人着色性干皮病D组基因对白细胞介素-6促进人血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用的影响

目的: 探讨人着色性干皮病D组基因(XPD)对白细胞介素-6(IL-6)促进人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖作用的影响。方法: 用脂质体转染法将重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD和空质粒pEGFP-N2稳定转染VSMCs,然后给予1×10⁵ U/L IL-6孵育48 h。实验分为6组:(1)空白对照组;(2)pEGFP-N2组;(3)pEGFP-N2/XPD组;(4)IL-6组;(5)IL-6 + pEGFP-N2组;(6)IL-6 + pEGFP-N2/XPD组。用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白报告基因表达情况;用MTT法观察细胞增殖活力;用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡率;用RT-PCR和Western blotting检测XPD、Bcl-2、Bax和野生型P53(wt-P53)表达量的变化。结果: 在荧光显微镜下,可在转染了重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD或空质粒pEGFP-N2的细胞中观察到绿色荧光,即转染成功;MTT结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染抑制了细胞增殖活力(P<0.05),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs增殖的作用(P<0.05);流式细胞仪结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染引起了细胞G₀/G₁期增加(P<0.05)、S期减少(P<0.05)、凋亡率增加(P<0.01),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs G₀/G₁期减少、S期增加、凋亡率降低的作用(P<0.01);RT-PCR和Western blotting检测发现,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染使得XPD表达增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时Bcl-2表达降低,Bax和wt-P53表达增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs的Bcl-2表达增高、Bax和wt-P53表达降低的作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论: XPD能抑制VSMCs增殖并促进其凋亡,并能抑制IL-6促进VSMCs增殖和降低其凋亡的作用,有望成为治疗动脉粥样硬化的靶点。     

大黄素对人血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的 观察大黄素对人血管平滑肌细胞周期时相和cyclin D1表达的影响,探讨大黄素抑制平滑肌细胞增殖的作用机制。方法 取对数增长期的平滑肌细胞同步于G0期,药物组:加入含37.5mg·L-1大黄素10％胎牛血清的培养液,对照组:仅加入10％胎牛血清的培养液;作用12、24、36、48 h后分别用流式细胞仪和Westemblot法进行细胞周期时相和cyclin D1表达的测定。结果 与对照组比较,药物组在各相同时间点C0/G1期细胞百分比升高,S期细胞百分比下降,且随着时间的延长差值增大,cyclin D1表达高峰延迟,表达量下调,细胞周期受阻于G0/G1期。结论 大黄素在抑制平滑肌细胞增殖的过程中通过下调,cyclin D1表达,从而阻滞细胞周期进程。     

载脂蛋白（a）对血管平滑肌细胞增殖及其信号通路的影响

目的： 探讨载脂蛋白（a）［apo（a）］对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响及其机制。方法：原代培养血管平滑肌细胞并给予传代以进行实验，并采用α-actin抗体进行免疫组化细胞鉴定；分别给予apo（a）、apo（a）+整合素αⅤβ3单克隆抗体LM609及单独LM609干预细胞，采用细胞计数和MTT实验观察细胞增殖情况，采用Western blotting分析相关信号蛋白的变化。结果：所用实验细胞经鉴定均为血管平滑肌细胞；apo（a）能促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖，但这一作用能被整合素αⅤβ3单克隆抗体LM609所对抗，单独的LM609干预对细胞生长并无影响；Western blotting显示apo（a）能促进黏附斑激酶（FAK）磷酸化，并使总的转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）及其磷酸化形式均表达减少，而LM609能对抗apo（a）的这些作用。结论：Apo（a）促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用是通过整合素αⅤβ3介导的， 以致FAK活化，进而TGF-β1表达及磷酸化均减少。     

