Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intra-ocular infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and a leading cause of AIDS-related morbidity. Untreated CMV retinitis in AIDS patients is a progressive and potentially blinding disorder. The diagnosis of CMV retinitis is a clinical one and it is important for physicians to be familiar with the clinical features of the disease. Ophthalmic screening of AIDS sufferers should be undertaken at regular intervals, and this is dictated, in part, by the patient's CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) counts. CMV retinitis may be treated with systemic ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir, or with local (intravitreal) therpy. CMV-related retinal detachment is treated surgically. In some patients with quiescent CMV retinitis receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy, anti-CMV maintenance therapy may be discontinued in favour of close ophthalmologic observation and CD4 count monitoring.     

Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

An epidemic of cases of toxoplasmic encephalitis is occurring in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Serological or histopathologic studies were performed on 70 cases with AIDS and toxoplasmic encephalitis. In many cases conventional stains of brain-tissue specimens failed to disclose Toxoplasma organisms; all were positive when stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Except for a single patient, serological titers were not indicative of an acute acquired infection. The ratio of titers in the agglutination test to titers in the Sabin-Feldman dye test seemed to be more predictive of active toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS than either test alone. Based on histological and serological data, an approach is presented for diagnosis and treatment of suspected toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS.     

Pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

To data there have been 130 cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Britain. AIDS is though to be caused by the retrovirus human T cell lymphotropic virus III/lymphadenopathy associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). The presenting feature of AIDS may be and acute pneumonic illness with cough, breathlessness, and fever. Nearly always, however, there is a preceding history of several months' ill health characterized by loss of weight, intermittent of prolonged fever, and malaise. The organism most commonly responsible for AIDS related pneumonia is the multiflagellate protozoa Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumonia caused by this organism is usually associated with an insidious but progressive dry cough and increasing breathlessness. Other organisms associated with AIDS related pneumonia in the US include Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and cytomegalovirus. In patients suspected of having AIDS the diagnosis may not be possible until an opportunistic organism has been identified. P carinii may be identified morphologically only in stained specimens of bronchoalveolar lavage or of alveolar tissue obtained by transbronchial, percutaneous needle, or open lung biopsy. Clinicians disagree as to whether agressive investigation is really necessary. Most will probably choose the most likely pathogen on clinical and radiological grounds and treat accordingly, reserving transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage for patients who fail to respond. The initial choice of antibiotics is likely to be difficult since many patients may have multiple infecting organisms. Conventional pneumonia should be treated with oxygen, physiotherapy, and broad spectrum antibiotics. The mortality from a 1st attack of P carinni pneumonia is about 1/3.     

艾滋病伴发皮肤损害的皮肤病理学分析

目的 探讨伴发皮肤损害的HIV/AIDS患者的皮肤病理类型及其特点,为艾滋病的诊断和治疗提供依据。方法 无菌条件取伴有皮肤损害的HIV/AIDS患者的皮肤组织进行病理学检查,通过HE、抗酸、过碘酸雪夫（PAS）和淀粉酶消化后过碘酸雪夫(D-PAS）染色,光学显微镜下观察形态学,描述组织病理特点,并对病理结果进行统计学分析。结果 82例HIV/AIDS患者的皮肤组织病理学检查表现为感染性皮肤病32例（占39.02%）,炎症性皮肤病36例（占43.90％),皮肤肿瘤14例(占17.07%)。其中马尔尼菲篮状菌病14例,银屑病10例,湿疹9例,卡波西肉瘤12例。马尔尼菲篮状菌随着CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数的减少,感染率升高（P=0.003）。结论 HIV/AIDS患者皮肤损害的原因感染性主要为马尔尼菲篮状菌感染,且多数发生在CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数低下的患者,炎症性主要为银屑病,最常见的皮肤肿瘤为卡波西肉瘤,临床上需要加强对HIV/AIDS患者伴发各种皮肤病的诊断和治疗。     

Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

The medical records, premortem biopsy specimens, and autopsy materials from 36 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. The majority of the patients were homosexual men. Widely metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma was seen in eight patients, while tumor was confined to the skin in an additional ten. Four patients had high-grade lymphomas. Thirty-five of the 36 patients had at least one opportunistic infection at some point in the course of their illness. Many patients had multiple infectious agents. The most consistent and striking autopsy finding was a severe depletion of lymphoid tissues. Death in the majority (83%) of the patients was attributable to opportunistic infections affecting most commonly the respiratory tract (64%) and meninges (11%). Three patients (9%) died with widely metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma and secondary hemorrhage.     

Survival time of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: experience with 274 patients in Dar-es-Salaam

To determine the survival time once acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has developed, we analysed case records of 274 patients confirmed to have died of the disease. Of the 274 patients 193 were males and 81 females (M:F 2:1). The duration of symptoms ranged from a few weeks to two years but over 70% had apparently enjoyed good health until 2-3 months before diagnosis. Weight loss, severe weakness, chronic diarrhoea, prolonged fevers and oro-pharyngeal candidosis were the commonest features. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was the presenting feature in 2 (0.7%) patients. Frequent concurrent illnesses included tuberculosis (19%), unspecified (23%) and skin lesions other than KS (24%). In 31 (11.3%) patients no concurrent illness was detected. The survival after one week was 63.5% and 7.5% at the end of three months. These results indicate that due to a combination of factors survival of AIDS patients in developing countries is much shorter than in developed countries.     

