大学生自我同一性与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的:探讨当前大学生自我同一性状况及其与父母教养方式的关系。方法:采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI),对330名大学生进行测评。结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式在子女性别上存在差异,女生在母亲关爱得分上显著高于男生,男生在母亲控制和父亲控制得分上显著高于女生。②母亲关爱、父亲关爱和母亲鼓励自主、父亲鼓励自主与子女的自我同一性获得有显著正相关,与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著负相关;父亲控制、母亲控制与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著正相关。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态与父母教养方式密切相关,父母的关爱、鼓励自主有利于子女同一性获得。     

大学生主动性人格、职业决策自我效能感与自我同一性状态的关系

目的:考察大学生主动性人格、职业决策自我效能感与自我同一性状态之间的关系。方法:在济南、青岛两地的2所普通高校中选取大学生394人(男171人,女223人)。采用主动性人格量表(PPS)、大学生职业决策自我效能感量表(CDMSE)和自我同一性状态客观性测量问卷(第2版)(EOM-EIS-2,分为同一性获得、同一性延缓、同一性早闭、同一性扩散4个分量表)进行调查。通过结构方程模型技术考察各变量之间的关系。结果:男生CDMSE总分及各分量表得分(除信息收集外)均高于女生;男生EOM-EIS-2同一性获得分量表得分高于女生,而同一性早闭分量表得分低于女生(P0.001或P0.05)。PPS得分、CDMSE得分均正向预测同一性获得得分(R~2=0.33、0.41),而负向预测同一性扩散得分(R~2=0.03、0.11);PPS得分正向预测同一性延缓得分、CDM SE得分(R~2=0.08、0.32),进而以CDMSE得分为中介对同一性获得得分产生正向预测作用(R~2=0.49),对同一性扩散得分产生负向预测作用(R~2=0.11)。结论:大学生主动性人格、职业决策自我效能感与自我同一性状态之间关系密切,职业决策自我效能感在主动性人格对自我同一性的影响中起中介作用。     

大学生自我同一性与分离-个体化的关系:人格的调节作用

目的:考察大学生的分离-个体化、人格与自我同一性状态之间的关系。方法:采用修订的自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)、分离-个体化问卷(SITA)和"大五"人格问卷(NEO-FFI)对1131名大学生进行调查。结果:当大学生具有较高水平的外向性、开放性和谨慎性时,消极分离-个体化水平越低则预测越高水平的同一性获得;无论开放性高低,高水平的积极分离-个体化均预测更高的同一性延缓,且开放性越低,积极分离-个体化对同一性延缓状态的影响越强;当开放性和谨慎性水平较低时,高的积极分离-个体化预测更高水平的同一性早闭。结论:人格在分离-个体化与自我同一性状态的关系中起重要调节作用。     

大学生自我同一性与父母教养方式、依恋的关系

目的:探讨大学生自我同一性与父母教养方式、依恋的关系。方法:采用自我同一性状态客观性测量问卷、父母教养方式量表(PBI)修订版、亲密关系经历调查表(ECR)、关系问卷(RQ),随机抽取湖南两所综合性大学的320名大学生作为被试,对他们进行问卷调查。结果:①大学生自我同一性存在性别差异和年级差异,不存在城乡差异;②自我同一性的获得与依恋回避呈显著负相关;③自我同一性的早闭与依恋焦虑呈显著正相关;④自我同一性延缓与依恋焦虑呈显著正相关;⑤自我同一性扩散与依恋回避、依恋焦虑呈显著正相关;⑥安全型依恋大学生自我同一性获得维度得分平均数高于忽视型、沉迷型和恐惧型依恋大学生;⑦逐步回归分析结果显示,依恋回避和父亲鼓励自主能更好地预测总体获得;父亲控制和依恋焦虑能更好地预测总体早闭;依恋焦虑和父亲控制能更好地预测总体延缓;父亲控制、依恋回避和依恋焦虑能更好地预测总体扩散。结论:父亲鼓励自主、安全型依恋有利于自我同一性的获得;父亲控制、依恋焦虑、依恋回避不利于自我同一性的获得。     

大学生存在焦虑与抑郁:自我同一性的双重作用

目的:考察大学生存在焦虑、自我同一性及抑郁的关系.方法:取样730名大学生并施测大学生存在焦虑量表、自我同一性状态量表和症状自评量表.结果:高水平存在焦虑的大学生出现明显抑郁情绪.存在焦虑4个因子均对抑郁有正向预测作用.其中死亡与命运焦虑的预测力最大.自我同一性在存在焦虑对抑郁的影响中起中介和调节的双重作用.结论:大学生的存在焦虑与抑郁存在密切关系且自我同一性可以缓冲存在焦虑对抑郁的影响.     

