逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法检测乙型脑炎病人标本

目的 逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测乙型脑炎（乙脑）病人标本方法的建立和评估。方法 建立ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法,了解该方法用于乙脑病毒检测的敏感性,特异性,并用于临床疑似乙脑病人血清及脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）标本的检测,并与反向被动血凝抑制实验（ＲＰＨＩ）方法进行比较分析。结果 用该ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法检测高顺生株（高株）敏感性可达６４ＰＦＵ。共检测临床疑似乙脑病人标本３８份,对ＣＳＦ中乙型脑炎病毒（ＪＥＶ）     

Homologous and heterologous neutralization antibody responses after immunization with Japanese encephalitis vaccine among Taiwan children

Because 21 immunized children (13%) among the 162 confirmed Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases during 1986–1991 occurred in Taiwan, we collected 320 serum samples from Taiwan children aged 15–31 and 27–44 months immediately before the 1st dose (n = 41) and 1–3 months after the 2nd dose (n = 78, 27 pairs), and immediately before (n = 58) and 1–3 months after the 3rd dose (n = 143,44 pairs) to determine neutralization antibody (Nt Ab) against the Nakayama (N) and Beijing-1 (B) strains and two Taiwan wild type JE viruses (JEV): CC-27 and CH-1392. Our Nt results showed that (1) B vaccine stimulated a better homologous Ab response than N vaccine for Nt Ab seropositivity rate (NASR), produced a higher level of Nt titer after the primary immunization [2 doses = 100% vs. 91%, geometric mean titer (GMT) = 115 vs. 22], had a greater booster effect (3 doses: 100% vs. 95%; GMT = 320 vs. 33), and showed a better capability to neutralize two local Taiwan JEV strains, particularly only after 3 doses (ave. NASR for B vs. N = 90% vs. 10%; and GMT for B vs. N = 154 vs. 1); (2) the two wild type JEV strains had different plaque morphology and antigenic variation and the CC-27 strain was not neutralized as well as the CH-1392 strain after 3 doses of vaccine (BBB or NNN or NNB); and (3) 30% of the children had lost JEV Nt Ab one year after the 2nd dose of N vaccine and natural infection with JE virus did occur among those children after immunization. In conclusion, (1) three doses of mouse-brain vaccine are the minimum requirement to protect children against the local Taiwan JEV; (2) the best strain for a JE vaccine depends on level of Nt Ab it induced, the molecular epidemiology and antigenic variation of the JEV in each local area; and (3) future vaccine must produce better B- and T-cell memory. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Japanese encephalitis in a Finnish traveler on a two-week holiday in Thailand

Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, and one of the leading causes of epidemic encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Reports of symptomatic JEV encephalitis in tourists have been rare. We describe a case of symptomatic JE transmitted in 2004 during a short two-week trip to common tourist attractions in Thailand.     

Monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture immunoassay for detection of circulating non-structural protein NS1: implications for early diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection

An early diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) is important for timely clinical management and epidemiological control in areas where multiple flaviviruses are endemic. The NS1 antigen has an advantage over IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for early confirmatory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection due to its proliferation on the surface of the host cells in the acute phase of infection. In this study, the development and evaluation of JE-specific NS1 antigen capture ELISA is described using high-affinity monoclonal antibody specific to the recombinant NS1 protein for early diagnosis of JE. The gene encoding NS1 protein was cloned and expressed in the pQE30UA expression vector followed by purification of the recombinant protein by affinity chromatography. A sandwich ELISA for antigen detection was developed using purified rabbit IgG antibody and mouse monoclonal antibody as the capture and detector antibody, respectively. The application of JE NS1 antigen ELISA for early diagnosis was evaluated with 120 acute phase sera and 80 CSF samples. The comparative evaluation of the JE NS1 antigen ELISA by real-time RT-PCR revealed 97% concordance with a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 98%, respectively. The JE NS1 antigen was detectable in the blood from the first day up to day 9 after the onset of symptoms. These findings suggest that the JEV NS1 antigen capture ELISA may help early diagnosis of JE infection.     