Immune reconstitution of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome （AIDS） is a chronic infectious disease,which the patients are infected with human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）.HIV damages the human＇s immune function and causes CD4 cell decline in the number and function.Immune reconstitution is an important treatment to AIDS.Bone marrow transplantation,adoptive immune cell therapy and cytokines infusion can all assist the immune reconstitution;highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART） can effectively control the virus replication and benefit the immune reconstitution.HAART combined with immunotherapy is an important method of immune reconstitution in AIDS patients.Chinese medicine is playing a more and more important role in immune reconstitution.Immune reconstitution has always been effective in the whole treatment of AIDS.     

艾滋病患者50例营养支持的疗效分析

目的评价艾滋病患者的营养状况,探讨口服营养支持在艾滋病治疗中的作用,提高患者的生活质量。方法100例艾滋病患者根据其经济能力分为营养研究组和对照组各50例,根据BMI（体重指数）评价患者营养不良程度。两组患者常规治疗护理相同,观察组患者在护士的指导下每天4~5餐的饮食中摄入热量7.5~9.2kJ和适量的营养素。结果营养支持治疗后能提高患者血清白蛋白、血清胆固醇含量,体重和皮褶厚度增加（P〈0.01）,但与对照组比较仅体重差异有统计学意义（P=0.00,P〈0.01）。结论营养支持治疗后体重增加明显,增加患者对治病的信心,有助于机会性感染治疗和抗病毒治疗的进行,提高患者的生存质量。     

Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A case of pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was studied. Diagnosis of AIDS was confirmed by the finding of pulmonary M tuberculosis with oral and oesophageal candidiasis accompanied by characteristic immunological changes with evidence of infection with human T cell lymphotropic virus III. Treatment of this patient was complicated by an unusual drug interaction between rifampicin and ketoconazole, leading to subtherapeutic serum concentrations and poor clinical response to treatment. Intravenous treatment was more effective than oral treatment. This drug interaction should be studied in greater detail as ketoconazole and rifampicin may be used together to treat patients with candidiasis and infection with M tuberculosis.     

Presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Since the first reports of unusual opportunistic infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) in homosexual men in New York and California, attention has been focused on a new epidemic: The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). One manifestation of this disease is Kaposi's Sarcoma. Usually a rare tumor, it occurs with a high incidence in patients with AIDS. In this paper Kaposi's Sarcoma as it appears in AIDS will be examined.     

Conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A patient with confirmed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma was seen in the Eye Clinic, Kenyatta National Hospital, and was found to have involvement of the conjunctiva and lids, confirmed by biopsy. He also had retinal haemorrhages and cotton-wool spots. Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva may be confused with a subconjunctival haemorrhage.     

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in a child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A case is described of an 8 year old child who presented with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus involving the left eye. He had a positive history of pulmonary tuberculosis, repeated hospital admissions and blood transfusion. He was confirmed to have Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. During the course of his followup, he developed cotton-wool spots and perivasculitis in the right eye. The mother was found to be seropositive while the father was seronegative.     

92例艾滋病患者死亡原因分析

目的了解艾滋病患者的死因结构,改善防治对策。方法对收治的92例艾滋病死亡病例进行回顾性分析。结果大部分死亡患者均未高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）,总的机会性感染致死占88.1﹪（81/92）。已进行HAART的患者死因：非艾滋病相关的因素、药物副作用及感染。未进行HAART的患者94.2﹪（81/86）死于机会性感染。CD4＋T淋巴细胞≥200个/μl时引起死亡的病原菌与非HIV感染者相似。CD4＋T淋巴细胞〈100个/μl的死亡原因是肺部感染、马尔尼菲青霉病（PSM）、结核病、耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、感染性休克、隐球菌性脑膜炎等均是致死的重要原因。CD4＋T淋巴细胞〈50个/μl时因PSM死亡的占33.3%（16/48）。结论机会性感染仍是艾滋病患者主要的死亡原因,不同CD4＋T淋巴细胞水平、不同的地域及是否HAART死因均有差异,适宜时机及时HAART可降低患者死亡率。     

综合性医院艾滋病患者肺部病变26例临床分析

目的探讨艾滋病患者肺部病变的临床和诊断要点。方法回顾分析我院（综合性医院）2005年1月-2006年12月期间收治26例艾滋病合并肺部疾病的临床资料。结果26例艾滋病合并肺部疾病的发生率为70．27％（26／37）,以发热（84．62％）及呼吸系症状为主诉者（76．92％）是常见的首发症状,本组患者首诊入院及拟诊科室多为呼吸内科,且多为医师主动筛查;艾滋病的肺部表现主要为胸部CT呈肺部毛玻璃样改变（GGO）,占38．46％,及／或肺炎（23．08％）．以及肺结核（38．46％）。以呼吸道症状入院17例,其中咳嗽咳（黄）痰13例,气促、喘气、呼吸困难11例;以发热消瘦皮疹淋巴结肿大等入院5例;以意识障碍入院2例;以浮肿、腰部不适入院2例。有颅内病变3例,肝硬化1例,淋巴瘤1例,剥脱性皮炎2例,急性肾衰竭1例,败血症及感染2例。口腔霉菌感染2例,猪霍乱沙门菌败血症1例,严重手部感染不愈1例,合并呼吸衰竭6例。结论我国艾滋病患者的肺部病变主要为以胸部CT改变以CGO为特征的肺部弥漫性病变、肺结核及肺部炎症,及时识别艾滋病的肺并发症是延长患者生命的重要手段之一。