依达拉奉抗急性脑出血自由基反应的研究

目的观察急性脑出血后自由基反应并探讨依达拉奉对脑出血的治疗作用。方法检测65例急性脑出血患者和100例健康对照者血浆一氧化氮（P-NO）、维生素C（P-VC）、维生素E（P-VE）、β-胡萝h素（P—β—CAR）和过氧化脂质（P—LPO）含量以及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（E—SOD）、过氧化氢酶（E—CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（E—GSH—Px）活性和过氧化脂质（E—LPO）含量。并将前者随机分为常规治疗组和依达拉奉治疗组，观察并比较治疗前及治疗后第3天、第7天两组上述各指标的变化情况。结果与正常对照组比较，患者组P—NO、P—LPO、E—LPO均值显著升高（P〈0．01），P—VC、P—VE、P—B—CAR、E—SOD、E—CAT、E—GSH—Px均值显著降低（P〈0．01）；与常规治疗组相比，依达托奉治疗组在第3灭后P-NO、P-LPO、E—LPO均值显著下降（P〈0.01），P—VC、P-VE、P-β—CAR、E—SOD、E—CAT、E—GSH—Px均值显著升高（P〈0．01），治疗7天后，差异减小，但部分指标仍有显著统计学差异。结论急性脑出血时，人体内自由基反应病理性加剧，而依达拉奉可以清除过剩自由基．对脑出血患者的氧化损伤具有保护作用。     

依达拉奉在急性颅脑外伤显微手术后应用的临床研究

目的探讨急性颅脑外伤显微手术后依达拉奉的疗效和安全性。方法对急性颅脑外伤显微手术后的52例按手术次序分成治疗组和对照组各26例。两组病例术后均进行常规治疗,治疗组术后加用依达拉奉。结果两组病例术后GCS评分经重复测量资料的方差分析比较,差别有统计学意义（P=0.041）。术后第7天脑水肿程度的比较,治疗组较对照组明显减轻（P〈0.05）。血压、血小板、凝血功能、血糖和肝肾功能均未发现明显异常,两组比较差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论急性颅脑损伤显微手术早期应用依达拉奉能明显改善和减轻颅脑外伤术后的脑水肿,提高GCS评分;依达拉奉在急性颅脑损伤显微手术后应用安全有效。     

急性颅脑外伤手术患者应用抗氧化剂的脑保护作用研究

目的：通过观察依达拉奉注射液对急性颅脑损伤手术患者的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和血清中神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的影响。探讨依达拉奉对脑的保护作用。方法将32例急性开颅血肿清除术患者随机分为依达拉奉治疗组16例和对照组16例。治疗组手术开始切皮时静脉滴注依达拉奉30rag,30分钟内输注完毕。在手术开始前（T0）、手术开始后2小时（T1）、手术后24小时（T2）测定血清SOD浓度．同时于治疗前、治疗后3、7天检测两组患者血清NSE浓度。结果两组SOD活性TI、T2与T0相比,均增加明显（P〈0．05）,但T1、T2时治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈O．05）。治疗后3、7天治疗组NSE浓度较对照组显著降低。治疗后14天及3个月治疗组的GOS评分明显优于对照组。结论依达拉奉治疗急性颅脑损伤有良好的效果,可以改善预后,提高生活质量。     

脑外伤病人GFAP水平变化及依达拉奉疗效研究

目的观察脑外伤病人血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）水平变化及依达拉奉的治疗效果。方法80例颅脑外伤行急诊手术病人随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各40例。观察组除常规治疗外,静脉滴注依达拉奉。测定两组病人术后第1、3、7、14天两组血清GFAP蛋白水平;记录治疗后3个月时的GOS评分。结果观察组术后第3、7天GFAP蛋白水平显著低于对照组（t=2．865,P〈0．05;t=3．147,P〈0．05）;观察组术后3个月GOS评分明显高于对照组（t=2．164,P〈0．05）。术后第3天GFAP蛋白水平与术后3个月GOS评分呈显著负相关（r=-0．287,P〈0．05）。结论依达拉奉对脑外伤病人有一定疗效,血清GFAP水平与预后相关,值得在临床上应用。     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床观察

目的观察依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法65例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组，对照组常规治疗基础上加丹红注射液静脉滴注，治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用依达拉奉30mg＋生理盐水100mL静脉滴注，2次／d。结果治疗组加用依达拉奉治疗后，无严重不良反应发生．神经功能缺损评分及治疗总有效率明显优于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死安全、有效，值得推广应用。     

