乌体林斯对合并糖尿病老年肺结核免疫的影响

目的:探讨抗结核治疗同时并用乌体林斯对合并糖尿病老年肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法:对44例合并糖尿病老年肺结核患者进行抗结核治疗的同时给予乌体林斯肌肉注射,观察外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、NK)的变化。结果:经乌体林斯治疗后,患者外周血CD3+、CD4+水平显著提高(P<0.01),CD4+/CD8+比值明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:乌体林斯可显著提高合并糖尿病老年肺结核患者的细胞免疫功能。     

老年反复呼吸道感染患者T淋巴细胞亚群变化及胸腺肽α1干预研究

目的观察老年反复呼吸道感染患者T淋巴细胞亚群变化及胸腺肽干预对其免疫功能的影响。方法将46例老年反复呼吸道感染患者分为治疗组和对照组,各23例,治疗组在常规治疗下,加用胸腺肽α11.6 mg皮下注射,每周2次,6个月为1个疗程。对照组给予常规治疗。比较两组间呼吸道感染发生情况及T淋巴细胞亚群变化。结果治疗后,治疗组CD3、CD4及CD4/CD8升高,CD8下降。与对照组比较,治疗组发生呼吸道感染次数减少,程度降低(P<0.01)。结论胸腺肽α1预防和治疗老年反复呼吸道感染具有良好的临床疗效,可改善T淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能。     

老年反复呼吸道感染患者T淋巴细胞亚群变化及胸腺肽α_1干预研究

目的观察老年反复呼吸道感染患者T淋巴细胞亚群变化及胸腺肽干预对其免疫功能的影响。方法将46例老年反复呼吸道感染患者分为治疗组和对照组,各23例,治疗组在常规治疗下,加用胸腺肽α11.6 mg皮下注射,每周2次,6个月为1个疗程。对照组给予常规治疗。比较两组间呼吸道感染发生情况及T淋巴细胞亚群变化。结果治疗后,治疗组CD3、CD4及CD4/CD8升高,CD8下降。与对照组比较,治疗组发生呼吸道感染次数减少,程度降低（P〈0.01）。结论胸腺肽α1预防和治疗老年反复呼吸道感染具有良好的临床疗效,可改善T淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能。     

胸腺五肽对肺结核合并糖尿病免疫状态影响的研究

目的探讨胸腺五肽联合抗结核药物治疗糖尿病合并肺结核患者对外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群(CD+4、CD+8及其比值)的影响及其临床意义。方法对60例肺结核合并糖尿病的患者,在应用抗结核药物治疗的同时,加用胸腺五肽调节机体免疫力治疗,观察T淋巴细胞亚群(CD+4、CD+8及其比值)的变化,并以60例未应用胸腺五肽的肺结核合并糖尿病患者为对照组。结果经胸腺五肽治疗1、2个月后,患者外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群中CD+4明显升高、CD+8降低,CD+4/CD+8比值升高(P<0.01)。结论胸腺五肽可显著提高肺结核合并糖尿病患者的细胞免疫功能。     

胸腺肽α1联合抗生素治疗恶性肿瘤患者并发肺部感染33例

目的观察胸腺肽α1联合抗生素治疗恶性肿瘤患者并发肺部感染的疗效及外周血T细胞亚群水平变化情况。方法63例恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者按数字表法随机分为治疗组（33例）和对照组（30例）,对照组采用敏感抗生素治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用胸腺肽理,,采用免疫荧光技术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3、CD4^＋、CD8^＋）的百分率,并观察临床疗效。结果治疗后,治疗组CD4^＋百分率和CD4^＋／CD8^＋明显高于对照组（t=3．34,P〈0．01和t=3．12,P〈0．05）;治疗组总有效率90．9％明显高于对照组的70．0％（χ^2=2．98,P〈0．05）。结论对恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者采用胸腺肽仅。治疗可明显增强患者机体细胞免疫功能,提高治疗效果。     

