肺曲菌病23例临床病理分析

目的探讨分析肺曲菌病的临床及病理学特征。方法对23例经手术切除、病理检查确诊肺曲菌病病例的临床、病理学特征进行分析研究。结果肺曲菌病在临床、影像学上表现多样,病理学改变以坏死性炎症为主,可伴发支扩、空洞形成等特征;镜下见特征性曲菌菌丝,也可形成Splendore-Hoeppli现象。结论肺曲菌病临床表现无明显特异性,易误诊误治,经病理学检查和病原体培养可明确诊断。     

肺结核病与肺真菌病临床鉴别诊断探讨

目的 提高肺真菌病与肺结核病的鉴别诊断水平.方法 分析10例误诊为肺结核病的肺真菌病例的临床资料、胸部影像学改变及实验室、病理检查资料.结果 根据诊断结果分类肺曲菌病5例,其中2例为侵袭性肺曲菌病,3例为肺曲菌球;诊断为肺隐球菌病2例,临床诊断2例.根据影像学改变特点分类肺炎型3例,其中1例为曲霉菌感染,3例临床诊断;表现为双肺多发性病灶4例,其中1例为隐球菌感染,2例为曲菌感染,1例临床诊断.表现为孤立性结节1例,为隐球菌感染,表现为空洞内曲菌球3例,均在肺结核空洞基础上发病.结论 肺真菌病病理改变与浸润性肺结核相似,易误诊为肺结核,鉴别诊断需从发病诱因、临床症状、胸部影像学改变多角度观察分析,肺真菌病的确诊最终多通过支气管镜或肺穿刺取得标本行病原体检查或通过胸外科手术病理证实.     

慢性坏死性肺曲霉病与肺曲霉球临床病理比较分析

目的 了解慢性坏死性肺曲霉病(CNPA)与肺曲霉球的临床表现、影像学和病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析2000至2004年浙江大学附属第一医院手术和病理证实的8例CNPA和26例肺曲霉球患者的临床表现、影像学和病理资料.结果 CNPA和肺曲霉球在发病年龄上差异无统计学意义,且都好发于陈旧性肺结核与肺脓肿患者.8例CNPA患者均有咳嗽、咳痰,7例咯血,5例伴全身中毒症状.26例肺曲霉球患者中,最常见的症状为咯血,有25例,咳嗽、咳痰17例,2例伴有全身中毒症状.影像学上,CNPA和肺曲霉球均可出现空气新月征,有提示性诊断意义,但前者空洞周围有浸润阴影、洞壁较厚和洞壁不规则等特征.病理学上,CNPA和肺曲霉球都可见锐角分支、有隔膜的曲霉菌丝,但前者的特点是肺组织内有曲霉菌丝侵袭、组织坏死和肉芽形成,曲霉菌只在空洞或扩张成囊的支气管内生长,不侵犯肺组织.结论 组织病理检查是鉴别CNPA和肺曲霉球的金标准,临床和影像学检查也有一定价值.     

肺曲菌球的CT及胸片表现

肺曲菌病是肺部最常见的真菌病,在人体抵抗力低下时,曲菌形成于肺大泡、肺囊肿、肺结核、支气管扩张、慢性肺脓肿、肺癌等的空洞或空腔内。本文回顾性分析12例经手术后病理确诊的肺曲菌球的CT表现,回顾性分析其影像学表现特点,旨在提高对本病的认识。     

肺曲菌球病63例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的临床特征和治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2008.1~2014.10年收治63例病理确诊肺曲菌球病患者的临床诊治情况。结果 HCT37%24例,血清前白蛋白(PA)200 mg/L20例,LY1.5×10~9/L 19例;肺结核空洞22例,支气管扩张症19例,6例无明确基础疾病;咳嗽46例,咯血59例,大咯血29例。典型影像学表现48例,误诊4例,漏诊11例;可见纵隔淋巴结23例,短径小于1 cm,淋巴结活检提示反应性增生。病灶位于左肺上叶17例,右肺上叶29例。肺功能检查:总弥散量低于比弥散量(t=-9.422,P0.001);均行外科手术治疗;58例随访影像学未见复发;大咯血与相关危险因素的Logistic分析,肺结核空洞OR=6.113,P=0.008,空洞或空腔内长径OR=2.410,P=0.004。结论肺曲菌球病咯血和咳嗽为主要症状;病灶多位于双肺上叶,影像学特征典型,大咯血患者的曲菌球长径、空洞或空腔长内径长于非大咯血患者;弥散功能有一定特征性;首选手术治疗;肺结核空洞和空洞或空腔内长径是大咯血的危险因素。     

