甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的预防

目的 探讨甲状腺手术中避免喉返神经损伤的方法.方法 择期行甲状腺手术患者391例,按手术方式分为显露组（199例）及非显露组（192例）,显露组于甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经,非显露组不显露喉返神经,观察两组喉返神经损伤情况.结果 显露组、非显露组喉返神经损伤率分别为1.508％（3/199）、7.292％ （14/192）,两组比较P＜0.05;显露组、非显露组“甲状腺非危险区”喉返神经损伤率分别为1.333％ （1/75）、1.370％（1/73）,两组比较P＞0.05;显露组、非显露组“甲状腺危险区”喉返神经损伤率分别为1.613％（2/124）、10.924％（13/119）,两组比较P＜0.05.结论 “甲状腺非危险区”手术病例无需常规显露喉返神经,但涉及“危险区”的甲状腺占位,主动显露喉返神经能明显减少喉返神经损伤的几率,同时在显露喉返神经时需注意解剖清晰、探查有序、止血仔细.     

甲状腺术中喉返神经损伤的预防

我院自1972～1990年共行甲状腺手术460例,并发喉返神经损伤9例。现就喉返神经损伤的预防问题试作讨论。一、临床资料女8例,男1例,平均44岁;右侧3例,左侧6例;次全切除术3例,全叶切除     

甲状腺手术并发喉返神经损伤的后期治疗

甲状腺手术并发的喉返神经损伤多为单侧,部分患者可因甲状腺双叶同时手术或先后手术而出现双侧喉返神经损伤。一旦发生双侧喉返神经损伤,伴随而来的多是明显的呼吸困难,常需要紧急行气管切开。单侧喉返神经损伤者仅表现为声音嘶哑、进食呛咳和发声疲劳,部分患者术后3个月左右因     

甲状腺手术并发喉返神经损伤的早期治疗

对于甲状腺手术并发的喉返神经损伤的治疗,传统的观点是先观察3～6个月,再考虑是否采取治疗措施。但越来越多的临床研究表明,对甲状腺手术并发的喉返神经损伤应早期行外科治疗,以提高喉返神经功能的恢复率。     

甲状腺手术与喉返神经损伤——甲状腺手术中喉返神经的损伤特点及其解剖

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术中最常见的并发症，其发生率占甲状腺手术的0．3％～9％。一侧喉返神经损伤可表现为声嘶、说话费力、进食呛咳等；而双侧喉返神经损伤除声嘶外，还会出现呼吸困难，甚至窒息死亡。目前临床上多学科多专业都在开展甲状腺手术，术中的操作理念，如是否行喉返神经解剖等存在着认识上的差异，对甲状腺术区喉返神经的相关解剖也存在着模糊认识，这些均影响了手术操作的准确性，增加了喉返神经损伤的机会。     

甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤8例临床分析

1998—2007年,本院共施行各类甲状腺手术802例,发生喉返神经损伤8例。现分析如下。 资料分析：802例甲状腺手术患者中,男106例,女696例;年龄18—72岁,平均40．3岁。所有病例均经病理切片检查证实。其中甲状腺腺瘤468例,结节性甲状腺肿179例,原发性甲状腺功能亢进120例,甲状腺癌25例,     

老年甲状腺开放手术患者喉返神经损伤的相关因素及其预防

目的 探究老年甲状腺开放手术患者喉返神经(RLN)损伤的影响因素,并建立预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年8月95例老年甲状腺开放手术患者临床资料,术后随访6个月以上,统计RLN损伤情况;记录患者临床资料,采用单因素分析、多因素Logistic回归分析探究影响RLN损伤因素。结果 95例患者中11例(11.58%)发生RLN损伤,其中按损伤侧可分为单侧损伤10例、双侧损伤1例,按损伤时间可分为暂时性损伤8例、永久性损伤3例。单因素分析显示,患者发生RLN损伤与手术次数、手术方式、RLN变异与否、术中出血量、有无中央(VI)区淋巴结清扫、示踪剂使用情况有关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄、病理诊断、病变部位、是否伴甲状腺功能亢进、术中RLN显露入路无关(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,再次或多次手术、RLN变异、VI区淋巴结清扫是影响老年甲状腺开放手术患者RLN损伤的危险因素(P<0.05),使用示踪剂是其保护因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年甲状腺开放手术患者RLN有一定发生率,且受手术次数、RLN变异、VI区淋巴结清扫、示踪剂...     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的研究进展

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术中最常见的并发症[1],其发生率为3.0%～13.3%,原因主要是手术医师对甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经的解剖关系不明确[2]、在甲状腺手术中不显露喉返神经、甲状腺下动脉或其分支出血时进行盲目钳夹止血.     