氯化汞诱导大鼠肾间质纤维化的脂质过氧化损伤机制研究

目的：探讨氯化汞（HgCl2）灌胃诱导大鼠肾间质纤维化模型的脂质过氧化损伤病理机制。方法：以8mg／kgHgCl2水溶液灌胃9周，设1周、2周、4周、6周和9周5个观察时间点。试剂盒方法检测肾功能（Scr、BUN）和脂质过氧化情况（GSH、GSH—Px、MDA、SOD），盐酸水解法检测肾组织羟脯氨酸（Hyp）含量，HE染色和Masson染色观察肾组织病理形态，免疫组化观察肾组织金属硫蛋白（MT）的表达和分布，免疫印记法观察核因子-κB（NF-κB）信号途径的激活（IκB、P—IκB、TNF—α）和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—SMA）等蛋白的表达。结果：与正常组相比，9周模型大鼠血清Scr、BUN含量增高（Scr，P〈0．05；BUN，P〈0．01），肾组织GSH含量、GSH—Px活力明显降低（GSH，P〈0．05；GSH～Px，P〈0.01），MDA含量升高（P〈0．05），SOD活力各组无差异（P〉0．05）；肾组织Hyp含量逐渐升高（P〈0．05）。模型大鼠肾组织炎性浸润，肾间质胶原沉积增多，间质增宽，肾小管萎缩，表现出较为典型的肾间质纤维化。模型大鼠肾组织MT表达逐渐减少；IκB表达无差异（P〉0.05），P—IκB、TNF—α蛋白表达均明显增加（P—IκB，P〈0．05；TNF—α，P〈0．01）。α～SMA表达增加（P〈0．01）。结论：HgCl2诱导大鼠肾间质纤维化病变机制在于肾组织脂质过氧化损伤，从而诱导NF-κB信号途径的活化和肌成纤维细胞活化。最终造成肾间质纤维化。     

阿托伐他汀对早期糖尿病肾脏病氧化应激反应的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对早期糖尿病肾脏病患者的疗效及其抗氧化应激作用。方法将64例早期糖尿病肾脏病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各32例。待2组患者血糖及血压得到良好控制后进入实验观察阶段,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上口服阿托伐他汀（20mg／d）,对照组口服相同剂量的安慰剂,共12周。比较2组治疗前、后血脂、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、血肌酐（SCr）、血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）和丙二醛（MDA）。结果与治疗前相比,治疗组治疗后UAER、SCr和MDA均降低（P〈0．05）,SOD和GSH—Px均升高（P〈0．05）,而对照组治疗前、后以上指标均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论阿托伐他汀可能通过抑制氧化应激反应发挥肾脏保护作用。     

进展性缺血性脑卒中患者血清TNF—α和IL-6水平变化及依达拉奉对其的影响

目的观察进展性缺血性脑卒中患者血清炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6水平的变化及依达拉奉对其的影响。方法104例首次发病的缺血性脑卒中患者,根据病情分为完全性卒中组（42例）和进展性卒中组（62例）,其中进展性卒中组再分为单纯进展组（30例）和依达拉奉组（32例）,所有患者于入院第2、7、14天时分别检测TNF-α、IL-6水平。结果入院第2天,依达拉奉组和单纯进展组血清TNF-α、IL．6水平[分别为（38．62±4．52）、（37．52±4．61）mg／L和（141．50±8．41）、（142．38±9．51）mg／L]较完全性卒中组[分别为（30．26±3．85）、（130．36±7．45）mg／L]显著升高（P〈0．05）,入院第7天依达拉奉组血清TNF-α、IL-6水平[分别为（24．70±4．48）、（132．91±7．62）mg／L]较单纯进展组[分别为（40．37±5．20）、（143．25±9．32）mg／L]显著下降（P〈O．05）,完全性卒中组和依达拉奉组血清TNF-α、IL-6水平在入院第2天达到高峰,而单纯进展组在第7天达到高峰。结论进展性缺血性脑卒中患者病情进展可能与细胞因子水平升高有关,依达拉奉可能通过抑制细胞因子水平升高,阻止病情进展。     

注射用尤瑞克林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床观察

目的观察注射用尤瑞克林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法急性脑梗死患者50例,随机分为治疗组30例和对照组20例,两组均给予基础治疗,治疗组同时给予注射用尤瑞克林及依达拉奉,对照组同时给予银杏达莫及胞二磷胆碱,疗程均为14d。于治疗前后进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、日常生活量表（ADL）评分,观察两组临床疗效,并监测不良反应。结果治疗14d后,治疗组总有效率76.7％（23／30）,高于对照组的35.0％（7／20）（P〈0.05）。治疗后3个月随访时,对照组ADL评分提高（13.8±6.9）分,治疗组提高（20.0±9.8）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组均无明显不良反应。结论注射用尤瑞克林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死安全有效,能显著改善预后。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的抗氧化保护作用

目的观察新型胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮对2型糖尿病（DM）大鼠肾脏的抗氧化保护作用。方法将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：正常对照组、DM组和罗格列酮治疗组,每组10只。药物干预8周后,检测各组大鼠空腹血糖（FBG）、血胰岛素、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、血肌酐（SCr）、24h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAE）及肾组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量及铜／锌-超氧化物歧化酶（Cu／Zn-0D）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH—Px）活性,同时留取肾组织做HE、PAS染色行病理检查。结果与对照组相比,DM组大鼠FBG、TC、TG、UAE均升高（P〈0．05）,系膜密度和肾小球基底膜厚度均增加（P〈0．05）;与DM组相比,罗格列酮治疗组FBG、TC、TG差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,SCr、UAE及肾组织MDA含量降低（P〈0．05）,肾组织Cu／Zn-SOD、CAT、GSH—Px活性升高（P〈0．05）,肾组织病理表现改善。结论罗格列酮对DM大鼠肾脏有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制肾组织氧化应激反应有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.