腔镜下钬激光内切开加定期尿道扩张治疗男性尿道狭窄及闭锁

目的探讨腔镜下钬激光内切开治疗男性尿道狭窄及闭锁的效果及安全性。方法我院2007年4月～2009年11月收治男性尿道狭窄或闭锁病人17例,狭窄段长0.5～3.0cm,平均1.4cm,采用腔镜下钬激光狭窄段内切开治疗。术后留置尿管2～4周。拔除尿管后根据随访排尿状况定期作尿道扩张。结果 17例病例均取得手术成功,手术时间30～90min,平均40min,术后排尿显著改善,最大尿流率(Qmax)由术前平均6.5(2.8～11.5)ml/s提高到术后20.4(16.6～25.3)ml/s,无尿失禁、阳痿、尿瘘并发症。术后随访3～18个月,均排尿良好,无再狭窄发生,B超检查剩余尿<20ml。结论腔镜下钬激光内切开加定期尿道扩张治疗男性尿道狭窄及闭锁安全有效,近期治疗效果良好,手术创伤小,并发症少,值得推广应用。     

小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄

目的探讨小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年4月我院42例行经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗的男性尿道狭窄患者病历资料,患者年龄23～72岁,平均43岁,其中膜部尿道狭窄18例,前列腺部尿道狭窄5例,前尿道狭窄19例;狭窄段长度：0.3～2.5 cm,平均（1.4±0.3）cm,其中2例狭窄段长度2.0～2.5 cm;38例术前行自由尿流率检查,最大尿流率（Qmax）2.5～7.8 ml/s,平均（4.5±1.2）ml/s;术后留置尿管4～6周,拔除尿管后常规行尿道扩张3～4次,每次间隔1周,定期复查尿流率。 结果42例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间30～70 min,平均（48±9）min,出血量少,无尿外渗、穿孔、感染等并发症,拔除尿管后排尿通畅。随访6～12个月,39例患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率明显改善,为12.6～22.5 ml/s,平均（16.3±3.7）ml/s,3例术后3个月尿线变细、尿流率下降行尿道扩张3～4次后排尿正常。 结论经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄安全、创伤小、并发症少,近期疗效满意。     

输尿管镜下钬激光联合筋膜扩张器治疗成年男性尿道狭窄合并下尿路结石的体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨输尿管镜下钬激光联合筋膜扩张器治疗成年男性尿道狭窄合并下尿路结石的疗效和安全性。方法〓8例尿道狭窄合并下尿路结石患者在输尿管镜直视下钬激光内切开,并用F8至F18筋膜扩张器扩张狭窄尿道并用钬激光经尿道碎石。结果〓8例患者全部获得成功,无明显并发症,患者最大尿流率由治疗前3.5~9.0 mL/s上升至14~22 mL/s,随访3个月~1年,均未出现再次狭窄及结石复发。结论〓输尿管镜下钬激光联合筋膜扩张器治疗成年男性尿道狭窄合并下尿路结石疗效确切,安全性好。     

输尿管镜联合铥激光内切开术治疗尿道狭窄

目的:探讨输尿管镜联合铥激光内切开治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法:尿道狭窄或闭锁36例,采用输尿管镜联合铥激光行尿道内切开,汽化切除尿道瘢痕组织,恢复尿道的连续性,观察其临床疗效及并发症。结果:手术时间10~90 min,平均35 min,术后留置尿管2~6周后均排尿通畅,无尿失禁。随访4~24个月,平均12个月。27例患者无需尿道扩张,5例患者拔管后出现尿线变细,经定期尿道扩张后治愈,3例因未及时行尿道扩张需再次行尿道内切开术,1例行尿道狭窄段切除成形术。结论:输尿管镜联合铥激光行尿道内切开治疗短段尿道狭窄,安全有效,并发症少,住院时间短,亦可作为严重尿道狭窄、尿道闭锁的可选治疗手段,早期疗效良好,但远期效果尚待观察。     

输尿管镜下手术内切开治疗尿道狭窄的临床效果观察

目的总结腔镜技术治疗尿道狭窄的效果。方法对40例男性尿道狭窄患者采用输尿管镜下实施冷刀,钬激光、电切技术等行尿道内切开术治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料结果 40例中腔镜手术成功38例(95.00%),拔除尿管后排尿恢复通畅,2例失败转开放手术后治疗痊愈。患者均获随访12个月,其中10例术后1~2个月再狭窄,行二次腔内手术治疗,经扩尿道后痊愈。结论腔镜直视下应用电切、钬激光等及时实施内切开治疗尿道狭窄,疗效确切。     

