小肠黏膜下层移植修复海绵体神经损伤的实验研究

目的:研究小肠黏膜下层(SIS)移植替代损伤的双侧海绵体神经(CN)恢复大鼠的勃起功能。方法:制备SIS,建立动物模型,分为CN损伤组、假手术组、SIS移植组,分别给予切断双侧的CN、仅游离CN以及SIS移植修复损伤的CN。术后3个月进行阿朴吗啡试验,了解阴茎勃起情况。取中、后段阴茎海绵体组织,进行nNOS免疫组化染色,记录nNOS阳性神经纤维的数目。结果:阿朴吗啡试验:30 min内SIS移植组72.73%(8/11)的大鼠出现阴茎勃起,平均勃起(1.07±0.89)次;CN损伤组勃起率和勃起次数均为0;假手术组则为90.91%(10/11)和(2.19±1.17)次。无论是勃起率还是勃起次数,SIS移植组均显著高于CN损伤组(P<0.01),但仍然比假手术组低(P<0.05)。nNOS神经纤维数目:SIS移植组为(70.36±10.09)条,CN损伤组为(22.09±4.76)条,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但二者均低于假手术组[(90.81±5.69)条,P<0.01]。结论:SIS作为移植物修复损伤的大鼠CN损伤,有利于恢复CN损伤所致的勃起功能障碍。     

海绵体神经损伤所致ED大鼠模型建立

目的 :寻找大鼠海绵体神经并建立神经损伤所致ED大鼠模型。　方法 :对 2 0只大鼠进行解剖 ,在外科显微镜下找到海绵体神经并经电刺激试验证实。随后将 4 2只实验大鼠随机分为假手术对照组、单侧海绵体神经损伤组及双侧海绵体神经损伤组。术后 3周用阿朴吗啡试验来评估所建动物模型。　结果 :盆大神经节位于背侧前列腺后外侧叶表面 ,海绵体神经是最大的传出神经。诱发阴茎勃起的电刺激参数 :电压 5V、刺激频率 2 0Hz及刺激时间 5ms。术后 3周 ,阿朴吗啡均能诱发对照组大鼠阴茎勃起 ,30min内平均勃起 (2 5 7± 1 4 0 )次。实验组大鼠 ,无论单侧损伤还是双侧损伤 ,均丧失勃起功能 (0 0 0± 0 0 0 )。　结论 :大鼠较大的盆大神经节及海绵体神经易于辨认 ,电刺激反应明显 ,是建立海绵体神经损伤性ED模型的理想动物。无论是单侧海绵体神经损伤还是双侧海绵体损伤 ,损伤早期 ,大鼠均丧失勃起功能     

IGF-1、IGF-bp-3在去势大鼠阴茎海绵体中的表达及其意义

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGF-BP-3)在去势大鼠阴茎海绵体中的表达及其意义。方法取16只成年雄性大鼠随机分为去势组、对照组。1周后取阴茎海绵体, 比色法测定阴茎海绵体一氧化氮(NO)含量(ΜG／G);原位细胞凋亡标记检测细胞凋亡数;逆转录多聚酶链聚合反应检测IGF-1、IGF-BP-3MRNA表达。结果 IGF-1MRNA在对照组中表达(1．44±0．29)而在去势组未检测到表达。IGF-BP-3MRNA在去势组表达量(3．52±1．4)较对照组(1．10±0．51)升高(P<0．01)。去势组阴茎海绵体细胞凋亡数(26．02±5．25)较对照组(12．51±1．81)高(P<0．05);凋亡细胞积分光密度去势组(33931．54±2459．36)较对照组(18766．37±3040．42)高(P<0．05)。去势组阴茎海绵体 NO浓度(14．45±2．38)较对照组(39．8±3．28)显著降低(P<0．01)。结论去势1周后阴茎海绵体细胞发生凋亡。去势后阴茎海绵体细胞凋亡可能与IGF-1MRNA表达降低及IGF-BP-3MRNA表达增高有关。     

