猪劈离式实验原位肝脏移植模型的建立及探讨

目的 制作猪肝脏劈离式原位肝脏移植模型,为临床肝脏移植提供稳定的模型基础.方法 采用改良的原位肝脏移植20例,对供肝沿Taira线劈离,对断面修整后,分别行原位移植,观察血流动力学及血液生化和温度的变化.结果 手术时间(220±31)min及无肝期(35±6)min动物术后肝功能恢复顺利,手术成功率50%,10例动物存活时间均超过48 h.结论 采用猪同种异体原位劈离式肝脏移植模型(沿Taira线)具有操作简便,标准化程度及手术成功率高,重复性和稳定性好的优点,是大动物肝移植系列研究的较理想动物模型,为充分利用有限的器官资源提供理论支持.     

家猪肝脏劈离的应用解剖学研究

目的 :为了建立家猪劈离肝移植模型需掌握家猪肝脏的应用解剖学 ,从而选择安全的劈离平面。方法 :家猪肝脏 42例 ,通过灌注模型了解肝实质内管腔的分布与走行 ,并对两种劈离方式进行比较。结果 :沿正中裂劈离难以保证两半植肝的安全性 ;沿Taira线劈离既保证了左、右植肝的门静脉血供又保证了肝静脉回流畅通。结论 :沿Taira线劈离应成为建立家猪肝脏劈离的首选术式。     

猪劈离式原位肝移植动物模型建立及麻醉处理

背景：劈离式原位肝移植技术存在术后胆道并发症发生率高、左内侧叶缺血坏死等问题,为了进一步开展劈离式肝脏移植的研究,需要找到一种适宜的动物,建立稳定的移植及麻醉模型。 目的：探讨猪劈离式原位肝移植模型建立及其术中麻醉处理特点。 方法：40只健康3月龄猪,体质量25~30 kg,在气管插管全麻下进行静脉-静脉转流,供肝沿Taira线劈离,对断面修整后,行原位肝脏移植。 结果与结论：手术时间(220±31) min,无肝期(35±6) min。术后肝功能恢复顺利,手术成功率50%,10只动物存活时间均超过48 h,无肝期、再灌注期血流动力学波动明显,并伴有代谢性酸中毒;再灌注期血钾升高明显,体温下降明显。结果可见：①猪同种异体原位劈离式肝脏移植模型(沿Taira线)具有操作简便,标准化程度及手术成功率高,重复性和稳定性好的优点,是大动物肝移植系列研究的较理想动物模型。②即使在良好的静脉转流下无肝期、再灌注期血流动力学、内环境变化仍明显,麻醉过程中纠正凝血机制及维持内环境的稳定对手术的成功至关重要。     

成人间体外劈离式肝移植中肝静脉分配方式的临床观察

 目的：分析成人间劈离式肝移植中肝静脉不同分配方式的利弊,探讨合理的临床分配方案。方法：回顾2007年1月至2011年10月间我院完成的12例成人间劈离式肝移植病例的肝静脉分配及重建方式,观察患者术后的肝静脉血管并发症及相关预后。结果：12例病人中使用右半肝的6例病人采取了4种静脉分配和重建方式：肝右+肝中+腔静脉1例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建+腔静脉2例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建2例;肝右+1/2肝中+腔静脉1例。相应的6例左半肝移植物亦得到4种肝静脉分配和重建方式：肝左+4段静脉重建1例;肝左+肝中静脉2例;肝左+肝中+腔静脉2例;肝左+1/2肝中静脉1例。术后1例左半肝采用肝左+4段静脉重建,患者因4段重建血管阻塞导致小肝综合征,最终死亡,其余11例病人未出现肝静脉相关并发症。结论：成人间劈离式肝移植的肝静脉分配和重建可有多种方式,在临床操作中应在满足移植物功能性肝体积足够的前提下,结合患者病情和外科操作的需要制定合理的个体化方案。     

基于肝内肝门静脉解剖的肝脏右前叶分段新概念

目的根据肝内肝门静脉的走形分布,提出肝脏分段的新概念,为影像学和肝脏外科提供资料。方法采用60例正常的活体肝移植供肝影像资料,研究右前叶肝内肝门静脉的走形和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围,10例Mevis三维软件重建图像,探讨两者之间的关系。结果 Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段门脉支可大致分为腹侧支和背侧支,最多可达4支;约90%的背侧支越过肝右静脉分布到Couinaud分段中的VII段。V段的门脉分支大多来自右前叶或Ⅷ段门脉的腹侧支。因此,可将右前叶分为腹侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的腹侧段(S8v)和V段(S5)背侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的背侧段(S8d)两个部分。结论新的划分方法不仅有利于肝内病变的精确定位,而且便于肝脏外科实施新的、更安全的术式。     