Interferon antagonist function of Japanese encephalitis virus NS4A and its interaction with DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX42

The interferon (IFN) antagonists of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) proteins contribute to the JE pathogenesis. Most flavivirus non-structural (NS) proteins correlate with virus-induced inflammation and immune escape. NS4A proteins of West Nile virus and dengue type 2 virus have been demonstrated to inhibit IFN signaling. In this study, JEV NS4A without the C-terminal 2K domain has been demonstrated to partially block activation of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-based cis-reporter by IFN-α/β. In addition, JEV NS4A significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of STAT1 and STAT2, but not TYK2 in the IFN-treated cells. Moreover, the N-terminus of a RNA helicase DDX42 protein identified using a phage display human brain cDNA library have been demonstrated to specifically bind to JEV NS4A in vitro using a co-immunoprecipitation assay. The interaction between JEV NS4A and RNA helicase DDX42 showed partial co-localization in human medulloblastoma TE-671 cells by confocal microscopy. Importantly, the expression of N-terminal DDX42 is able to overcome JEV-induced antagonism of IFN responses. Therefore, these results show that JEV NS4A without the C-terminal 2K domain is associated with modulation of the IFN response and the interaction of JEV NS4A with RNA helicase DDX42 could be important for JE pathogenesis.     

Induction of virus-specific neutralizing immune response against West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses by chimeric peptides representing T-helper and B-cell epitopes

West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the members of JEV serocomplex group are pathogens of global health concern. The co-circulation of these viruses poses challenges in effective diagnostics due to antigenic similarity between the E-protein of these viruses. The present study aimed to design chimeric peptides and study the immune response against the same. B-cell epitopes were predicted on structural proteins of WNV and JEV based on bioinformatics tools. The peptides representing to these B-cell epitopes were synthesized and subjected to ELISA. Two peptides, one each from WNV (named WE147) and JEV (named JE40) E-protein, showed virus-specific and strong reactivity to the immune mice sera and human clinical samples. The chimeric peptides for WNV and JEV were constructed by synthesizing the B-cell epitope of WNV (WE147) or JEV (JE40) with T-helper epitope (JM17) separated by diglycine spacer in between. The immune response generated against these chimeric peptides was found to be specific to the respective B-cell epitopes. The anti-peptide sera showed virus-specific reactivity in ELISA and in immunofluorescence assay with no cross-reactivity. Also, the anti-peptide sera could neutralize JE and WN viruses in an in vitro virus neutralization assay. The B-cell epitopes identified in the present study may be used as diagnostic markers for differentiating between WN and JE virus infections. The present study can form a basis for future design of vaccines.     

2005年流行性乙型脑炎疫情分析

目的了解2005年我国贵州、四川和湖北省三个监测点的乙脑流行情况。方法收集三个监测点的乙脑流行状况、媒介蚊虫、宿主带毒水平。结果2005年我国贵州、四川和湖北3个省的乙脑报告病例数占全国总数的40．7％，其中贵州和四川省的病例数居全国前2位，发病率均超过1／10万，高于全国平均水平；报道病例中0～10岁儿童占报告病例90％以上；病例以散居儿童为主；乙脑病例主要集中于6-9月，而7～8月发病数最多；蚊虫密度调查显示库蚊和三带喙库蚊为主要蚊种。结论三省监测点与全国乙脑流行规律相同。贵州和四川省乙脑病例居全国前2位。     

西尼罗病毒与乙脑病毒免疫交叉反应的实验研究

为明确西尼罗病毒(WNV)与乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)的免疫交叉反应,本文分别用WNV全抗原与JE减毒活疫苗免疫小鼠,采用间接免疫荧光试验检测血清中2种病毒IgG抗体水平及其交叉反应情况。结果表明:WNV组在第4次免疫后的14天和35天出现2个高峰,平均效价分别为6088和4305;JEV组第4次免疫后,小鼠血清JEV抗体呈现缓慢上升的趋势。无论是在WNV全抗原免疫小鼠血清中还是在JE减毒活疫苗免疫小鼠血清中,同一血清对WNV抗原和JEV抗原均有反应,且抗体效价差异有显著性。在抗WNV抗体阳性血清中,两者交叉反应相对较强,在抗JEV抗体阳性血清中,两者交叉反应较弱。WNV与JEV存在一定交叉反应,但是否有交叉保护作用则需要中和试验等进一步证实。     

2006年山西省运城市成人流行性乙型脑炎临床特征与实验室检验

目的 研究2006年山西省运城市成人流行性乙型脑炎的临床及实验室检验特点,为我国乙脑预防控制提供基础资料.方法对2006年运城市第二人民医院收治的45例乙脑病例进行临床资料分析,对部分中老年患者血清和脑脊液标本进行血清学和分子生物学检测.结果收治入院的45例患者以中老年人为主,其中40岁以上病例占病例总数77.8%(35/45),重型和极重型占病例总数60.0%(27/45),大多数患者合并基础性疾病.研究结果显示,血清乙脑病毒IgM抗体检测为阳性,急性期和恢复期双份血清中和抗体存在4倍以上增高;部分患者脑脊液乙脑病毒核酸检测阳性.结论经实验室特异性检测确认山西省运城市2006年病毒性脑炎为乙型脑炎,病例呈现大年龄组发病特点.     