复方玄驹胶囊联合盐酸阿朴吗啡治疗勃起功能障碍的临床研究

目的:观察复方玄驹胶囊联合盐酸阿朴吗啡治疗阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)的疗效。方法:采用复方玄驹胶囊联合盐酸阿朴吗啡治疗115例ED患者为治疗组,单用盐酸阿朴吗啡治疗111例作为对照组,经连续2个月的治疗后,观察两组的国际勃起功能问卷(IIEF-5)的评分改变情况。结果:治疗组与对照组IIEF-5的评分在治疗前分别为(11.42±2.38)、(11.56±2.65)分,两组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);治疗后分别为(17.85±2.68)、(13.96±3.25)分,均有明显提高(P<0.01),而治疗组在治疗后的评分明显高于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组的显效率、有效率和总有效率均高于对照组。结论:复方玄驹胶囊联合盐酸阿朴吗啡治疗ED有较好疗效,值得临床推广使用。     

自体隐静脉搭桥对离断海绵体神经的修复作用

目的探讨使用自体隐静脉搭桥修复离断海绵体神经(CN),恢复自主勃起功能的可行性。方法建立大鼠双侧CN离断并部分切除模型,取大鼠自体大隐静脉,利用显微外科技术桥接离断的CN,并术后每日腹腔注射生长激素400μg/kg体重,以假手术组和双侧CN离断组分别作为阳性和阴性对照。4个月后,阿朴吗啡试验评估大鼠的勃起功能;然后对勃起神经通路进行荧光金逆行追踪,观察CN的再生与再通情况。结果静脉搭桥组的勃起率达70%(7/10),明显高于CN离断组(0%),P<0.01;注入大鼠双侧阴茎海绵体荧光金5d后,静脉搭桥组大鼠盆神经节中发黄色荧光的神经细胞平均为(75.5±16.3)个,且较明亮,而CN离断组中只有(15.5±5.2)个,且很微弱。两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论自体静脉搭桥结合使用生长激素修复离断缺损的CN,能够重建勃起神经通路,恢复一定程度的勃起功能。     

自发性高血压大鼠阴茎组织结构和勃起功能的改变

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)勃起功能的改变及其发病机制。方法:20周龄雄性SHR大鼠及同系WKY大鼠各15只,夹尾法测量大鼠收缩压(SBP),皮下注射阿朴吗啡(APO)检测阴茎勃起功能,免疫组化染色观察阴茎海绵体α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)及Ⅲ型胶原(COLⅢ)的表达。结果:SHR组及WKY组收缩压分别为(205.7±11.9)、(114.3±10.2)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),阴茎勃起次数分别为(0.6±0.5)、(2.4±0.6)次,差异均有极显著性(P<0.01)。SHR大鼠阴茎海绵体组织平滑肌及COLⅢ的表达显著高于WKY大鼠(P<0.01)。结论:高血压严重影响大鼠阴茎勃起功能,海绵体组织结构的病理改变可能是自发性高血压大鼠勃起功能下降的机制之一。     

雄激素对阿朴吗啡和电刺激诱导的去势大鼠勃起功能的影响

目的 :探讨应用安雄进行雄激素替代对去势大鼠勃起功能的影响。方法 :取40只成年雄性 SD大鼠 ,分为去势、高、低剂量安雄及假手术 4组。治疗 4周后采用阿朴吗啡 ( APO)皮下注射与电刺激海绵体神经诱导大鼠勃起 ,对其勃起功能进行评价。结果 :高、低剂量安雄组与假手术组大鼠 APO诱导的勃起成功率、勃起次数与电刺激诱导的海绵体内压 ( ICP)均较去势组大鼠为高或多 ,统计学处理差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :通过 APO皮下注射和电刺激海绵体神经证实 ,去势导致大鼠勃起功能明显下降 ;采用安雄进行雄激素替代可恢复其勃起功能 ;去势既影响了药物诱发的勃起反应 ,也损伤了外周电刺激诱导的勃起反应     