重组人IL-10抑制TNF-α和PDGF-BB所致大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的:观察重组人白介素10(rhIL-10)对SD大鼠血管平滑肌细胞及血管损伤后新生内膜增殖的影响。方法:培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,采用MTS/PES法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖状态,应用流式细胞术测定细胞周期。利用大鼠血管损伤模型,观察rhIL-10对新生内膜增殖的影响。结果:与对照组相比,rhIL-10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响(P>0.05)。rhIL-10可抑制在TNF-α和血小板源性生长因子分别刺激下的血管平滑肌细胞的生长(P<0.05)。流式细胞术测定的结果显示rhIL-10分别可以使TNF-α和PDGF-BB作用下的VSMC大部分处于G₀/G₁期,与对照组相比有明显差异(P<0.01)。大鼠颈动脉损伤后,rhIL-10治疗组的动脉血管新生内膜/中层面积比低于对照组约45%(P<0.01)。结论:抗炎细胞因子rhIL-10可抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的增殖。     

白细胞介素13抑制肾小球系膜细胞增殖及白细胞介素6表达

目的:探讨白细胞介素13(IL-13)对体外培养的大鼠系膜细胞的增殖及其产生白细胞介素6(IL-6)的影响。方法:用四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)法测定系膜细胞增殖,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定系膜细胞IL-6mRNA表达及其蛋白水平。结果:IL-13在1、10、100μg/L浓度范围呈剂量依赖性地抑制系膜细胞的增殖;5%FCSRPMI1640培养条件下系膜细胞IL-6mRNA表达及IL-6分泌水平较低,脂多糖(LPS)可刺激系膜细胞IL-6mRNA的表达及提高IL-6分泌水平,而IL-13可抑制LPS诱导的系膜细胞IL-6分泌及其mRNA表达。结论:IL-13抑制体外培养的系膜细胞增殖及LPS诱导的系膜细胞IL-6的产生,IL-13可能对于肾小球肾炎的系膜细胞炎症反应具有拮抗作用。     

腺病毒介导hRAMP1基因转染血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和凋亡

背景：外源性受体活性修饰蛋白1基因转染可能对血管平滑肌细胞增殖调控具有重要的作用。 目的：探讨腺病毒载体介导人受体活性修饰蛋白1基因对体外培养的兔血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。 方法：分离培养获得兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,分别以携带人受体活性修饰蛋白1基因的腺病毒和空腺病毒转染后,分成人受体活性修饰蛋白1组、空病毒组和对照组。 结果与结论：腺病毒转染细胞后随时间延长,报告基因绿色荧光蛋白表达逐渐增加,72 h表达最强,感染率达80%,96 h时仍有绿色荧光蛋白表达。人受体活性修饰蛋白1组的受体活性修饰蛋白1蛋白表达增加,血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率增加,细胞增殖明显抑制,与空病毒组和对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。提示人受体活性修饰蛋白1基因感染血管平滑肌细胞后明显抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡。     

白介素10抑制晚期糖基化终产物诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的：观察重组人白介素10（rhIL-10）对晚期糖基化终产物刺激下离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响。方法：体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞，应用不同浓度的AGE分别刺激VSMCs并设立对照组进行比较，将不同剂量的rhIL-10与AGE共同作用并设立对照组进行比较，采用MTS/PES法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖程度。结果：与对照组相比，晚期糖基化终产物对血管平滑肌细胞增殖具有明显的刺激作用（P<0.05）。rhIL-10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响（P>0.05）。在晚期糖基化终产物刺激下，rhIL-10可明显抑制血管平滑肌细胞的生长（P<0.05）。结论：结果提示rhIL-10可抑制晚期糖基化终产物诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖。     

"In vitro" effect of interleukin-1 beta on human glioma cell lines: regulation of cell proliferation and IL-6 production.

The human glioma cell lines U251 and HP591 were chosen as "in vitro" models for functional astrocytes. When cultured in the presence of IL-1 beta these cell lines demonstrated a marked increase in interleukin-6 production and in [3H]-thymidine uptake. The addition of dbcAMP could mimic the first effect of IL-1 beta but at the same time suppressed cell proliferation. These results suggest that IL-1 beta possibly exerts one of its biological effects (IL-6 synthesis) by means of the cyclic AMP pathway.     