苦参素对肝炎后肝硬化患者外周血T细胞亚群和肝纤维化指标的影响

目的观察苦参素对肝炎后肝硬化患者外周血T细胞亚群和肝纤维化指标的影响。方法选择40例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者作为治疗组,予一般基础治疗并加用苦参素300mg口服,3次／d,疗程3个月,检测治疗前和治疗3月后外周血T细胞亚群CD4^＋和CD8^＋及肝纤维化指标的变化。另选择30例正常健康体检者作为对照组。结果与对照组比较,治疗组患者治疗前外周血CD4^＋明显减少,CD8^＋明显增加,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降;治疗后,外周血CD4^＋明显增加,CD8^＋明显减少,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显增加,肝纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PC Ⅲ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）、层粘蛋白（LN）均较治疗前明显下降。结论肝炎后肝硬化患者存在外周血T细胞亚群紊乱;苦参素通过调节外周血T细胞亚群紊乱,提高细胞免疫反应,有效抑制HBV—DNA的复制,降低患者血清中肝纤维化指标水平,进而达到清除细胞内病毒、防治肝纤维化的目的。     

冬虫夏草菌丝体干粉制剂在肾移植后的疗效观察

目的:观察冬虫夏草菌丝体干粉制剂在肾移植后的疗效,并探讨其作用机制.方法:100例肾移植6个月内的患者,按是否应用冬虫夏草菌丝体干粉制剂分为对照组和治疗组,每组各50例,分析肺部感染的发生率和外周血T细胞亚群的变化.结果:治疗组肺部感染发生7例(14%),其中重症肺炎2例,发生率为4%.对照组肺部感染发生16例(38%),其中重症肺炎5例,发生率为10%.但两组感染发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).对照组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均明显低于治疗组,CD8+则高于治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:应用免疫抑制药的基础上加用冬虫夏草菌丝体干粉制剂可减少肺部感染发生率,并且可调节T细胞亚群,提高机体细胞免疫功能,增强抗感染能力.     

肺部感染对晚期肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞及自然杀伤细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨晚期肺癌合并肺部感染患者细胞免疫功能的变化及其临床意义。方法应用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测78例晚期肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和自然杀伤细胞的水平,其中合并肺部感染37例,不合并肺部感染41例。结果与无合并肺部感染肺癌组比较,合并肺部感染肺癌组CD4+下降(P<0.05),CD3+下降,CD8+升高,CD4+/CD8+比值下降,自然杀伤细胞升高无明显差异(P>0.05)。与存活患者比较,死亡晚期肺癌患者CD8+显著升高(P<0.01),CD4+/CD8+比值显著下降(P<0.01),CD3+升高,CD4+下降,自然杀伤细胞升高无明显差异(P>0.05)。在存活的晚期肺癌患者中,与无合并肺部感染组比较,合并肺部感染组CD4+显著下降(P<0.05),CD3+下降,CD8+升高,CD4+/CD8+比值下降,自然杀伤细胞升高无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论合并肺部感染的晚期肺癌患者的细胞免疫功能较无合并肺部感染者更加低下,在晚期肺癌患者的治疗中,应尽力避免并发感染以延长患者生命。     

氯吡格雷配合哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠与头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠对老年脑卒中伴肺部感染患者的临床疗效评价

目的:评价氯吡格雷配合哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠与头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠对老年脑卒中伴肺部感染患者的疗效与安全性。方法:选取2015年7月—2017年7月期间诊治的老年脑卒中伴肺部感染患者82例资料,按用药不同将其分为对照组和观察组,每组41例;对照组患者给予哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠联用治疗,观察组患者给予哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠和氯吡格雷治疗,比较两组患者治疗后总有效率、不良反应发生率的差异,以及治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8和CD4/CD8)水平的变化情况。结果:观察组患者治疗后的总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05),不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),患者治疗后CD4、CD4/CD8水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),CD8水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用氯吡格雷配合哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠与头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠联用治疗老年脑卒中伴肺部感染患者的疗效较显著,有效改善了T淋巴细胞亚群的免疫功能,且安全性较高。     

卡维地洛对老年慢性心力衰竭患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛对老年慢性心力衰竭患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化的影响。方法选择老年慢性心力衰竭患者200例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组100例。对照组给予呋塞米、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂及洋地黄治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予卡维地洛治疗。同时选择健康体检者50例为正常对照组。采用流式细胞术检测治疗前后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果对照组和治疗组治疗前外周血CD3、CD4和CD4／CD8均较正常对照组显著降低（P〈0．05）,CD8变化差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）;2组治疗后外周血CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8显著升高,均较治疗前差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;且治疗组治疗后外周血CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8较对照组显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论卡维地洛可以调节老年慢性心力衰竭患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群失衡,改善机体的免疫功能。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.