Responses of erythroid cells to different neurotic influences

Cells of the erythrocytic series develop hyperplasia in mice exposed to immobilization stress, conflict situation, or conflict situation while being deprived of REM sleep. These mice contain increased numbers of morphologically recognizable erythroid cells and erythroid cell precursors in the bone marrow, and culture media conditioned by their nonadherent or adherent karyocytes shows elevated erythropoietic activity. In contrast, bone marrow erythropoiesis is depressed for a long time in mice deprived of REM sleep and mice with and without experiencing a conflict situation. Probably, enhancement of erythropoiesis is due to activation of adrenergic mechanisms regulating hematopoiesis, while its depression is due to impaired operation of the central adrenergic mechanisms. Translated fromByulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 123, No. 2, pp. 158–161, February, 1997     

Various aspects of the involvement of peritoneal exudate cells in the regulation of apoptosis

Peritoneal exudate cells are involved in the regulation of erythroid cell proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis. However, activation of these processes occurs independently of each other and is regulated by various mechanisms. Hemoglobin synthesis is initiated after changes in pH and/or water-electrolyte balance in the abdominal cavity. Peritoneal exudate cells gaining specific activity under conditions of hemorrhage play a role in stimulation of erythroblast proliferation. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 142, No. 8, pp. 212–215, August, 2006     

Mechanisms of regulation of hemopoiesis during experimental cytostatic myelosuppression induced by carboplatin

The mechanisms of suppression and recovery of the bone marrow erythroid stem were studied on the model of myelosuppression induced by administration of carboplatin in the maximum tolerated dose. Single administration of the cytostatic led to the development of long-term hypoplasia of hemopoiesis. Despite enhanced proliferation of erythroid precursor caused by increased erythropoietic activity of blood plasma and bone marrow cells, inhibition of cell maturation prevented recovery of the content of morphologically recognizable erythrokaryocytes in the bone marrow. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 5, pp. 515–518, May, 2007     

Adrenergic Regulation of Erythropoiesis during Cytostatic-Induced Myelosuppressions

The role of central adrenergic structures in the regulation of the erythroid hematopoietic stem was studied during administration of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil. The central nervous system contributed to suppression of erythropoiesis during cytostatic treatment. The suppressive effect of brain adrenergic structures on the erythron after treatment with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil was related to dysfunction of adherent cells in the hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment (formation of hemopoietic islets and secretion of erythropoietic activity) and production of growth factors by myelokaryocytes, respectively. Brain norepinephrine had an inhibitory effect on proliferative activity and differentiation of erythroid precursors that were associated with the erythropoietin and peripheral α-adrenergic structures. However, stimulation of β-adrenergic structures was followed by an increase in the rate of erythroid cell maturation. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 146, No. 10, pp. 385–390, October, 2008     

Production of transmitters stimulating antitumor cytostatic activity of bone marrow cells by activated lymphocytes

Murine lymphocytes preactivated with mitogen (both T and B) produce soluble transmitters which stimulate cytostatic activity of normal mouse bone marrow cells, tested byin vitro inhibition of P815 mastocytoma and L1210 lymphoma cell growth. γ-Interferon is one of T-cell products stimulating antitumor activity of bone marrow cells. Cytostatic activity stimulated by T-cellular soluble transmitters is another characteristic of bone marrow cells isolated from nude mice. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 6, pp. 660–662, June, 1998     

Reaction of bone marrow hematopoiesis to the toxic effect of paclitaxel

Intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel (Mitotax) in a single dose of 40 mg/kg was followed by an increase in the number of mitotic granulocytic and erythroid cells, hypoplasia, and pancytopenia of the bone marrow in CBA/CaLac mice. The test preparation decreased the number of hematopoietic precursor cells for erythropoiesis and granulocytopoiesis, but increased the count of polyploid cells and incidence of structural and genomic abnormalities in bone marrow cells. These changes were reversible. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 2, pp. 173–177, February, 2008     