常规及新肝移植手术的现状

背景：经典术式和背驮式肝移植是目前肝移植的常规术式。 目的：对目前肝移植的常规术式及新术式的发展及特点进行总结。 方法：检索1900-01/2011-01 Pubmed、CNKI及肝移植注册网中与肝移植术式相关的文献,筛选出的35篇肝移植临床研究、综述、报告等文献进行分析。 结果与结论：初检得到1 251篇文献,根据纳入标准保存35篇文献进行分析。经典术式和背驮式肝移植是目前的常规术式。新的移植术式不断出现：劈离式肝移植“一肝两受”,节约肝源;活体肝移植取自活体肝,使用灵活,发展较快;自体肝移植难度大,应用少;多米诺肝移植能够有效治疗FAP,但也因难度大开展不多;肝细胞移植和异种肝移植基础研究尚浅。常规术式技术较为成熟,因在利用供肝、开拓肝源方面的优势,新的移植术式应用前景广阔,但仍需手术技术和基础研究上的突破。     

肝脏血管铸型透明标本制作方法

现代肝外科的发展出现两大热点：一、肝切除术已从传统的非解剖性肝切除向精确的肝段切除过渡;二、活体肝移植和劈离式肝移植广泛开展。这些均需要精确地界定肝表面和内部划分肝段的解剖性标志。     

大鼠"二袖套"法双重灌注全血供肝移植模型的建立

目的：建立一个供肝灌注良好受体无肝期明显缩短及移植肝全血供稳定的肝移植动物模型。方法：“二袖套”法在Kamada吻合血管基础上改良,供肝分别经腹主动脉和门静脉双重全肝脏灌注;受体肝脏分步切除,肝上下腔静脉采用缝合法吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉分别用袖套法吻合。移植肝脏动脉重建采用单纯血管套入式吻合或血管缝合的方法,胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果：共施行全血供大鼠原位肝脏移植76例（不包括预试验）,手术成功率93．406,1周存活率86．8％。结论：娴熟的显微外科技术、有效改良措施和注重手术细节是手术成功的保障,良好的灌注、受体无肝期的缩短及重建移植肝脏动脉血供能有效提高动物模型的稳定性。     

右半肝肝段解剖研究进展

对肝内血管解剖结构及肝段的准确认识是肝切除术前评估和活体肝移植肝段选择的基础。特别是活体肝移植供体肝段的选择,需要考虑到肝段的体积、门脉及动脉血供和静脉回流,更需要对肝内各管道的解剖结构有精确的把握。右半肝管道立体交叉关系复杂,门静脉及肝静脉变异均多见。国际上通用的Couinaud肝段划分法,将右半肝分为4段,段Ⅷ、段Ⅴ为上下关系,段Ⅶ,段Ⅵ为上下关系。但随着肝脏手术的进展,影像学技术的提高,人们对右半肝肝段解剖划分提出质疑并有了新的观点。大部分学者倾向于以肝内门静脉3级分支分布形式作为划分右半肝肝段的主要依据,同时肝静脉引流情况也是重要的辅助依据,但分段方式并未形成统一。     

