groups (348 +/- 64.1 and 348 +/- 73.5 mm H2O). Following splenectomy the reduction of portal pressure was significantly greater in the EHO group (29 +/- 15.5%) than in either the LC (18 +/- 17.4%) or IPH (19 +/- 17.0%) groups. Each group was subdivided according to severity of splenomegaly: marked (spleen weight > or = 500 g) or slight (spleen weight < 500 g). Patients with LC and marked splenomegaly showed a reduction in liver function parameters as shown by the prolongation of indocyanine retention rate at 15 min as compared to those with slight splenomegaly. Though it is not statistically significant, the average portal pressure tended to be higher among those with marked splenomegaly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)