Effect of melatonin on lymphocyte proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in mice splenocytes

The influence of Melatonin (MLT) on the modulation of the immune system has been described. In previous studies an increment of cell proliferation and an increase or a decrease of cytokines have been reported. Other workers have found inhibitory effects or no effect in the immune functions. Because of this controversy, and for the purpose of studying the mechanism by which MLT performs its functions, we evaluated its effect on murine splenocytes's proliferation after a mitogenic stimulation, and quantified the levels of IL-2 and IL-1 beta in the absence or presence of Phitohemaglutinin (PHA) in supernatants of mice splenocytes cell culture treated or not with MLT. The lymphoproliferative response was assessed using tritiated thimidine in the splenocytes of mice treated with 500 micrograms of MLT/Kg b.w. and in cell cultures containing 5, 50 and 100 micrograms MLT/mL. The production of IL-2 and IL-1 beta was detected by the ELISA test. An increase in the proliferation (p < 0.01) of spleen cells treated with 50 and 100 micrograms MLT/mL an optimal dose of PHA, was detected. The in vivo or in vitro treatment with MLT increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-1 beta in the absence or the presence of PHA, maintaining the increase in the concentration of IL-1 beta up to the to ninth day of treatment. These results suggest that MLT acts directly on cell proliferation probably by binding to high affinity receptors located on spleen cells, that stimulates the production of IL-2 and IL-1 beta giving rise to an increment of cell immunity.     

HMGB1 enhances smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in pulmonary artery remodeling

HMGB1 is a necessary and critical mediator of acute lung injury and can act as a chemoattractant and anti-apoptosis factor in injury or repair in diseases. In this study we sought to determine whether HMGB1 is involved in the remodeling of pulmonary artery and investigate the mechanism. A rat model of pulmonary artery remodeling was successful induced with LPS infusion and the increasing of pulmonary arteries media was obviously inhibited in rats treated with thrice inject of HMGB1 neutralizing antibody. The percent of areas of tunica media to total artery wall was (0.53±0.15), (0.81±0.10) and (0.59±0.11) in control, LPS and antibody group respectively (p<0.05). Meanwhile, treatment with HMGB1 neutralizing antibody not only decreased the level of HMGB1 mRNA and protein significantly, but inhibited the expression of PCAN and Bcl-2 as well. On the contrary, Bax, a gen which represented the apoptosis, revealed an absolutely reversed trend to Bcl-2 in pulmonary arteries. Experiments in vitro showed that HMGB1 could stimulate the proliferation of hPASMC in MTT test and increase the number of migrated cells in a concentration-dependent manner in chemotaxis assay using modified Boyden chambers. In conclusion, data from this study support the concept that HMGB1 is involved in the remodeling of pulmonary artery by enhancing proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cell. Inhibiting HMGB1 may be a new target to deal with the remodeling of pulmonary artery.     

高胰岛素血症对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的: 观察胰岛素、内皮素-1(ET-1)和胰岛素+ET-1对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖和形态结构的影响。方法: 体外培养VSMC中分别加入320 mIU/L胰岛素,10^-9 mol/L ET-1,320mIU/L胰岛素加10^-9 mol/L ET-1, 通过细胞计数和[³H]-TdR掺入量反映VSMC增殖情况, 进行细胞形态学观察。结果: ①胰岛素和ET-1都能促进VSMC的增殖(均为P<0.05); ②胰岛素和ET-1的联合应用使VSMC增殖约是对照组的两倍(P<0.01), 二者的联合作用也明显强于胰岛素(P<0.05)或ET-1(P<0.05)的单独作用; ③3组VSMC均有不同程度出现形态结构的改变, 由收缩表型转为合成表型。结论: 高胰岛素血症和/或ET-1水平增加均有助于糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗致动脉粥样硬化等血管病变的发生和发展。     