Erythropoiesis in the Diploid and Tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus: An Evolutionary Approach in These Cryptic Species (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Polyploidy is one of Nature’s strategies to create diversity among fauna and flora, resulting in new species. We have used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to perform morphometric analyses in maturing erythroid cells of the cryptic species diploid and tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus frogs. Normal blood of both specimens contained 97%–99% erythrocytes and 1%–3% reticulocytes, besides thrombocytes and leucocytes. Mature erythrocytes were flattened, ellipsoidal, nucleated, with cytoplasm rich in haemoglobin. Five days after being made anaemic, 15% and 33% of diploid and tetraploid red blood cells respectively, were in an immature stage, basically proerythroblasts. These cells were also seen at the 10th day, in addition to basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblasts. By day 15 a higher number, 75% and 89% of reticulocytes in earlier maturation stage was found, respectively. At day 20 of recovery from anaemia, there were 63% and 85% of reticulocytes, respectively, most in an advanced stage of maturation. The number of immature cells then gradually decreased at days 30 and 50. Cytoplasmic inclusions similar to Heinz bodies were found in these cells associated with RNA or RNP. Morphometric analysis showed that the tetraploid erythroid cells synthesise 30% more ribosomes than the diploid erythroid cells. The density of ribosomes/μm² allowed these cells to be classified into seven classes: proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts I and II, polychromatophilic erythroblasts I and II, reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Such morphometric strategy suggested that gene activity was more intense in the tetraploid maturing erythroid cells, despite the marked tendency of these tetraploid cells towards diploidisation of the genome expression.     

Erythropoiesis in the Diploid and Tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus : An Evolutionary Approach in These Cryptic Species (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Polyploidy is one of Nature’s strategies to create diversity among fauna and flora, resulting in new species. We have used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to perform morphometric analyses in maturing erythroid cells of the cryptic species diploid and tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus frogs. Normal blood of both specimens contained 97%–99% erythrocytes and 1%–3% reticulocytes, besides thrombocytes and leucocytes. Mature erythrocytes were flattened, ellipsoidal, nucleated, with cytoplasm rich in haemoglobin. Five days after being made anaemic, 15% and 33% of diploid and tetraploid red blood cells respectively, were in an immature stage, basically proerythroblasts. These cells were also seen at the 10th day, in addition to basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblasts. By day 15 a higher number, 75% and 89% of reticulocytes in earlier maturation stage was found, respectively. At day 20 of recovery from anaemia, there were 63% and 85% of reticulocytes, respectively, most in an advanced stage of maturation. The number of immature cells then gradually decreased at days 30 and 50. Cytoplasmic inclusions similar to Heinz bodies were found in these cells associated with RNA or RNP. Morphometric analysis showed that the tetraploid erythroid cells synthesise 30% more ribosomes than the diploid erythroid cells. The density of ribosomes/μm² allowed these cells to be classified into seven classes: proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts I and II, polychromatophilic erythroblasts I and II, reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Such morphometric strategy suggested that gene activity was more intense in the tetraploid maturing erythroid cells, despite the marked tendency of these tetraploid cells towards diploidisation of the genome expression.     

Role of Thy-1,2<Superscript>+</Superscript> cells in the regulation of hemopoiesis during severe hypoxia

We studied the state of the bone marrow Thy-1,2⁺ cell pool under conditions of severe hypoxia. T cell mechanisms of hemopoiesis regulation are preserved under conditions of severe oxygen deficiency due to changes in functional properties of Thy-1,2⁺ cells. We revealed an indirect (mediated through cooperation with adherent myelokaryocytes) stimulating effect of Thy-1,2⁺ cells on erythroid precursors as well as direct and indirect feeder effects of these cells on granulocyte-monocyte precursors. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 23–27, January, 2007     