甲状腺切除术中预防喉返神经损伤的方法探讨

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺切除术中常见而严重的并发症。如何预防其损伤甚为重要。2000年1月至2003年5月，我们对126例行甲状腺切除患者术中显露喉返神经，并与1997～1999年甲状腺切除术中未显露喉返神经的168例患者进行比较，以探讨甲状腺切除术中显露喉返神经的方法及价值。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露方法分析

目的探讨甲状腺手术中寻找喉返神经的手术操作路径。方法选取2011年6月~2017年6月502例进行甲状腺腺叶切除术患者,分为甲状腺下方组295例,甲状腺侧方组207例,对其喉返神经显露方法进行分析。结果甲状腺下方组295例,术后暂时性损伤2例,永久性损伤0例,损伤率为0.68%;甲状腺侧方组207例,暂时性损伤6例,永久性损伤0例,损伤率为2.90%。两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在甲状腺腺叶切除术中喉返神经显露甲状腺下方组较甲状腺侧方组能更有效地预防喉返神经损伤。     

Outcomes of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following congenital heart surgery: A contemporary experience

Objective

Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve can lead to significant morbidity during congenital cardiac surgery. The objective is to expand on the limited understanding of the severity and recovery of this iatrogenic condition.

Design

A six-year retrospective review of all congenital heart operations at a single institution from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013 was performed. All patients with documented vocal cord paralysis on laryngoscopic examination comprised the study cohort. Evaluation of time to vocal cord recovery and need for further surgical intervention was the primary focus.

Results

The incidence of post-operative vocal cord paralysis was 1.1% (32 out of 3036 patients; 95% confidence interval: 0.7–1.5%). The majority were left-sided injuries (71%). Overall rate of recovery was 61% with a median time of 10 months in those who recovered, and a total follow up of 46 months. Due to feeding complications, 45% of patients required gastrostomy tube after the injury, and these patients were found to have longer duration of post-operative days of intubation (median 10 vs. 5 days, p = 0.03), ICU length of stay (50 vs. 8 days, p = 0.002), and hospital length of stay (92 vs. 41 days, p = 0.01). No pre-operative variables were identified as predictive of recovery or need for gastrostomy placement.

Conclusion

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is a serious complication of congenital heart surgery that impacts post-operative morbidity, in some cases leading to a need for further intervention, in particular, gastrostomy tube placement. A prospective, multi-center study is needed to fully evaluate factors that influence severity and time to recovery.     

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy following aortic arch stenting: A case report

BACKGROUND Aortic arch stenting is continuously emerging as a safe and effective option to alleviate aortic arch stenosis and arterial hypertension.CASE SUMMARY We present a 15-year-old girl with aortic arch hypoplasia who had undergone implantation of an uncovered 22 mm Cheatham-Platinum stent due to severe(native) aortic arch stenosis. On follow-up seven months later, she presented a significant re-stenosis of the aortic arch. A second stent(LD Max 26 mm) was implanted and both stents were dilated up to 16 mm. After an initially unremarkable post-interventional course, the patient presented with hoarseness five days after the intervention. MRI and CT scans ruled out an intracranial pathology, as well as thoracic hematoma, arterial dissection, and aneurysm around the intervention site. Laryngoscopy confirmed left vocal fold paresis attributable to an injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve(LRLN) during aortic arch stenting, as the nerve loops around the aortic arch in close proximity to the area of the implanted stents. Following a non-invasive therapeutic approach entailing regular speech therapy, the patient recovered and demonstrated no residual clinical symptoms of LRLN palsy after six months.CONCLUSION Left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is a rare complication of aortic arch stenting not previously reported.     

The value of intraoperative nerve monitoring against recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid reoperations

Reoperative thyroidectomy is challenging for surgeons because of the higher incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy. RLN identification is the gold standard during thyroidectomy; however, it is sometimes difficult to perform thyroid reoperations. In recent years, intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) has gained increased acceptance, and the use of IONM can be a valuable adjunct to visual identification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of IONM during thyroid reoperation.A total of 109 patients who met our criteria at the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University from January 2010 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the IONM group and the visualization-alone group (VA group) according to whether neuromonitoring was used during the operation. The patients’ characteristics, perioperative data, and intraoperative information including the RLN identification, time of RLNs confirmation, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and the rate of RLN injury were collected.Sixty-five procedures (94 RLNs at risk) were performed in the IONM group, whereas 44 (65 RLNs at risk) were in the VA group. The rate of RLN identification was 96.8% in the IONM group and 75.4% in the VA group (P < .05). The incidence of RLN injury was 5.3% in the IONM group and 13.8% in the VA group (P > .05). The incidence of surgeon-related RLN injury rate was 0% in the IONM group compared to 7.7% in the VA group (P < .05), but the tumor-related or scar-related RLN injury rate between the 2 groups were not significantly different (4.3% vs 3.1%, 1.1% vs 3.1%, P > .05).IONM in thyroid reoperation was helpful in improving the RLN identification rate and reducing the surgeon-related RLN injury rate, but was ineffective in reducing the tumor-related and scar-related RLN injury rate. In the future, multicenter prospective studies with large sample sizes may be needed to further assess the role of IONM in thyroid reoperations.     

Intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring: a useful method for patients with esophageal cancer

It is well accepted that recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is a severe complication of esophagectomy or lymphadenectomy performed adjacent to the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Herein, determination of the effectiveness of implementing continuous recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring to reduce the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after esophagectomy was sought. A total of 115 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer were enrolled in the thoracic section of the Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University from April 2008 to April 2009. Clinical parameters of patients, the morbidity, and the mortality following esophageal resection were recorded and compared. After the surgery, a 2‐year follow up was completed. It was found that recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and postoperative pneumonia were more frequently diagnosed in the patients that did not receive continuous recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring (6/61 vs. 0/54). Furthermore, positive mediastinal lymph nodes (P = 0.015), total mediastinal lymph nodes (P < 0.001), positive total lymph nodes (P = 0.027), and total lymph nodes (P < 0.001) were more often surgically removed in the patients with continuous recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring. These patients also had a higher 2‐year survival rate (P = 0.038) after surgery. It was concluded that continuous intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring is technically safe and effectively identifies the recurrent laryngeal nerves. This may be a helpful method for decreasing the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and postoperative pneumonia, and for improving the efficiency of lymphadenectomy.     

Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report

Background This study evaluated the possible effects of posterior tibial nerve stimulation in two patients with faecal incontinence due to partial spinal cord injury. Methods Posterior tibial nerve stimulation was performed for 30 min, every other day for 4 weeks, and was then repeated every 2 months for three months. Clinical examination, anorectal physiological work-up, faecal incontinence severity index, and quality of life assessments were performed before and after the treatment. Results After posterior tibial nerve stimulation, patients showed improvement in rectal sensory threshold, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, Wexner faecal incontinence score, faecal incontinence severity index, faecal incontinence quality of life scales, resting pressure, and maximum squeeze pressure measurements. Conclusions Posterior tibial nerve stimulation can be an effective method for the treatment of faecal incontinence caused by partial spinal cord injury.     

Influence of intravenous anesthetics on neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery

Limited reports are available in the literature on the impact of intravenous administration of anesthetics on laryngeal electromyographic (EMG) activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the two commonly used intravenous anesthetics (propofol and thiamylal) on EMG amplitude evoked from the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery. A total of 40 patients were randomized to receive a bolus of propofol (0.5 mg/kg; n = 20) or thiamylal (1.5 mg/kg; n = 20) to increase anesthetic depth when the surgeon found patient movement intraoperatively. Evoked potentials were obtained before and every 1 minute after the administration of each agent for up to 5 minutes by stimulating the RLN. The magnitude of evoked potentials at each time point and hemodynamic response were compared within groups. The mean amplitude of evoked potentials did not change significantly after administration of either propofol or thiamylal (p > 0.05 within groups). Mean arterial pressure measured from 1 minute to 5 minutes was significantly lower in the propofol group than in the thiamylal group (p < 0.05). Heart rate measured within 5 minutes did not differ significantly within groups. Low dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg) or thiamylal (1.5 mg/kg) did not affect EMG readings during neuromonitoring of the RLN in thyroid surgery. Our results show that thiamylal provides better hemodynamic stability than propofol, and is therefore a preferable agent to increase anesthesia depth and prevent further patient movement during intraoperative neuromonitoring.     

Comparison of EMG signals recorded by surface electrodes on endotracheal tube and thyroid cartilage during monitored thyroidectomy

A variety of electromyography (EMG) recording methods were reported during intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in thyroid surgery. This study compared two surface recording methods that were obtained by electrodes on endotracheal tube (ET) and thyroid cartilage (TC). This study analyzed 205 RLNs at risk in 110 patients undergoing monitored thyroidectomy. Each patient was intubated with an EMG ET during general anesthesia. A pair of single needle electrode was inserted obliquely into the TC lamina on each side. Standard IONM procedure was routinely followed, and EMG signals recorded by the ET and TC electrodes at each step were compared. In all nerves, evoked laryngeal EMG signals were reliably recorded by the ET and TC electrodes, and showed the same typical waveform and latency. The EMG signals recorded by the TC electrodes showed significantly higher amplitudes and stability compared to those by the ET electrodes. Both recording methods accurately detected 7 partial loss of signal (LOS) and 2 complete LOS events caused by traction stress, but only the ET electrodes falsely detected 3 LOS events caused by ET displacement during surgical manipulation. Two patients with true complete LOS experienced temporary RLN palsy postoperatively. Neither permanent RLN palsy, nor complications from ET or TC electrodes were encountered in this study. Both electrodes are effective and reliable for recording laryngeal EMG signals during monitored thyroidectomy. Compared to ET electrodes, TC electrodes obtain higher and more stable EMG signals as well as fewer false EMG results during IONM.