还有人认为O型血是“万能血”？

正在临床中,输血已经成为治疗疾病、抢救伤员生命和保证手术得以顺利进行的重要手段。但对于输血,受影视剧的影响,很多人以为O型血者是"万能供血者"。其实,这早已经是历史了。根据红细胞表面有无特异性抗原(凝集原)A和B,血清中是否存在抗A或抗B抗体(凝集素),ABO血型系统可以分为四型。红细胞上只有凝集原A的为A型血,其血清中有抗B凝集素;红细胞上只有凝集原B的为B型血,其血清中有抗A的凝集素;红细胞上A、B两种凝集原都有的为AB型血,     

肠浒苔凝集素的分离纯化及性质研究

肠浒苔Enteromor pha intestinalis经PBS缓冲液抽提、硫酸铵分级、DEAE-52纤维素离子交换层析和SephadexG-200分子筛层析，从中纯化出肠浒苔凝集素(EIL)。肠浒苔凝集素在PAGE和等电聚焦电泳上均显示单一蛋白染色带，其等电点为8．9，用SephadexG-200分子筛层析测得其相对分子质量为17783。肠浒苔凝集素对单胞藻及兔、鲤、鲫、人血型红细胞(A，B，AB，O)均表现出一定程度的凝集活性，对鲫的凝集活性最强，且不被已测试的D-果糖、D-半乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露糖、乳糖、牛甲状腺球蛋白、鸡卵白蛋白、γ-球蛋白抑制。肠浒苔凝集素在PH4．0～10．2范国内均有活性，而在PH6．9～8．0范国内活性较高。肠浒苔凝集素在90℃加热1h，活力并未减弱，说明这种凝集素具有很强的耐热性。     

11种软体动物粗蛋白对微生物细胞的凝集性能初探

选11种福建常见的软体动物粗蛋白,检测其对细菌、酵母菌、霉菌孢子等7种微生物单细胞的凝集活性,凝集素检出率达82％。啤酒酵母菌的菌体(包括芽体)对凝集民应最为敏感。凝集素有较高的温度耐受性,其中5种凝集素均能耐受75℃以上15min的高温处理。但对酸性环境极为敏感,pH<6.5时即无法检出凝集活性。凝集反应可以被0.02mol·L~(-1)EDTA所抑制,也可以被甘露糖、葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖抑制。9种糖中山梨醇的抑制专一性最强,仅能抑制杂色地的凝集活性,最大抑制浓度为150mg·L~(-1)。     

扁豆凝集素凝胶吸附HCG的可行性研究

<正> 凝集素是一类非免疫来源的,能结合糖和凝集细胞的蛋白质或糖蛋白。由于它们能特异地凝集红细胞和其它细胞,专一地识别和结合一定的单糖、寡糖和糖蛋白,因此成为生物化学和免疫学的有用工具。绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)是一种含糖量高达30％的糖蛋白,木文试图利用凝集素对糖蛋白的专一性吸附,分离纯化HCG。根据对糖的专一性,我们选用了易得的红扁豆制备凝集素,进行了纯化,考察了糖专一性,然后尝试用凝集素制备的凝胶吸附HCG。     

河豚内脏提取物的部分生物学活性

从河豚鱼内脏分离得到的一种具有凝集红细胞生物功能的活性物质.但不同部位提取的活性物质凝集活性不同,在测试的红细胞中,从肝脏提取的活性物质没有明显的血型专一性,而从卵巢提取的活性物质具有血型专一性.它们都对龟的红细胞不凝集.在PHA的协同作用下,活性物质对红细胞的凝集活性有明显的变化,在一定浓度范围内凝集活性增强,而浓度太低反而抑制PHA的凝集活性,此外,还对荷瘤小鼠的红细胞、脾细胞、胸腺细胞、肿瘤细胞进行了凝集活性测定.     

河豚内提取物的部分生物学活性

从河豚鱼内脏分离得到的一种具有凝集红细胞生物功能的活性物质。但不同部位提取的活性物质凝集活性不同，在测试的红细胞中，从肝脏提取的活性物质没有明显的血型专一性，而从卵巢提取的活性物质具有血型专一性。它们都对龟的红细胞不凝集。在ＰＨＡ的协同作用下，活性物质对红细胞的凝集活性有明显的变化，在一定浓度范围内凝集活性增强，而浓度太低反而抑制ＰＨＡ的凝集活性，此外，还对荷瘤小鼠的红细胞、脾细胞、胸腺细胞、肿瘤细胞进行了凝集活性测定。     

高效价冷凝集素对血型鉴定的影响及处理1例报告

我们在配血中发现1例高效价冷凝集素引起的自身免疫性溶血性贫血患者的红细胞和血清对各型标准血清和红细胞均凝集,经多项试验才确定为B型,现报告如下。1 试验方法1.1 患者红细胞20℃室温生理盐水洗涤3次,做正反定型和自身凝集试验均为阳性(4~+),与A、B、O型配血,主次侧均凝集(4~+)。     

河豚肝脏提取物对红细胞凝集的影响

研究河豚鱼肝脏提取物对不同来源动物红细胞的凝集作用。方法：凝集试验在“Ｖ”型微量血凝板上进行。提取物浓度（原始孔）１００ μｇ／ｍｌ。用倍比稀释法检测河豚鱼肝脏提取物对不同种属来源红细胞的凝集活性以及在植物凝集素（ＰＨＡ）存在下的凝集活性。以血凝滴度来表示。结果：河豚鱼肝脏提取物没有明显的血型专一性，但具有种属特异性，其凝集活性与不同种属、不同个体有关。在ＰＨＡ存在下，该提取物在一定浓度范围内对红细胞的凝集活性增强，低于该浓度则抑制ＰＨＡ对红细胞的凝集。结论：从河豚鱼肝脏组织分离提取的一种物质具有凝集红细胞的作用。     

鲎凝集素的分离纯化、理化及生物学性质的研究

<正> 经超高速离心处理的鲎血淋巴,用CNBr—BSM活化的琼脂糖珠4B,以牛颌下腺粘蛋白为配基,作亲和层析柱,从鲎血淋巴中提取鲎凝集素。该制剂经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,显示出三条蛋白质主带,经小白鼠红细胞、人的红细胞及马红细胞的试验,均有凝集作用。在试管内培养基里培养Hela癌细胞,加鲎凝集素后,继续培养24～48小时,证明对肿瘤细胞有凝集能力。用小白鼠作皮下注射试验,三天后观察,对鸡红细胞,有吞噬作用。鲎在分类学上属于节肢动物门,有螯亚     

绵羊生殖道提取物生物活性物质检测

目的 检测绵羊生殖道提取物生物活性物质.方法 以健康、新鲜、雌性绵羊生殖器官为实验材料,采用各种生物活性检测方法对绵羊生殖道提取物的活性物质进行了检测.结果 绵羊生殖道提取物具有红细胞凝集、胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性、抗菌活性、抗血浆凝固活性、抗补体活性和低溶血活性,无胰蛋白酶水解活性、局部出血活性.结论 首次证实绵羊生殖道存在抗菌活性物质和蛋白酶抑制剂活性物质.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.