Peculiarities of bone marrow hemopoiesis in early aging OXYS rats

Colony-forming activity of bone marrow cells in 3-and 12-month-old Wistar rats does not differ by the number of early and erythroid precursors and by the formation of granulocyte-macrophage colonies. In senescence-accelerated OXYS rats, the number of early and erythroid precursors significantly increases by the age of 12 months and surpasses the corresponding values in Wistar rats. The number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in OXYS rats does not change with age, but the numbers of these colonies formed at the age of 3 and 12 months in these animals are higher than in Wistar rats. As a result, the total number of hemopoietic colonies in 12-month-old OXYS rats 2-fold surpassed that in 12-month-old Wistar rats. Activation of granulopoiesis and increased numbers of early and erythroid precursors indicate deep changes in the functional status of the hemopoietic stem cell in 1-year-old OXYS rats in the direction characteristic of aging animals. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 144, No. 7, pp. 96–99, July, 2007     

Morphometric study of trephine biopsy specimens in aggressive and indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Morphometric study of the erythroid stem was performed in aggressive and indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas vs. other cells and tissues of the bone marrow (including the tumor tissue) before chemotherapy. Hypoplasia and abnormal maturation of the erythroid stem were particularly pronounced in diffuse infi ltration of the bone marrow, which did not depend on lymphoma aggressiveness. Hypoplasia of the erythroid stem was often observed during focal infi ltration of the bone marrow with lymphoma cells (despite a smaller area of tumor tissue in aggressive lymphomas than in indolent lymphomas). A decrease in the relative area of adipose tissue, smooth resorption of bone tissue, and myelofi brosis are the major changes in the bone marrow microenvironment.     

Comparative analysis of budded virus infectivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mandarina</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. mori</Emphasis> nucleopolyhedroviruses

Bombyx mandarina nucleopolyhedrovirus (BomaNPV) is a variant of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). BomaNPV S1 strain has been reported to be significantly less virulent than the BmNPV T3 strain via the oral infection route in B. mori larvae, but other features of S1 including budded virus (BV) infectivity and virus propagation in cultured cells are still unknown. In this study, we compared BV infectivity of S1 and T3 in B. mori larvae and cultured cells. Larval bioassays by intrahemocoelic BV injection revealed that the median lethal dose of S1’s BV was approximately three times lower than that of T3. In addition, S1 produced more BVs and occlusion bodies (OBs) in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae compared with T3. Furthermore, we observed that the locomotion was enhanced earlier and the median lethal time was shorter in S1-infected larvae compared with those in T3-infected larvae. Western blot analysis of S1- and T3-infected BmN cells revealed that expression of late and very late gene products in S1-infected cells was higher than that in T3-infected cells. Collectively, these results clearly show that S1’s BV infectivity is higher than that of T3 in both B. mori larvae and cultured cells, although S1’s OBs are much less infectious to B. mori larvae than T3’s.     

Expression of mRNA for several enzymes of xenobiotic detoxification in normal and spontaneously transformed mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cells of rats

Expression of mRNA for the mdr1 gene, cytochrome P450 isoforms 1A1 and 1B1, Ah receptor, and ARNT protein regulating the concentration of cytochrome P450 mRNA was compared in normal and spontaneously transformed mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cells from rats. Expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 mRNA decreased in transformed mesothelial and mesothelioma cells compared to normal mesothelial cells. mRNA for the mdr1 gene was undetected in normal mesothelial cells. Expression of mRNA for the Ah receptor and ARNT protein did not differ in cultured cells. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 141, No. 3, pp. 330–333, March, 2006     

Colony growth of Philippine isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Blastocystis hominis</Emphasis> in simplified,soft agar medium

The agar-cloning technique of Blastocystis hominis has been observed in both solid and semisolid agar using Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium. In this study, Philippine isolates of B. hominis were grown by pour-plate method in semisolid agar using Locke’s solution. Inoculated plates contained 0.7% agar, 10% horse serum, and 0.1% sodium thioglycollate. Plates were incubated at 37°C in a microaerophilic jar for 7–10 days. Biconvex disk-shaped colonies were seen abound at the bottom half of the medium. Colonies growing at the agar–glass interface were flat and consisted of thin layers of cells. From these colonies, large amoeboid cells were frequently seen on the periphery, whereas smaller cells were concentrated at the core. Analysis of the SSU rDNA genetically established the identity of the clones to be B. hominis. This is the first report on agar cloning of Blastocystis in a compound medium.     

