局限期小细胞肺癌手术治疗与放化疗疗效比较

目的回顾性分析局限期小细胞肺癌手术为主的综合治疗与单纯放化疗疗效比较。方法收集本院胸外科2001年7月~2010年7月收治的局限期小细胞肺癌患者共75例,均经组织学证实病理,其中32例患者经手术+化疗或放化疗治疗,43例患者行常规放化疗。结果根治手术+放化疗组的中位生存期为40个月,化疗+放疗组的中位生存期为17个月。手术+化(放)疗组的生存时间明显高于单纯放化疗组。结论手术为主的综合治疗能使局限期小细胞肺癌生存期明显延长,较传统的放化疗能使患者获得更好的远期疗效。     

3种治疗方案用于ⅠB2、ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者的疗效对比观察

目的探讨根治手术、新辅助化疗联合根治手术、术前同步放化疗联合根治手术方案治疗ⅠB2、ⅡA2期宫颈癌临床疗效及安全性差异。方法选取ⅠB2、ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者150例,以随机数字表法分为单纯手术组(50例)、术前化疗组(50例)及术前同步放化疗组(50例),分别采用根治手术、新辅助化疗联合根治手术及术前同步放化疗联合根治手术治疗;比较3组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后局部侵犯率、淋巴结阳性率、随访生存率及术后并发症发生率等。结果术前同步放化疗组患者术中出血量显著少于单纯手术组、术前化疗组(P0.05);3组患者手术用时和住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术前同步放化疗组患者术后脉管侵犯率、术后深肌层侵犯率及淋巴结阳性率均显著低于单纯手术组、术前化疗组(P0.05);术后3组患者术后神经侵犯率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);3组患者随访生存率和术后并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前同步放化疗联合根治手术方案治疗ⅠB2、ⅡA2期宫颈癌疗效优于单纯手术及新辅助化疗联合根治手术方案。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤9例临床分析

目的：探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤（PCNSL）的临床特点。方法：对9例PCNSL临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：临床表现主要为头痛、呕吐、视乳头水肿、癫痫及偏瘫等。病灶均位于幕上,单发灶6例,多发灶3例,头颅CT、MRI显示肿块边界多清楚,周围脑水肿明显,无钙化,增强后肿块多均匀一致强化。治疗方法有手术切除,术后放疗及化疗。结论：PCNSL临床表现及影像学检查的无特异性,术前确诊依赖于脑脊液细胞学检查及立体定向脑活检,术后常规放疗加全身及鞘内注药化疗可明显延长生存期。     

肾脏横纹肌肉瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾脏横纹肌肉瘤的流行病学、临床表现、诊疗方案及预后。方法回顾收治的1例肾脏横纹肌肉瘤患者的临床资料。男性,43岁,临床表现为右上腹疼痛6 d。B超提示右侧腹膜后肿瘤,CT提示右肾与肝实质之间实质性包块,肿瘤直径约10 cm。结果患者行右腹膜后肿物根治性肾切除术。术中见肿物来源于肾脏中极,与腹膜及肾周广粘连明显,且与下腔静脉紧密粘连,术后病理报告:瘤细胞多形性,胞浆内见嗜酸性包涵体,免疫组化:Vimentin(+),病理诊断右侧肾脏横纹肌肉瘤。术后患者予以舒尼替尼靶向治疗,术后3个月复查肾脏CT,未见肿瘤复发。结论肾横纹肌肉瘤是一种发病年龄低、恶性程度高的少见肾脏恶性肿瘤。光镜下具有嗜酸性包涵体特征性表现,以手术治疗为主,辅以放化疗,术后多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗,效果较好。预后与发病年龄及肿瘤分期有关,预后较差。     

局限期小细胞肺癌综合治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨分析局限期小细胞肺癌(L-SCLC)的综合治疗疗效及影响预后的临床病理因素。方法回顾性分析96例于2003年1月至2010年12月行手术切除的L-SCLC患者的临床相关资料,分析手术为主,包括辅助放化疗在内的综合治疗疗效及预后的影响因素。结果 L-SCLC总体5年生存率为32.0%。单因素分析结果显示性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位等因素对患者生存率的影响均无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。而手术切缘、手术方式、T分期、N分期、TNM分期及LDH水平对患者生存率的影响有明显统计学差异(P0.05)。关于综合治疗模式,发现新辅助化疗、术后辅助化疗及术后放疗均不是预后的影响因素,只有术后联合放化疗才能使患者的生存真正获益(P0.05)。多因素分析,TNM分期(P=0.000)、术后联合放化疗(P=0.022)以及LDH水平(P=0.010)都是L-SCLC预后的独立影响因素。结论与非手术相比,L-SCLC患者手术生存更优。TNM分期、术后联合放化疗以及LDH水平都是影响L-SCLC预后的独立因素,推荐对L-SCLC给予手术为主联合术后放化疗的综合治疗模式。     