核因子κB抑制剂对缺血再灌注肌皮瓣的保护作用

目的观察核因子-κB(NF-κB)抑制剂二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)对肌皮瓣缺血再灌注(I／R)损伤的影响。方法湖北白种猪12头,随机分为对照组(A组)、I／R组(B组)及二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)处理组(C组)。采用放射免疫分析法检测I／R不同时点肌皮瓣静脉血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α及白细胞介素(IL)-1β含量。观察组织髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性、水含量、肌细胞超微结构及肌肉存活比例变化。结果 C组再灌注1、2 h,TNF-α含量(0．69±0．15)、 (0．78±0．16)μg／L较B组(1．51±0．67)、(1．12±0．37)μg／L显著降低(P<0．01、P<0．05);再灌注1、2、4 h,IL-1β含量(0．17±0．09)、(0．18±0．06)、(0．17±0．07)μg／L较B组(0．43±0．17)、 (0．46±0．18)、(0．32±0．14)μg／L显著降低(P<0．01,P<0．01,P<0．05)。伴组织MPO活性、水含量显著降低(P<0．01),肌细胞线粒体损伤程度改善及肌肉存活比例的明显提高(P<0．01)。结论 PDTC能通过抑制TNF-α、IL-1β合成,减轻中性粒细胞浸润,有效防护肌皮瓣I／R损伤。     

婴幼儿经肛门巨结肠根治术后直肠肛管三维向量测压的研究

目的探讨经肛门巨结肠根治术后直肠肛管三维向量测压改变,以评价其肛门括约肌功能。方法对58例在婴幼儿期接受经肛门巨结肠根治术儿童进行随访,平均随访时间为15．8个月,全部为普通型巨结肠。对所有患儿进行排便功能问卷调查,根据临床症状分为无症状组和有症状组,并进行肛门括约肌三维重建,做肛管最大压力、向量容积、对称指数和直肠肛管反射检查。结果临床问卷调查显示58例均有便意,54例排便次数平均为1～2次／d,仅4例8～10次／d,9例污便, 5例便秘,2例有小肠结肠炎,无便失禁。直肠肛管反射3例阳性,2例弱阳性。便秘组的最大静息压 (mmHg)明显高于无症状组和对照组[(167±36)比(157±47)比(152±33),P<0．05;(211±36)比 (200±65)比(190±38),P<0．05]。污便组向量容积(cm×cmHg2)和对称指数较术前及对照组显著降低[(381±109)比(520±254)比(662±31),P<0．05;(0．69±0．32)比(0．75±0．19)比(0．70± 0．07),P<0．05]。便秘组对称指数高于对照组[(0．74±0．02)比(0．70±0．07),P<0．05]。结论婴幼儿经肛门巨结肠根治术后肛门括约肌功能良好。少数病例排便功能障碍的发生可能与术后“新直肠”储便功能代偿不全及(或)肛门括约肌痉挛失迟缓或损伤修复有关。     

L-精氨酸对心肺移植缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg)在心肺移植中对心肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将30条成年犬随机分为对照组、实验A(L-Arg 100 mg／kg体重)、B(L-Arg 500 mg／kg体重)3组,每组10条,采用标准法行心肺移植,A、B组心肺保护液中加入不同剂量L-Arg,供心肺放入4℃EC液保存4-5 h。监测心率、平均动脉压(MAP)、肺动脉平均压(MPAP),股静脉血一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶 (LDH)含量、股动脉血氧分压(PaO2),测定肺干湿重比(W／DR)及观察心肺超微结构以评价心肺保护的效果。结果主动脉开放60 min,B组NO(82．76±12．34)μmol／L、A、B组SOD(60．19±12．42)、 (100．38±16．55)NU／ml较对照组(29．43±12．42)μmol/L、(26．65±5．68)NU／ml高(P<0．05),B组 cTnI(11．07±2．62)mg／L、MDA(2．48±0．51)nmol／ml、LDH(592．8±51．92)U／L较对照组(23．16± 2．76)mg／L、(4．48±0．54)nmol／ml、(719．80±292．16)U／L低(P<0．05),B组PaO2(207．60± 32．72)mmHg(1 mm Hg=0．133 kPa)高于对照组(130．20±13．36)mm Hg(P<0．05),A、B组W／DR (84．82±1．14)％、83．84±1．63)％小于对照组(88．44±1．42)％(P<0．05),电镜检查A、B组心肺损伤轻于对照组。结论供心肺可安全保存4-5 h,在心肺移植实验中加入L-Arg可使NO含量增加, 减轻心肺缺血再灌注损伤,B组(500 mg／kg体重)效果更好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.