Effect of proteins from the spirochete <Emphasis Type="Italic">Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato</Emphasis> on myelinated nerve excitability

We studied the effect of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato cell membrane proteins on excitability of myelinated nerve fiber. It was found that cell surface proteins of spirochetes B. burgdorferi s. s. bind to Ranvier nodes of the axon and to Schwann cells. Binding of B. burgdorferi s. s. and B. garinii to the nerve fiber modulates the amplitude and conduction velocity of the action potential, while B. afzelii had no effect on these parameters. The decrease in the spike amplitude and conduction velocity during sorption of B. burgdorferi s. s. or cell wall proteins was accompanied by desorption of membrane-bound calcium. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 42–45, January, 2007     

Experimental Study of Ultralow-Dose Antibodies to Cyclophosphamide on Cyclophosphamide Myelotoxicity

The possibility of using ultralow-dose cyclophosphamide for reducing the myelotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, injected in the maximum permissible dose, was studied in mice. Combined treatment by the cytostatic and its ultralow-dose preparation led to a lesser suppression of the erythroid, lymphocytic, and particularly granulocytic hemopoiesis stems. This effect is explained by stimulation of the secretory activity of hemopoiesisinducing microenvironment and hence, of the functional activity of granulocytopoiesis under the effect of ultralow-dose cyclophosphamide. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 147, No. 3, pp. 295–299, March, 2009     

Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide potentiates the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α and cisplatin on transformed cells <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

We studied the effect of combined treatment with cisplatin, glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide, and TNF-α on viability of MCF-7, U-937, B16, and L-929 tumor cells, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, and normal cells (human peripheral blood lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophages, and mouse bone marrow cells). Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide was nontoxic for normal and tumor cells, but promoted death of tumor cells after administration in combination with cisplatin and/or TNF-α. At the same time, glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide did not modulate the cytotoxic effect of individual or combined treatment with cisplatin and TNF-α on normal cells. Administration of glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide to cultured MCF-7 cells 20 h before the study increased the potentiating effect of muramyl peptide. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 2, pp. 214–217, February, 2007     

Androgen-dependent mast cell degranulation in the Harderian gland of female Syrian hamsters: in vivo and organ culture evidence

 In previous articles we have reported the ’’disappearance’’ of Harderian gland mast cells (HGMC) after treatment with testosterone. In the present work we study: (a) if the apparent decrease in the number of mast cells caused by this androgen is real or is due to the fact that testosterone induces mast cell degranulation that avoids its recognition by toluidine blue staining; (b) if testosterone acts through its receptor directly on the Harderian gland (HG). In order to give an answer to the first question, we observed HG of female Syrian hamsters treated with testosterone under the electron microscope to find the possible degranulated mast cells not recognizable with the aid of the toluidine blue staining. We also studied in vivo and in vitro the effects of the β-agonists isoproterenol and salbutamol, given that they increase cAMP and can therefore prevent degranulation of mast cells. Finally we have used cytocalasin B, which inhibits degranulation by blocking actin depolimerization. Both the β-agonists and cytochalasin B were able to prevent the decrease of mast cells, as recognized by staining with toluidine blue after treatment with testosterone. Indeed, when observed under the electron microscope, abundant degranulated mast cells were found after treatment with testosterone. For solving the second issue we analyzed the effect of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that testosterone is able to induce degranulation of HGMC in the Syrian hamster Mesocricetus auratus and that this effect is achieved directly through its receptor on the Harderian gland. Accepted: 14 March 1997     

Role of transforming growth factor-β in erythroid cell-mediated suppression of B-cell blastogenesis

Soluble products spontaneously secreted by murine nuclear erythroid cells directly suppress the proliferation of activated B-lymphocytes induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Blocking of the transforming growth factor-β synthesis in nuclear erythroid cells by antisense oligonucleotides binding mRNA and blocking of this factor's functional activity by neutralizing antibodies were associated with a marked decrease in suppressor activity of the medium conditioned by nuclear erythroid cells. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 11, pp. 550–553, November, 1997