老年肺硬化性血管瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨老年肺硬化性血管瘤的临床病理.方法 分析65例老年肺硬化性血管瘤患者的临床资料,对其临床特征、影像学检查和组织病理学检查予以分析.结果 老年肺硬化性血管瘤的临床特征是以女性多见,多数无临床症状,主要的症状是咳嗽、咳痰,临床上多数误诊为神经源性肿瘤和肺部肿块或结节,一般经过手术治疗后很少有复发和肿瘤转移情况;影像学一般无脂肪、空洞和胸膜受侵,边缘以光滑为主,上下叶肺可有点状钙化;在组织学方面,巨检均位于肺实质内,呈圆形或椭圆形,边界清楚,无包膜,切面以棕黄色和灰白相间为主,镜检有四种结构：肺泡上皮增生形成的乳头状结构、实性细胞区、肺泡内出血和硬化性变化,在免疫组化表达方面以TTF-1、EMA、AE1/AE3和CgA、Syn阳性表达为主.结论 老年肺硬化性血管瘤的临床特征不典型,缺乏特异性,但是组织病理学和影像学检查可明确诊断,而手术治疗可治愈此病且预后良好.     

肺曲霉病53例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲霉病的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析2008-01～2010-12经肺切除术后病理证实的53例肺曲霉病(曲霉球24例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病21例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病合并曲霉球8例)患者的病历资料.结果 53例中有基础疾病39例,最常见为肺结核,其次为支气管扩张症,临床表现无特异性.影像学检查病变部位以上肺最常见,共37例;病灶特点以肺叶、肺段浸润阴影伴空洞最多见,共43例;新月征7例,空洞内附壁结节影或不规则块状致密影27例.所有患者均经肺切除术后病理检查确诊,50例患者未行抗真菌治疗.术后复发的5例为慢性坏死性肺曲霉病、双肺多叶病变且术后未行抗真菌治疗者.结论 慢性坏死性肺曲霉病与曲霉球临床表现无特异性,易误诊为肺结核,出现新月征有提示性诊断意义,确诊需要病理依据.曲霉球首选手术治疗,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病可予药物治疗或手术治疗,病灶切除完全、无基础病和免疫功能抑制者可不用抗真菌治疗.     

活动性肺结核时肺部曲菌球的处理

作者收集1977年1月～1983年9月在尼日利亚某大学胸科医院就诊的肺结核1,345例,其中以肺部曲菌球住院者11例。年龄29～61岁。男7、女4例。出现症状至就诊时间为1周至1年半。常见症状为反复咯血、咳嗽、多痰、体重减轻、盗汗、呼吸困难、乏力、杵状指等。11例中9例涂片找到抗酸杆菌,另2例痰培养抗酸杆菌生长。仅4例痰中发现真菌。全部病例的手术切除标本经组织学证实为肺结核与曲菌球并存。作者主张对肺结核空洞内合并曲菌球的首选疗     

肺曲菌病12例的多层螺旋CT表现分析

目的分析肺曲菌病的多层螺旋CT表现,提高对该病的诊断水平。方法对12例经病理和治疗证实的肺曲菌病病人的临床和多层螺旋CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果 12例中8例为曲菌球,4例为侵袭性肺曲菌病。双肺多发2例,右肺7例,左肺3例。8例曲菌球CT表现为空洞性结节,6例呈新月征,空洞壁厚薄不均。4例侵袭性肺曲菌病中,表现为不规则斑片、斑块浸润影2例,表现为结节影和楔形实变影2例,周边有晕圈征。结论认识肺曲菌病影像的特征性表现,有利于其早期正确诊断和治疗。     

曲菌性肺炎

作者报告5例弥漫性曲菌性肺炎,病变发展迅速,患者最终死亡,有别于较常见的局限型空洞内继发曲菌球。该病为急性或亚急性型,起病突然,有发热、败血症等临床症状。发展极为迅速。X线表现为单侧或双侧弥漫性肺炎,广泛浸润,并可见融合;分层片更清晰,病灶迅速坏死形成空洞。依据痰液真菌培养和血清免疫电泳作出诊断。本组5例作痰液培养,3例发现烟色曲菌;4例作血清免疫电泳,3例阳性。血白细胞计数可明显增高,且以嗜中性粒细胞为主。抗菌素及皮质激素治疗无效。患者往往全身或/及肺部抵抗力降低,本组患者年龄61～80岁。全身情况较差者3例。慢性支气管炎、严重肺气肿者3例。有1例于7年前曾因肺空洞     