腔镜下钬激光治疗尿道狭窄337例报告

目的探讨膀胱镜、输尿管镜或前列腺切除镜下钬激光治疗尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法 2001年10月~2009年10月尿道狭窄或闭锁337例,在膀胱镜、输尿管镜或前列腺切除镜下,利用钬激光光纤纤细,可以作为导丝起引导作用又可以行尿道内切开,切除尿道瘢痕组织,恢复尿道的连续性和排尿通畅。结果 337例手术成功,手术时间10~90min,平均35 min。术后留置气囊导尿管3~8周,平均33 d。337例随访4~24个月,平均12个月,304例排尿通畅,2例因未及时行尿道扩张再次手术,31例行尿道扩张1~6次后排尿道畅。结论应用钬激光行尿道内切开手术,安全高效,手术创伤小,并发症少,住院时间短。手术成功的关键在于多种腔镜的运用和彻底切除尿道瘢痕组织。     

简化治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的初步探讨(附9例报告)

目的：探讨复杂性尿道狭窄简便有效的治疗方法。方法：2002年5月～2005年1月采用钬激光结合多次引导换管持续序列尿道扩张的方法治疗复杂性尿道狭窄患者9例,其中尿道闭锁3例,严重狭窄6例,均为男性。结果：9例均获成功,恢复自主排尿。拔管后1周,最大尿流率10-23ml／s,平均15ml／s,排尿时间23～45s,平均26s。随访3个月,最大尿流率10～18ml／s,平均12ml／s,排尿时间20～45s,平均28s。结论：钬激光结合多次引导换管持续序列尿道扩张治疗复杂性尿道狭窄简单易行,效果稳定可靠,患者痛苦小,费用低。     

后尿道狭窄内镜下处理的临床体会

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光内切开治疗后尿道狭窄的疗效和手术技巧。方法:回顾性分析11例患者的临床资料,均采用经尿道联合经膀胱造瘘口输尿管镜下钬激光内切开治疗复杂后尿道狭窄或闭锁。结果:11例患者均一次性手术成功。术中尿外渗1例,表现为阴囊水肿,术中予阴囊穿刺,保持引流管通畅,术后3d水肿消退。术后轻度尿失禁1例,经加强盆底肌锻炼1周后好转。术后随访3个月~6年,均排尿通畅。结论:输尿管镜下钬激光内切开治疗后尿道狭窄或闭锁创伤小,安全有效。术中采用经膀胱造瘘口行后尿道镜检可更加明确后尿道近端走行和狭窄情况,可减少假道并发症并提高疗效。对瘢痕较多者联合电切可提高术中效率和远期疗效。     

输尿管镜下铥激光治疗尿道狭窄65例临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜下结合铥激光技术尿道内切开治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁中的效果.方法 本院于2005年1月～2010年12月期间对65例尿道狭窄或闭锁的患者在输尿管镜下行铥激光尿道狭窄处内切开术,切除局部纤维瘢痕组织,修整尿道黏膜面,使管腔光滑;尿道闭锁者先行4号尿道探子经耻骨上膀胱造瘘口,沿膀胱前壁滑入尿道内口,然后经尿道置入输尿管镜与尿道探子对接.找到尿道后,将4号输尿管导管经输尿管镜插入膀胱内,输尿管镜随后穿越狭窄段进入膀胱内.铥激光放射状切开尿道狭窄环,并切除、修整尿道内面瘢痕组织,使管腔光滑,直至顺利通过20号尿道探子.结果 所有患者手术过程均顺利,55例一次手术治愈,4例经多次尿道扩张后治愈,4例在术后3个月至1年再次尿道狭窄,行铥激光内切开后治愈,2例3次铥激光内切开手术后治愈.术后前尿道瘘1例,持续导尿后自愈.术后3个月、6个月平均最大尿流率分别为(22.3±3.3)ml/s,(20.1 ±2.5)ml/s.结论 输尿管镜结合铥激光行尿道内切开加瘢痕切除术是治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁安全、创伤小、并发症少,疗效显著,有效的治疗方法.     

输尿管狭窄的腔内治疗

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光内切开术治疗输尿管狭窄的可行性及有效性。方法:回顾分析23例输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料:男15例,女8例,年龄21～64岁,平均41岁;狭窄段长度0.3～1.5cm,平均0.8cm。均行经尿道输尿管镜下钬激光狭窄段内切开术,尽可能全层切开,放置双J管4～8周。结果:手术均顺利,手术时间4～25min,平均13min,出血量0～20ml,平均8ml;术后3天内拔除尿管出院。随访4～67个月,平均36.4个月,2例(8.7%)分别于术后16个月、28个月输尿管局部再狭窄再次行输尿管镜下钬激光内切开术治疗后治愈。结论:对于长度较短的输尿管狭窄行经输尿管镜腔内治疗,手术微创、安全、高效,恢复快,预后佳。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.