腹腔镜联合复方醋酸棉酚片治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿临床观察

目的探讨复方醋酸棉酚片治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿腹腔镜治疗术后的临床疗效。方法将89例腹腔镜下卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿术后的患者随机分为两组:单纯腹腔镜手术组46例;复方醋酸棉酚片联合腹腔镜治疗组43例,术后口服复方醋酸棉酚片20mg/d,连续3个月。所有患者随访24个月,比较两组患者术后疗效、术后复发、妊娠及用药不良反应等情况。结果联合治疗组有效率72.09%,单纯手术组有效率39.13%,联合治疗组的疗效明显高于单纯手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);联合治疗组术后复发率低于单纯手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);联合治疗组术后妊娠率明显高于单纯手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜术后联合复方醋酸棉酚片治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿优于单纯手术治疗,复方醋酸棉酚片可作为卵巢子宫内膜异位症腹腔镜术后药物治疗的临床选择。     

原发性脾脏肿瘤23例的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析23例原发性脾脏肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 23例原发性脾脏肿瘤临床表现无特异性。B超检查均首先发现脾脏肿块，14例再行CT检查，8例行彩色多普勒超声检查，其中11例综合诊断为脾脏囊肿，8例术后病理证实；10例综合诊断为脾脏恶性肿瘤，8例术后病理证实。全组中20例行手术治疗，采用不同手术方式，无手术并发症。脾脏良性肿瘤预后佳，8例脾脏恶性肿瘤仅2例存活至今。结论 原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断主要为B超和CT等影像学检查；良性肿瘤尽量保脾，恶性肿瘤行根治性脾切除术及术后放化疗和免疫治疗等。     

脊柱恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的手术治疗

【目的】总结7例脊柱恶性纤维组织细胞瘤（MFH）的临床表现、病理特点、治疗及预后。【方法】回顾分析7例脊柱MFH患者的临床和病理资料,其中3例仅行单纯后路肿块切除,1例行骨水泥填充加活检术,2例行后路肿块切除＋椎弓根系统重建,1例行前路病灶切除＋内固定自取髂骨植骨术。对其术后神经功能、疼痛程度、影像学表现及术后复发情况进行随访。【结果】7例患者术后免疫组化均有CD68表达。术中平均出血量为1300mL,全组无手术死亡,VAS术后一个月平均改善4．3分,2例神经功能明显改善。术后随访3个月至5年,2例1年后局部复发。3例生存期大于1年,1年生存率为60％。【结论】脊柱MFH恶性程度较高,早期转移及局部复发率高,手术根治性切除加术后辅助放化疗可获得较好的效果。     

进展期中低位直肠癌术前同期放化疗的临床研究

目的：探讨术前同期放化疗在进展期（T3、T4）中低位直肠癌治疗中的疗效。方法：将2006年10月—2008年10月60例中低位直肠癌患者随机分为两组：单纯放疗组在给单纯放疗后进行常规手术治疗;同期放化疗组在予希罗达（Xeloda）口服和同期放疗后再手术。对术前单纯放疗组与同期放化疗组的降期效果、手术切除率、保肛率、局部复发率及术后生活质量等进行比较。结果：同期放化疗组于放化疗结束后检查发现肿块均有不同程度缩小、活动度增加,降期、降级作用较单纯放疗组明显（P〈0.05）。同期放化疗组和单纯放疗组的手术切除率分别为90%和66.7%,保肛率分别为63%和30%,两组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。局部复发率分别为3.7%和10%,两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。同期放化疗组术后生活质量明显优于单纯放疗组（P〈0.01）。结论：术前Xeloda联合放疗对进展期中低位直肠癌是较好的新辅助治疗方案。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤6例临床特点及治疗方式探讨

目的 探讨颅内原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的治疗方式与疗效.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年1月收治的6例颅内原发性淋巴瘤患者的临床资料.6例病例中3例经手术切除肿瘤,另3例经取活检,病理均证实为PCNSL,5例接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤为主的化疗及全脑放射治疗,统计各例治疗方案及疗效,进行分析.结果 6例患者在经过初次治疗后,完全缓解3例,部分缓解2例,稳定1例.截止2014年9月30日随访结束,6例患者中4例存活,2例死亡.3例接受手术的患者中,1例死于术后并发症,2例存活;3例未手术病例中,1例死于肿瘤进展,2例存活.5例出现复发病例平均首次复发时间为18.8个月,1例存活29个月无复发.结论 大剂量甲氨蝶呤为主的化疗联合放疗是目前治疗PCNSL的主要方法,手术可改善患者的占位效应,但能否延长生存期仍有待进一步研究.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.