改良法构建大鼠减体积肝移植模型

背景:目前有关活体肝移植后肝脏再生的研究较少。在大鼠肝移植实验中不断改进手术方法和技术,提高肝移植成功率是进行大鼠肝移植研究和获得可靠实验数据的基础。目的:验证以改良方法构建减体积肝移植大鼠模型的有效性。方法:选用健康SD大鼠,70对制备减体积肝移植改良前模型,100对制备减体积肝移植改良后模型。供体为雌性,受体为雄性,供体体质量比受体轻10g左右。改良前方案采用取下全肝后在修肝盆中进行减体积肝移植。改良后方案如下:供体采用单人裸眼操作,在取肝的过程中即进行减体积操作;修肝时将套管柄置于门静脉和肝下下腔静脉的正前方,将幽门静脉结扎点外翻于套管外并置于套管柄的左侧,即肝脏的左侧;将右肾静脉结扎点外翻于套管外并置于套管柄的右侧,即肝脏的右侧;供肝套管完成后用灌注液对门静脉和肝下下腔静脉进行冲洗;然后以左膈静脉为标识点进行7/0无损伤血管缝线吊线;受体采用双人裸眼配合操作,肝上下腔静脉吻合时,左右固定位点采用"8"字形外翻缝合,后壁和前壁分别采用连续吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉采用改良的双袖套法,胆管支撑管法建立大鼠减体积的稳定模型。结果与结论:改良后供体手术时间为(32±2)min,修肝时间为(6±2)min,受体手术时间为(40±3)min,无肝期时间为(14±3)min。移植成功率为92%,移植后3d生存率为85%,移植后2周生存率83%。与改良前比较,移植后并发症发生率降低(P0.05),供肝的冷保存时间缩短(P0.05)。提示改良后的大鼠减体积肝移植模型比较稳定、可靠,移植成功率较高,移植后并发症发生率较低,为研究减体积肝移植后肝脏再生提供了有效的改良手段。     

Ramification pattern and topographical relationship between the portal and hepatic veins in the left anatomical lobe of the human liver.

Sixty-one human livers obtained from donated Japanese adult cadavers were dissected to reveal the ramification pattern of the portal and hepatic veins, and their topographical relationship in the left anatomical lobe. The segmental portal vein supplying S2 (P2) tended to form a single stem, whereas that of S3 (P3) was usually double. An intermediate branch between P2 and P3 was observed in 23.0% of livers. In spite of variation between livers, definite P2 and P3 were identified in 47 specimens. One tributary of the left hepatic vein (LHV) was usually present for drainage of S2, and two tributaries were present for S3 (sometimes also for S2 and/or S4). The latter two tributaries of the LHV and the two subsegmental branches of S3 showed three patterns of three-dimensional interdigitations. From these results, the portal vein system did not seem to have a two segmental composition (i.e., S2 and S3) in 23.0% of specimens, whereas the hepatic vein system did not have an intersegmental course in 23.4%. Thus, there were obvious limitations in using each system to determine the liver segment. Taking the overlapping cases into consideration, the left anatomical lobe of 41.0% of specimens did not seem to fit the definition of Couinaud's liver segment. In addition, four patterns of fissure vein (or scissural vein), > 5 mm in diameter at its terminal, were identified: (1) middle hepatic vein type (left median vein, 9.8%); (2) LHV type (left medial vein, 41.0%); (3) true fissure vein (3.3%); and (4) absent cases (45.9%). The former two types also suggested limitations of the hepatic vein system as an indicator of the segmental border.     

Intrahepatic venous anastomoses with a focus on the middle hepatic vein anastomoses in normal human livers: anatomical study on liver corrosion casts

Purpose

The aim of this study is to present the anatomical data about intrahepatic venous anastomoses found in normal human livers. The focus is on the middle hepatic vein (MHV) anastomoses, because their existence or non-existence could be of crucial importance in tumour resections as well as in split or living donor liver transplantations.

Materials and methods

The frequency of livers with intrahepatic venous anastomoses was determined on 164 corrosion casts and the diameter of each anastomosis was measured. Additionally, the type of connection and the position within the liver (liver segment) was determined for each MHV anastomosis.

Results

Intrahepatic venous anastomoses were found in 46 % (75/164), whereas MHV anastomoses were found in 28 % (44/164) of liver casts. Most commonly (39/44), MHV had anastomotic connections with the right hepatic vein (RHV), and also with the inferior RHV, the left hepatic vein and the short subhepatic vein. In more than three quarters of liver casts, MHV–RHV anastomoses were found in liver segment 8; in 45 % of cases, there was more than one anastomosis in this liver segment. The diameter of MHV–RHV anastomoses found in segment 8 was ≥1 mm in 90.6 % of cases.

Conclusion

As MHV anastomoses were present in more than a quarter of all examined liver casts, we believe that detailed anatomical data presented in this article, together with up to date radiologic technics which enable even 3D reconstruction of venous anastomoses in the liver, could contribute to the clinician’s decisions when planning surgical procedures.     