甲酰肽受体在缺氧时对血管平滑肌细胞IL-6和IL-8产生的作用

目的探讨甲酰肽受体(formyl peptide receptor,FPR)在缺氧时对血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)炎症因子产生的作用。方法按照缺氧时间将大鼠血管平滑肌细胞随机分为0 h、12 h、24 h组,将各组细胞放入缺氧培养箱(1%O2、5%CO2、99%N2)培养相应时间后,用Western blot检测平滑肌细胞中IL-6、IL-8的蛋白水平,用RT-PCR检测其m RNA水平。同时使用FPR拮抗剂t BOC预处理细胞并缺氧不同时间(0 h、12 h、24 h、)后,检测IL-6、IL-8的表达水平。另外,为了进一步明确FPR与炎症因子表达的关系,用FPR激动剂f MLP直接处理细胞之后,检测IL-6、IL-8的表达水平。然后使用细胞在缺氧条件下培养后的上清液作用于未缺氧的细胞,检测IL-6、IL-8的表达水平变化,并通过观察FPR拮抗剂处理后的变化,明确FPR在其中的作用。用f MLP刺激p38抑制剂预处理过的细胞,检测IL-6、IL-8的表达水平变化,以观察FPR激活后引起炎症因子表达对p38途径的依赖性。结果缺氧后血管平滑肌细胞的IL-6、IL-8 m RNA和蛋白含量均显著高于0 h组;当t BOC处理细胞后显著削弱了这一效应(P<0.05)。而且FPR激动剂能直接显著提高未缺氧的细胞的IL-6、IL-8的表达水平(P<0.05)。使用缺氧细胞的上清作用于常氧细胞后IL-6、IL-8的表达水平显著高于常氧细胞上清的作用效果;FPR拮抗剂处理显著削弱了这一效应(P<0.05)。用p38抑制剂预处理过的细胞加入f MLP与单纯加入f MLP的细胞相比,血管平滑肌细胞IL-6、IL-8表达水平显著低于单纯加入f MLP组(P<0.05)。结论缺氧引起血管平滑肌细胞IL-6、IL-8的表达,FPR在这一过程中发挥了重要的介导作用,而FPR是被缺氧细胞释放出来的激动剂激活。激活后的FPR引起IL-6、IL-8的表达依赖于p38信号途径。     

RNA干扰内皮细胞分泌白细胞介素6影响平滑肌细胞的迁移

背景：血管支架置入后靶血管部位易发生炎症反应。 目的：利用siRNA技术抑制内皮细胞白细胞介素6的生成,观察其对平滑肌细胞迁移的影响。 方法：采用RT-PCR测定脂多糖刺激EA.HY926细胞表达白细胞介素6 mRNA的时间梯度与浓度梯度,针对白细胞介素6构建短发卡状siRNA真核表达载体pGensil-1.1-白细胞介素6,通过lipofectamine 2000转染EA.HY926,抑制其白细胞介素6的产生。 结果与结论：pGensil-1.1-白细胞介素6转染EA.HY926细胞后,脂多糖刺激下EA.HY926细胞表达的白细胞介素6 mRNA及蛋白明显减少。共培养模型中,转染pGensil-1.1-白细胞介素6的EA.HY926细胞作用下,人脐静脉平滑肌细胞表达的基质金属蛋白酶9 mRNA及蛋白明显降低,结晶紫染色显示人脐静脉平滑肌细胞迁移数量减少。说明siRNA技术可抑制内皮细胞白细胞介素6的生成,并通过降低平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶9的表达减弱平滑肌细胞的迁移能力。     

Oxygen- and glucose-deprived culture promotes cell proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells

Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an important reason for the formation and development of many vascular remodeling diseases. In pathological conditions, necrosis of VSMCs may result in the release of inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to stimulation of other normal smooth muscle cells, and promote the proliferation of VSMCs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oxygen- and glucose-deprived (OGD) conditioned medium on VSMC cell proliferation and invasion. Following culture of VSMCs in OGD-conditioned medium, the cell cycle distributions were remarkably altered. The number of cells in the G0/G1 phase decreased, while the number of cells in G2/M and S phase increased. The expression of cell cycle proteins D1 (Cyclin D1) in VSMCs increased correspondingly. These results suggested that after being cultured in OGD medium, VSMCs can pass through the G0/G1 phase by up-regulation of Cyclin D1 expression, and promote cell proliferation. In addition, we found that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 was increased in OGD medium cultured VSMCs. Using a Transwell invasion assay, we showed that the OGD medium enhanced VSMC cell invasion. These results suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-9 degraded the basement membrane and promoted VSMC invasion. Taken together, our data demonstrate that OGD-conditioned medium can promote VSMC proliferation and invasion by up-regulating Cyclin D1 and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, which may contribute to the formation and development of vascular remodeling diseases.     