A case of non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis that rapidly deteriorated]

The pulmonary diseases caused by the Aspergillus species include invasive forms, for example, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, and non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Though these forms are defined pathologically by the presence of the Aspergillus species that invades the lung tissue, they are used as clinical entities. We report a case of non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis which, from the clinical data, appeared likely to be misdiagnosed as the chronic invasive form. A 45 year-old man received chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer as well as undergoing an left upper lobectomy. Two weeks after the surgery the patient developed a cough, high fever and chest pain. Chest radiography and chest computed tomography showed a rapidly enlarging cavity with an internal mass and infiltration in the left lower lung field. A transbronchial biopsy specimen of the cavity wall showed fungal hyphae. Bronchial washing culture grew Aspergillus fumigatus. Itraconazole and amphotericin B were administered, but the patient's condition did not improve. A left lower lobectomy was performed. The histologic findings showed that the fungal hyphae were only on the surface of the cavity wall, and were surrounded by necrosis and widespread inflammatory cell infiltration. No fungal invasion of the viable lung tissue was seen. The area of infiltration revealed an organizing pneumonia without Aspergillus or other organisms. Our final diagnosis was non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. There has been no recurrence of the lung cancer or of the pulmonary aspergillosis in the three years since surgery. It is reported that non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis passes through a period so active that it seems to be the invasive form for its entire clinical course. To avoid confusion in diagnosis, establishment of a comprehensive clinical classification of pulmonary aspergillosis will be needed.     

Aspergillus Lung Disease in Patients with Sarcoidosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) has been associated with advanced lung diseases. Pulmonary sarcoidosis, a granulomatous inflammatory disorder, is associated with CCPA. We identified CCPA in 2% of cases in a large cohort of sarcoidosis patients. We found a lack of response to medical treatment and poor outcome in this subgroup.     

Neuropathie périphérique sous voriconazole au cours d’une aspergillose pulmonaire cavitaire chronique

Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis requires a first-line prolonged treatment with itraconazole or voriconazole. We report a 71-year-old immunocompetent man with polyarteritis and history of multiple lung surgery procedures, who developed a peripheral axonal neuropathy 1 month after voriconazole therapy was started for a chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. After discontinuation of the treatment and a switch to posaconazole, the neuropathy partly improved. Three other cases of peripheral neuropathy with voriconazole have been already published, all reversible after voriconazole discontinuation.     

无免疫功能缺陷者肺曲霉感染15例临床分析

目的 探讨无免疫功能缺陷患者肺曲霉感染的诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2006年12月在北京军区总医院胸外科住院的15例肺曲霉感染患者的病历资料.结果 15例患者中男12例,女3例,年龄43～62岁,平均46.8岁.12例有肺部病变;2例肺内肿块影,CT显示有晕征;1 例左主支气管腔内可见曲霉.15例均无免疫功能缺陷.肺癌空洞伴曲菌球的术前、术后诊断符合率为100%.术前经细菌学诊断者仅3例,诊断为肺癌2例.手术治疗13例,其中12例恢复良好,无并发症;1例胸膜残腔感染经开窗引流和抗曲霉治疗,感染未能控制.1例仅行抗肿瘤治疗,1例猝死.结论 CT表现的晕征及组织学检查对疑有肺曲霉感染者的诊断有重要意义.基础性肺病变伴曲菌球和肿块表现的肺曲霉感染应积极手术治疗.     

Aspergillus spondylodiskitis in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Invasive aspergillosis is a well-known complication in immunocompromised patients. There are only a few reports of invasive aspergillosis in non-immunocompromised patients. We describe a 72-year-old female patient with clinical signs of spondylodiskitis occurring 4 months after what had appeared to be successful treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis. The patient used inhalation corticosteroids on a daily basis because of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Spondylodiskitis of the intervertebral disc Th11 and Th12 with involvement of both adjacent vertebral bodies was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of septate hyphae, indicative of Aspergillus species. Subsequently, evidence of Aspergillus spondylodiskitis was obtained by amplification of Aspergillus-DNA with a specific polymerase chain reaction method. Aspergillus spondylodiskitis after pulmonary aspergillosis is only very rarely encountered. Patients with COPD, managed with short-term courses of systemic corticosteroids or with high-dose corticosteroid inhalation therapies, are considered non-immunocompromised but might be at risk of developing invasive aspergillosis.     