左外叶活体肝移植的解剖学研究

目的：模拟左外叶活体肝移植门静脉、肝动脉和胆管的切取方法。方法：解剖正常人肝脏标本30具，观察肝脏铸型标本30具，测量门静脉、肝动脉及胆管长度、管径及属支或分支分布情况。结果：左外叶门静脉的血供来自门静脉左支，主要为左外叶上段门静脉支、左外叶下段门静脉支；动脉主要来源于肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝中动脉，偶有迷走动脉支；胆道引流属支有左外叶上段胆管支、左外叶下段胆管支。结论：左外叶解剖变异较多，活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点，设计合理的切取模式；对门静脉、肝动脉和胆管支需行必要的整形，以便与受体相应的管道进行吻合。     

Anatomical variations in the pattern of the right hepatic veins: possibilities for type classification

A morphological study of the right hepatic veins (RHVv) was conducted based on the shape and the confluence pattern of the superior right hepatic vein (SRHV) and the presence of accessory right hepatic veins. The study was performed in 110 undamaged, randomly selected, cadaveric human livers prepared using the corrosion cast methodology. The principles for classifying the RHVv into types were as follows: the length of the vein trunk, the confluence of 2 or 3 main tributaries that form a trunk, and the accessory right hepatic veins that modify the venous drainage of the right side of the liver. Four types of SRHV were identified. Type 1 (20%), type 2 (40%) and type 3 (25%) were the most common, while type 4 (15%) was linked to the accessory right hepatic veins in cases where they drain a surgically important part of the liver. Accessory right hepatic veins were found in a total of 31 casts (28%). The hepatocaval confluence was studied and the tributary-free part of the SRHV trunk before it entered the inferior vena cava was measured. The tributary-free part of the SRHV was longer than 1 cm in 77% of the casts. Anastomoses between the terminal tributaries of the veins involved in the drainage of the right side of the liver were also investigated.     

Surgical anatomy of the vasculobiliary apparatus at the hepatic hilum as applied to liver transplantations and major liver resections

Introduction

To evaluate the hepatic arterial, bile duct and portal venous anatomy as applicable to major liver resections.

肝脏第IX段临床应用解剖及恶性肿瘤的介入栓塞化疗

目的探讨肝脏第IX段临床应用解剖及其占位性病变的介入治疗。方法对50例肝脏进行解剖观察;对6例肝脏第IX段占位性病变进行介入栓塞化疗。结果肝脏第IX段动脉主要来源于肝右动脉,部分来自肝中动脉或肝左动脉;门静脉主要来自门静脉右前叶上段支,小部分来自门静脉左支横部;胆管汇入右肝管;静脉血由数支细小静脉经第3肝门直接汇入肝后下腔静脉,部分汇入肝右静脉。第IX段肝脏肿瘤通过血管介入治疗后,肿瘤显著缩小;其中4例合并黄疸患者肝功能明显缓解。结论肝脏第IX段是一个结构上较为独立的区域,有其特殊的管道系统和引流系统,位置深隐,单独或联合手术切除较困难;通过介入技术可以对该区段进行相应的治疗。利用微导管采用超选技术,可以对肝脏第IX段的病变进行精确的治疗,微创、副作用小、可重复操作,能够弥补外科手术的局限性,达到甚至超过外科手术的治疗效果。     

Analysis of allogeneic versus xenogeneic auxiliary organ perfusion in liver failure reveals superior efficacy of human livers

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of allogeneic and xenogeneic extracorporeal liver perfusion (ECLP). METHODS: An Internet-based keyword search was performed in the established online databases. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (general linear method) were performed. RESULTS: Data from 198 patients were included in the statistical analysis, 142 of whom were treated by ECLP using porcine livers. Baboon livers were used in 29 patients, human livers in 14, and other or mixed species in 13 patients. Pig liver perfusions resulted in a 20% long-term-survival whereas the use of human livers was significantly more successful (survival rate (SVR) 43%, p<0.05). Baboon livers also revealed superior success (41%; p<0.05). Twenty-three patients were treated after 1991, 12 surviving long-term (52%). The latter all belonged to a group of 14 patients who received combined treatment consisting of ECLP and LTx (SVR-86% in this subgroup). CONCLUSION: Allogeneic ECLP was accompanied by significantly improved outcome compared with discordant xenogeneic ECLP. The role of hyperacute rejection in acute liver failure with reduced complement levels remains controversial. Physiologic disparity between pig and man may be the even more decisive determinant of outcome.