Virus-specific antibody-producing cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute Japanese encephalitis

During an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in northern Thailand, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes and blood leukocytes from 28 patients with suspected JE were tested for spontaneous in vitro synthesis of antibodies to JE virus (JEV). Sixteen patients were subsequently proven to be infected with JEV. Supernatant fluids of three-day cultures of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes or unstimulated unfractionated CSF leukocytes were tested for JEV IgM and IgG antibodies with isotype-specific "antibody capture" radioimmunoassays. Blood-derived leukocytes from all sixteen JEV-infected patients and CSF-derived leukocytes from four JEV-infected patients synthesized JEV antibodies. Blood-derived and CSF-derived leukocytes from all 12 patients with central nervous system infections caused by agents other than JEV uniformly failed to synthesize JEV antibodies. Virus-specific antibody-producing cells can be detected in the blood and CSF early in the clinical course of acute JE.     

日本脑炎病毒和乙型肝炎病毒抗原真核表达载体的体外共表达

作者构建了日本脑炎病毒（Ｊａｐａｎｅｓｅｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｉｔｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ，ＪＥＶ）前膜蛋白囊膜蛋白（ｐｒＭＥ）和乙型肝炎病毒（ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＢｖｉｒｕｓ，ＨＢＶ）前Ｓ蛋白（ｐｒｅＳ）的真核表达载体，分别命名为ｐｃＤＮＡ３Ｅ和ｐＳＧ５ｐｒｅＳ。等量混合这两种质粒，转染ＣＯＳ７细胞进行瞬间表达，应用单克隆抗本ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测特异性抗原。结果表明，单独及混合转染的细胞培养上清中均有特异性抗原表达。本项研究为进一步发展新型日本脑炎病毒和乙型肝炎病毒核酸疫苗打下了基础，也初步显示了核酸疫苗技术在联合疫苗研制中的应用前景     

中国基因3型乙型脑炎病毒E基因分子特征

目的 以减毒活疫苗(SA14-14-2株)为对照,分析我国分离的基因3型乙脑病毒E基因区段核苷酸及氨基酸序列分子特征.方法 从GenBank中获取相应乙脑病毒株E基因区段核苷酸序列,通过Clustal X(1.81)、DNAStar、GENEDOC(3.2)等生物学软件进行核苷酸和氨基酸位点差异分析.以蜱传脑炎病毒可溶性蛋白晶体结构为模板进行乙脑病毒E蛋白氨基酸位点分析.结果 我国不同地域、不同宿主分离的基因3型乙脑病毒与SA14-14-2株核苷酸同源性分别在96%和95%以上,氨基酸同源性在95%和94%以上.在同一地域、同一宿主类型分离的毒株之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性非常高.在E基因区段存在10处共同的氨基酸位点差异,在结构域Ⅰ(E160)、结构域Ⅱ(E123和E227)和两个未在结构域中的氨基酸位点(E441和E487)等5个位点在部分基因3型乙脑病毒中存在差异.结论 我国分离的基因3型乙脑病毒与减毒活疫苗株(SA14-14-2株)E基因区段同源性高,存在5处基因3型乙脑病毒特异的氨基酸位点差异,但现行减毒活疫苗株理论上可以保护我国分离的基因3型乙脑病毒野毒株.     

Recent changes in prevalence pattern of Japanese encephalitis virus in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, using a two-dimensional distribution of IgG and IgM class antibody levels in swine sera

Surveillance of antibody to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in swine sera was performed during the epidemic season from July to September, 1978 to 1983, in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two-dimensional distribution analyses of ELISA values for IgG and IgM class antibodies indicated recent changes in the prevalence pattern. Time courses of antibody levels observed from 1978 to 1980 were similar to those in the 1960s of major epidemics, indicating a synchronous infection during the second wave of infection. In 1982 and 1983, however, the JE prevalence pattern implies an incessant infection cycle between vector mosquitoes and pigs during the latter half of the epidemic season. The delay of the occurrence of JE in patients confirms the longer period of exposure to infectious vectors.     