A case of rapidly progressing pulmonary aspergillosis presenting various forms of shadow]

A 66-year-old woman who had a history of bullous pemphigoid was admitted to our hospital with abnormal shadows on chest radiography. She was being treated with prednisolone, which suggested that she might be in an immunosuppressed state. The chest radiograph and CT scan disclosed an infiltrative opacity, rapidly progressive cavitation, subsequent mycetoma formation, and a nodular shadow with a clear margin. Histological examination revealed a fungus ball in the cavitary lesion and a small mass of hyphae in necrotic tissue. After transbronchoscopic infusion of fluconazole, the cavitary lesion showed a marked resolution on the chest CT scan, and the infiltrative shadow and the nodule disappeared. It is said that aspergillosis is a spectrum of conditions whose precise manifestation is determined by the state of the lung tissue and by the patient's immune status. We report this rare case of pulmonary aspergillosis presenting various forms of shadow.     

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by a cavitary lesion caused by Pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium complex disease

A 66-year-old woman who had undergone one year's treatment for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease due to Mycobacterium avium (rifampicin, ethambutol, clarithromycin, streptomycin-->levofloxacin) five years earlier was admitted to our hospital because of continuous fever and a newly detected abnormal chest shadow, which was like a fungus ball in the right upper lobe on chest computed tomography in the giant cavitary lesion caused by pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium complex (MAC) disease. A diagnosis of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) complicated by pulmonary MAC disease was made because Aspergillus niger was isolated from several sputum specimens, anti-aspergillus antibody was positive, and clinical symptoms such as fever, were disclosed with the radiological finding of a fungus ball-like shadow and an infiltration shadow around the cavity. The patient had received various forms of antifungal chemotherapy, but the clinical effect had been poor. Since then, she had been slowly worsening. Although mycetomas, with the typical appearance of a fungus ball on a chest radiograph, have been reported to easily form in cavitary lesions caused by previous pulmonary tuberculosis, we believe, as illustrated by the present case, that they could also form in such lesions caused by pulmonary MAC disease, since the frequency of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease has recently been increasing in comparison with that of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neoplastic diseases

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in granulocytopenic patients. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the microbiology, hospital epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus conidia (spores) are inhaled from environmental sources into the paranasal sinuses and lower respiratory tract. Persistent fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and pleuritic pain in granulocytopenic patients receiving antibacterial antibiotics is a common manifestation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Computerized tomographic scans of the chest often reveal characteristic peripheral nodules that also may progress to characteristic cavitary lesions. Hemoptysis may develop due either to hemorrhagic infarction during granulocytopenia or to the rupture of mycotic aneurysms during recovery from granulocytopenia. Aspergillus organisms may extend locally from the lung to involve other thoracic structures, including the heart and chest wall, and may disseminate to extrapulmonary sites, such as the brain, where focal neurological deficits ensue. Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may be difficult. Isolation of Aspergillus organisms from respiratory secretions of a persistently febrile granulocytopenic patient is usually indicative of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and should not be dismissed as a contaminant or saprophyte. Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice; however, high dosages (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/day) are often necessary. Aspergillosis may develop in granulocytopenic patients who are already receiving empirical amphotericin B in lower doses (0.5 to 0.6 mg/kg/day). It is hoped that further investigation directed toward an understanding of pathogenesis, improving diagnostic methodology, and developing new therapeutic and preventive strategies will improve the outcome of this life-threatening infection.     

Superinfection of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A 63-year-old woman with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by active pulmonary tuberculosis is reported. A small infiltrative shadow appeared, but no definite diagnosis was made. Six years later the shadow was found to have increased in size; chest CT revealed a fungus ball, while a transbronchial lung biopsy revealed aspergillus hyphae. The intrabronchial inoculation of amphotericin B proved ineffective, and a lobectomy was performed. Histopathologic findings showed necrotic granulomas containing aspergillus and some acid-fast bacilli. While the superinfection of healed tuberculous lesions by Mycobacteria or Aspergillus species is well documented, their coexistence is rare.