冠脉分叉病变及支架后再狭窄的血流动力学研究进展

全球每年约有100万例经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗患者,其中分叉病变约占20%,而其支架后再狭窄率高达30%。频繁的再狭窄不仅和支架与血管的变形、支架与血管顺应性不匹配有关,也和支架后局部血流动力学变化引起的内膜增生有关。文中回顾了分叉冠脉的血流动力学研究发展,分析了分叉病变的血流动力学因素研究现状,详细阐述了其支架后再狭窄相关的计算流体力学(CFD)研究进展。CFD研究为探讨分叉冠脉的血流动力学环境与斑块形成、支架植入术与支架后再狭窄之间的关系提供了很好的技术手段,对临床医生理解斑块形成、工程师改善支架结构设计技术起到一定的作用。     

螺旋血泵的CFD分析

溶血和血栓是目前国内心室辅助装置不能应用于临床的主要原因。血泵的不良血液动力学特性是导致溶血和血栓的主要因数。计算流体力学（CFD）方法目前被广泛应用于血泵设计,它可以准确有效地反映血泵内部流场状态、血泵压力流量曲线以及血泵内部流场剪切力分布状态等。本研究采用CFD方法对自制螺旋血泵的泵腔、出入流口进行流场分析,内部流场采用三维彩图显示。结果显示CFD分析结果很好的与体外实验结果吻合。血泵血液动力学特性,以及内部血流状态采用CFD方法分析,可以有效地分析血泵血液相溶性方面的问题。     

冠脉支架内再狭窄的血流动力学研究进展

冠脉支架术后再狭窄是严重且高发的医学事件。局部血流动力学因素,特别是壁面剪切应力(WSS),对冠脉粥样硬化斑块的形成、发展和不均匀性有着重要的影响。最近的基础和临床在体研究表明,WSS也可能与支架内再狭窄的发生有关。从支架内再狭窄的形成机制出发,分析冠脉支架后的力学环境对再狭窄的作用机制,详细阐述近年基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法的冠脉支架内再狭窄的血流动力学研究进展。     

药物洗脱支架高度对药物浓度和壁面切应力分布影响的数值分析

目的研究药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)突起高度对药物释放动力学和血流动力学的影响,为DES的优化设计提供依据。方法采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,对血流动力学和药物释放动力学进行耦合分析,考虑3种不同突起高度支架,研究血管壁组织中药物含量和壁面切应力的分布。结果支架突起高度的增加将有利于药物的沉积,但将增加低切应力区长度。比较而言,血管壁中药物含量随着突起高度增加的幅度远小于低切应力区长度的增加。结论综合考虑药物浓度和壁面切应力两种因素,建议适当降低支架的突起高度,以便更有效地降低再狭窄产生的几率。     

计算流体力学在脑动脉瘤诊治中的应用

近年来,计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)被广泛应用于脑动脉瘤的基础和临床研究中,其研究方向涉及:1动脉瘤的形成、生长机制和动脉瘤破裂的血流动力学危险因素,2通过建立患者个性化模型,评估弹簧圈和支架置入后动脉瘤内流场的变化,评价血管内治疗的效果。从计算流体力学模型的建立、评估动脉瘤破裂风险的形态和血流动力学参数以及血流动力学参数评估动脉瘤治疗的手术效果3个方面详细阐述近年来在脑动脉瘤的诊治中血流动力学研究的进展。     

目录

近年来,计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）被广泛应用于脑动脉瘤的基础和临床研究中,其研究方向涉及：① 动脉瘤的形成、生长机制和动脉瘤破裂的血流动力学危险因素,② 通过建立患者个性化模型,评估弹簧圈和支架置入后动脉瘤内流场的变化,评价血管内治疗的效果。从计算流体力学模型的建立、评估动脉瘤破裂风险的形态和血流动力学参数、血流动力学参数评估动脉瘤治疗的手术效果3个方面详细阐述近年来在脑动脉瘤的诊治中血流动力学研究的进展。     

支架筋截面形状对血流动力学影响的数值分析

通过对方形、圆形和椭圆形三种横截面支架筋附近的血流动力学数值分析,对优化设计支架结构提供流体力学理论指导。利用边界元方法,计算了血液流场、血管壁切应力及支架筋所受压力。与方形和圆形截面支架筋比较,椭圆形截面支架筋对血流的扰动较小,支架筋所受压力较对称,并且支架筋间没有形成低切应力区。椭圆形截面支架筋对增加支架置入后的稳定性、防止再狭窄有一定的优越性。     

血管支架对颅内动脉瘤血液动力学的数值模拟

血管支架作为治疗颅内动脉瘤的新方法被广泛运用到临床中,而且越来越普遍。但由于某些支架植入后不能满足力学要求或对瘤内血液动力学无明显影响,反而更易形成血栓,造成动脉瘤破裂。本研究首先通过结构静力学分析比较矩形截面网格状支架和网丝编织成的圆形截面螺旋形支架的弯曲变形能力及扭转变形能力;然后将网格支架植入实际脑动脉瘤模型,进行流－固耦合模拟仿真,分析血流速度、壁面压力及壁面剪切力变化。结果表明：两种支架能够在不损失径向支撑力的情况下,提供良好的轴向顺应性,且网格状支架的变形能力高于螺旋状支架;支架植入后血液动力学各项指标明显降低。血管支架对颅内动脉瘤血液动力学有很大影响,可为临床治疗动脉瘤提供理论依据。     

支架治疗动脉瘤流固耦合数值模拟的周期重复性研究

目的探讨瘤用支架血流动力学流固耦合数值模拟过程中不同计算周期的相对误差大小,以给出获得收敛结果的最小周期推荐值.方法利用有限元分析软件 ANSYS对植入不同截面形状支架治疗梭形动脉瘤模型进行流固耦合数值模拟.每个模型进行3个周期的迭代计算,计算出各模型的动脉瘤腔内血液流速、压力、壁面切应力等血流动力学参数.最后比较相邻周期的相对误差绝对值,根据数据后处理结果得到计算的最佳周期数.结果各模型的动脉瘤腔内血流动力学参数计算1周期与计算2周期的相对误差绝对值远高于5%,重复计算3个周期与计算2个周期的相对误差绝对值均小于5%.结论有限元分析软件 ANSYS进行支架非定常血流动力学流固耦合数值模拟计算时,计算2个周期可达一定精确度,避免不必要的时间消耗,为支架治疗梭形动脉瘤的流固耦合数值模拟研究提供参考依据.     

肺高压相关肺循环血流动力学计算模拟研究进展

肺高压（pulmonary hypertension,PH）是由不同病因引起、以肺血管阻力和压力进行性升高为特点的一种致死性疾病,异常血流动力学在其发生发展中具有重要作用。计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）作为一种新方法 应用于临床研究中,可无创获取患者个体化病灶部位三维空间任一点的血流动力学指标,并可通过可视化技术将其呈现,逐渐成为一种可深入了解血流相关疾病进展的有力工具。对近年来CFD应用于肺高压相关肺循环血流动力学研究中涉及的数值模拟方法、边界条件、血液特性以及主要的血流动力学参数进行综合阐述。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.