Activated CD56(+) lymphocytes (NK+NKT) mediate immunomodulatory and anti-viral effects during Japanese encephalitis virus infection of dendritic cells in-vitro

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains one of the major causative agents of pediatric encephalitis. Interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) with innate lymphocytes (NK and NKT) represents a crucial event during anti-viral innate immune response. In the current study, we have tried to understand the interaction between JEV, human monocyte derived DCs (MDDCs), and CD56⁺ cells (NK+NKT) in-vitro. We have used two JEV strains (i) JE057434 (neurovirulent, wild-type) and (ii) SA14-14-2 (non-neurovirulent, live-attenuated vaccine) to investigate the effect of viral virulence on the functional status of primary human MDDCs. Our preliminary results indicate that replicating JEV induces MDDCs maturation via PI3K and p38 pathways. We also show that the presence of IL2-activated CD56⁺ cells impart both immunomodulatory and anti-viral effects on DCs infected with JEV. Mechanistic studies illustrate that, IL2-activated CD56⁺ lymphocytes mediated immunomodulation occurs through direct cell-to-cell contact and TNFα, while the anti-viral effect is dependent on direct cell-to-cell contact.     

日本乙型脑炎病毒单克隆抗体介导ADCC效应的研究

以日本乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)感染的BHK_2,细胞为靶细胞,小鼠脾细胞为效应细胞,测定了6株日本乙型脑炎病毒单克隆抗体(JEV-McAb)介导ADCC效应的活性。结果表明,2H_4、2F_2、nG_2、mG_9等种特异性及属特异性McAb无介导~(51)Cr释放的活性,而mC_3及2D_2两株亚组特异性McAb可介导ADCC效应;但mC_3和2D_2介导ADCC效应的活性也不相同。JEV-McAb的ADCC活性与血凝抑制(HI)、中和(NT)等功能之间无明显的关系,它是JEV-McAb的又一免疫学特征。小鼠感染JEV后,其脾细胞的ADCC活性下降,这可能与JEV的致病性有关。在JEV感染中,ADCC效应具有一定的保护功能。     

CCL2, but not its receptor,is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system‐invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re‐emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2–CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b⁺ Ly‐6C^hi monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated murine models. Somewhat surprisingly, the ablation of CCR2 and CCL2 resulted in starkly contrasting susceptibility to JE. CCR2 ablation induced enhanced resistance to JE, whereas CCL2 ablation highly increased susceptibility to JE. This contrasting regulation of JE progression by CCR2 and CCL2 was coupled to central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of Ly‐6C^hi monocytes and Ly‐6G^hi granulocytes. There was also enhanced expression of CC and CXC chemokines in the CNS of CCL2‐ablated mice, which appeared to induce CNS infiltration of these cell populations. However, our data revealed that contrasting regulation of JE in CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated mice was unlikely to be mediated by innate natural killer and adaptive T‐cell responses. Furthermore, CCL2 produced by haematopoietic stem cell‐derived leucocytes played a dominant role in CNS accumulation of Ly‐6C^hi monocytes in infected bone marrow chimeric models, thereby exacerbating JE progression. Collectively, our data indicate that CCL2 plays an essential role in conferring protection against JE caused by JEV infection. In addition, blockage of CCR2, but not CCL2, will aid in the development of strategies for prophylactics and therapeutics of JE.     

Molecular phylogenetic and positive selection analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus strains isolated from pigs in China

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the most important virus which causes encephalitis. This disease is most prevalent in the south, southeast and the east region of Asia. In this study, two JEV strains, named JEV/SW/GD/01/2009 and JEV/SW/GZ/09/2004, were isolated from aborted fetuses and seminal fluid of pigs in China. To determine the characteristic of these virus isolates, the virulence of two newly JEV isolates was investigated, the result evidenced that the JEV/SW/GD/01/2009 did not kill mice, while the JEV/SW/GZ/09/2004 displayed neurovirulence with 0.925 log₁₀ p.f.u./LD50. Additionally, the full genome sequences of JEV were determined and compared with other known JEV strains. Results demonstrated that the genome of two JEV isolates was 10,976 nucleotides (nt) in length. As compared to the Chinese vaccine strain SA14-14-2, the JEV/SW/GD/01/2009 and the JEV/SW/GZ/09/2004 showed 99.7% and 97.5% identity at the nucleotide level, 99.6% and 96.7% identity at the amino acid level, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the full-length genome revealed that two JEV isolates were all clustered into genotype III compared to the reference strains. Furthermore, selection analyses revealed that dominant selective pressure acting on the JEV genome was purifying selection. Four sites under positive selection were identified: codon 521 (amino acid E-227), 2296 (amino acid NS4b-24), 3048 (amino acid NS5-521) and 3055 (amino acid NS5-528). Amino acid E-227 was proved to be related to neurovirulence. Taken together, the molecular epidemiology and functional of positively selected amino acid sites of two newly JEV isolates were fully understood, which might be helpful to predict possible changes in virulence.     