同型半胱氨酸对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞分泌和表达IL-6的影响

目的:探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)分泌和表达促炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的影响。方法:在大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞培养基中加入不同浓度的Hcy, 并孵育不同时间。用ELISA法检测培养上清IL-6蛋白含量, 用半定量RT-PCR法检测IL-6mRNA表达。结果:0.25mmol/LHcy干预后, IL-6在6h开始高于对照组; 4.达峰值, 48h仍较对照组高;并且在一定的浓度范围内, Hcy呈剂量依赖性刺激VSMCs产生IL-6, 01mmol/L及0.25mmol/LHcy分别使IL-6产量较对照增多1.4和3.4倍。RT-PCR结果显示Hcy能刺激IL-6mRNA表达, 也呈剂量和时间依赖关系。结论:Hcy能促进VSMCs产生和表达IL-6、激活血管壁炎症反应, 这可能为其诱导动脉粥样硬化的重要机制之一。     

Cyclosporine A enhances total cell calcium independent of Na-ATPase in vascular smooth muscle cells

The effect of cyclosporine A in enhancing vasconstrictor-induced calcium (Ca²⁺) mobilization in vascular smooth muscle cells may contribute to important side effects in cyclosporine therapy such as hypertension and nephrotoxicity. As we have previously shown, cyclosporine A stimulates transmembrane Ca²⁺ influx. Since Ca²⁺ efflux was not affected by cyclosporine A, we concluded that cyclosporine augments angiotensin II induced Ca²⁺ mobilization in vascular smooth muscle cells by an increased amount of Ca²⁺ in angiotensin II sensitive intracellular Ca²⁺ stores. The present study was therefore designed to examine the effect of cyclosporine A on cellular calcium content and on membrane calcium transport mechanisms. An important mechanism of Ca²⁺ extrusion from the cell is the Na-Ca exchanger. Its activity is closely related with that of the Na-ATPase. By increasing cellular sodium concentration the blockade of Na-ATPase would in turn activate cellular calcium uptake bx the Na-Ca exchanger. Therefore, we hypothesized that cyclosporine A might exert its effects in the same manner as a circulating Na-ATPase inhibitor. Total cell calcium was measured by atomic absorption and activity of Na-ATPase was estimated by an assay measuring phosphate production. Preincubation of the cells with cyclosporine (10 g/ml) for 15 min increased total cell calcium from 31.4 ± 5.0 to 46.5 ± 5.3 nmol/mg protein (P < 0.05). Activity of Na-ATPase was not affected by cyclosporine A (3.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.2 ol Pi h^–1 mg^–1 protein). Therefore, cyclosporine A induced Ca²⁺ influx is not mediated by an inhibition of the Na-ATPase. Cyclosporine-stimulated accumulation of cellular calcium may be mediated, for example, by opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane. Increased Ca²⁺ mobilization in the presence of cyclosporine A may be due to an increased amount of Ca²⁺ avaible from intracellular Ca²⁺ stores. These results are of substantial significance for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of cyclosporine A induced vasoconstriction.Abbreviation CyA cyclosporine A Correspondence to: H. Meyer-Lehnert     

Effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on cytotrophoblastic cells.

Tumour invasion and trophoblastic invasion share the same biochemical mediators: the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors. In contrast to tumour invasion of a host tissue, trophoblastic invasion during implantation and placentation is stringently controlled both in tissue localization and developmental stage. The factors responsible for these important regulatory processes are unknown, but in-vitro studies point to endometrial cytokines and growth factors as possible candidates. Here we examined the possibility that interleukin-6 (IL-6), a trophoblastic and endometrial cytokine, represents such a regulatory factor. Purified first trimester cytotrophoblastic cells (CTB) were cultured for 4 days in presence or absence of increasing concentrations of IL-6. MMP-2 and MMP-9 bioactivity (zymography) and immunoactivity were measured in the culture supernatants together with total human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), fetal fibronectin (FFN) and leptin. IL-6 did not change the cytotrophoblastic secretion of FFN or total HCG. In contrast, this cytokine induced a dose-dependent stimulation of the leptin secretion and increased the activity, but not the immunoreactivity, of MMP-9 and MMP-2. These results indicate that IL-6 could be considered as an endometrio-trophoblastic regulator of cytotrophoblastic gelatinases.