大学生的自我同一性与社会适应

目的:探讨大学生自我同一性与社会适应的关系。方法:选取289名大学生,采用青少年自我同一性危机量表(AEICS)测量大学生的自我同一性,采用人际关系综合诊断量表(IRIDS)、Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、国际大学生调查问卷(ICS)中的主观幸福感分量表、自尊量表(SES)和一般自我效能感量表(GSES)测量大学生的社会适应(其中IRIDS测量人际适应,BDI、SAS、ICS测量情绪适应,SES和GSES测量自我适应)。通过建构结构方程模型检验大学生自我同一性与社会适应各维度的关系。结果:大学生的AEICS得分与人际适应、情绪适应、自我适应得分均呈负相关(r=-0.19~-0.62,均P<0.01)。自我适应在自我同一性与人际适应、自我同一性与情绪适应之间均起完全中介作用(中介效应分别为0.53和0.58)。结论:本研究结果提示,大学生自我同一性可以预测其社会适应,大学生自我同一性直接预测其自我适应,并通过自我适应间接影响其人际适应和情绪适应。     

大学生自我同一性与自我概念的关系研究

目的:探讨当前大学生自我同一性状况与其自我概念之间的关系。方法:①采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和田纳西自我概念量表(TSCS)对320名大学生进行测试;②根据大学生在自我概念量表上的总分排序,取上27%人群为积极自我概念组,下27%人群为消极自我概念组。结果:①积极自我概念组在自我同一性的意识获得、人际获得、总体获得上的得分显著高于消极自我概念组;消极自我概念组在自我同一性的意识早闭、意识扩散、人际早闭、人际扩散、总体早闭、总体扩散上的得分均显著高于积极自我概念组;②田纳西自我概念量表各分量表分(除自我批评之外)与自我同一性获得存在显著正相关,与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著负相关。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态与自我概念之间关系密切,自我概念越积极,越有利于其自我同一性的获得。     

青少年自我同一性的发展特点研究

目的:探讨青少年自我同一性的发展特点。方法:选取705名高一至大四年级年龄在14-25岁之间的学生为被试,采用自我同一性状态问卷结合访谈法对青少年自我同一性特点进行考察。结果:①青少年自我同一性发展的年级差异显著,同一性获得表现出随年级而递增的趋势;同一性延缓得分在各年级间无显著差异;大二、大三年级的同一性早闭水平显著高于其他年级,高三的同一性早闭得分显著低于其他年级;在同一性扩散上表现为高一年级得分显著高于其他年级。②同一性获得、同一性早闭得分存在显著的性别差异,男生显著高于女生。③同一性获得、同一性早闭得分存在显著的城乡差异,城市学生的得分显著高于农村学生。④同一性发展的各个状态在独生子女与非独生子女间未见显著差异。结论:青少年自我同一性随年龄的发展是不平衡的,各个维度发展表现出不同的特点,同时表现出一定的性别和城乡差异。     

大学生主动性人格、社会支持和自我同一性的关系

目的:探讨大学生主动性人格、社会支持和自我同一性之间的关系。方法:在西安3所高校选取348名大学生,其中男生164人,女生184人。采用主动性人格量表(PPS),自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对其进行调查研究。结果:男生EOM-EIS-2获得、早闭分量表得分高于女生(t=2.73,2.75,P0.001);PPS得分、SSRS得分、EOM-EIS-2获得分量表得分两两正相关(r=0.14~0.54,P0.01);PPS得分正向预测EOM-EIS-2获得、延缓和早闭分量表得分(β=0.45、0.27、0.14);SSRS得分在PPS得分与EOM-EIS-2获得分量表得分中起调节作用(F=23.93,P0.001)。结论:社会支持是主动性人格与自我同一性关系间的调节变量。     

职业中专生自我同一性与自我概念的相关研究

目的:探讨职业中专生自我同一性和自我概念之间的关系,并与普高生进行比较。方法:采用自我同一性状态问卷、田纳西自我概念量表对300名职专生和100名普高生进行调查。结果:①职专生自我同一性的意识早闭、总体早闭的得分显著高于普高生;②职专生的家庭自我得分显著低于普高生;③职专生的自我同一性和自我概念的总分间存在显著正相关。意识扩散、人际扩散与自我批评显著正相关;意识获得与道德自我显著正相关;人际获得与自我满意、自我概念总分间显著正相关;总体获得与道德自我、家庭自我和自我满意显著正相关;同一性总分与道德自我、家庭自我、社会自我和自我满意显著正相关。结论:职专生的自我同一性和自我概念关系密切,同一性获得有利于建构积极的自我概念,自我概念越积极亦越有利于同一性获得。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.