Experimental evidence that RNA recombination occurs in the Japanese encephalitis virus

Due to the lack of a proofreading function and error-repairing ability of genomic RNA, accumulated mutations are known to be a force driving viral evolution in the genus Flavivirus, including the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. Based on sequencing data, RNA recombination was recently postulated to be another factor associated with genomic variations in these viruses. We herein provide experimental evidence to demonstrate the occurrence of RNA recombination in the JE virus using two local pure clones (T1P1-S1 and CJN-S1) respectively derived from the local strains, T1P1 and CJN. Based on results from a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay on the C/preM junction comprising a fragment of 868 nucleotides (nt 10-877), the recombinant progeny virus was primarily formed in BHK-21 cells that had been co-infected with the two clones used in this study. Nine of 20 recombinant forms of the JE virus had a crossover in the nt 123-323 region. Sequencing data derived from these recombinants revealed that no nucleotide deletion or insertion occurred in this region favoring crossovers, indicating that precisely, not aberrantly, homologous recombination was involved. With site-directed mutagenesis, three stem-loop secondary structures were destabilized and re-stabilized in sequence, leading to changes in the frequency of recombination. This suggests that the conformation, not the free energy, of the secondary structure is important in modulating RNA recombination of the virus. It was concluded that because RNA recombination generates genetic diversity in the JE virus, this must be considered particularly in studies of viral evolution, epidemiology, and possible vaccine safety.     

河南省唐河县分离到基因1型乙型脑炎病毒

目的 从河南省唐河县采集的蚊虫标本中分离乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)并确定其基因分型及E基因区段氨基酸序列特征.方法对2004年采集蚊虫标本进行病毒分离,对新分离的乙脑病毒进行生物学、血清学及分子生物学鉴定.逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增新分离JEV的PrM、E区段核苷酸序列,测序后应用Clustal X软件做碱基配对分析,MEGA3.1完成病毒进化分析,GENEDOS(3.2)软件完成氨基酸位点分析.结果共采集3722只蚊虫标本,包括:库蚊、骚扰阿蚊、伊蚊及按蚊.从库蚊标本中分离到3株属于基因1型的乙脑病毒,E区段核苷酸和氨基酸与减毒活疫苗株SA14-14-2株的同源性分别为86.9%～87.7%,氨基酸同源性为95.2%～97.0%,存在12处共同的氨基酸位点差异.结论从河南省唐河县首次分离到基因1型的乙脑病毒.E基因与疫苗株相比有部分氨基酸差异,但现行疫苗株理论上可以保护新分离乙脑病毒.     

四川省分离的基因1型乙型脑炎病毒分子特征分析

目的 从四川省巴中市采集的蚊虫标本中分离乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)病毒(JEV),确定其基因型别,并分析相关的基因1型乙脑病毒PrM和E基因区段氨基酸序列特征.方法 对2004年采集蚊虫标本进行病毒分离,对新分离的乙脑病毒进行生物学、血清学及分子生物学鉴定.逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增新分离JEV的PrM、E区段核苷酸序列,测序后应用Clustal X软件做碱基配对分析,MEGA4软件完成病毒进化分析,GENEDOC(3.2)软件完成氨基酸位点分析,根据蜱传脑炎病毒可溶性蛋白晶体结构为模板进行乙脑病毒E蛋白三维结构模拟预测分析.结果 共采集4668只蚊虫标本,主要是骚扰阿蚊和库蚊,分离到6株病毒,经鉴定均属于基因1型的乙脑病毒.将四川省分离的6个毒株结合我国新分离的基因1型乙脑病毒与减毒活疫苗株SA14-14-2株的PrM区段和E区段氨基酸比较,发现PrM区段在PrM2、64和65位存在基因1型乙脑病毒独有的氨基酸位点差异,E区段存在14处共同的氨基酸位点差异,其中在E129、222、327和366位点为中国目前分离到的基因1型乙脑病毒所特有的位点特征.结论 从四川省巴中市首次分离到基因1型的乙脑病毒,并发现基因1型乙脑病毒与减毒活疫苗株之间PrM、E基因区段存在氨基酸差异,但现行疫苗株理论上可以保护新分离的基因1型乙脑病毒.