重组人促红细胞生成素对大鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 制作Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注(RIR)损伤模型,探讨腹腔内注射重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)对急性RIR损伤所致的大鼠视网膜神经元损伤的保护作用及其对热休克蛋白72(HSP72)表达的影响.方法 采用前房灌注的方式建立RIR损伤模型,灌注压110 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa),缺血时间1h;腹腔注射rHuEPO.78只SD大鼠随机分组:正常组6只,EPO组、EPO+槲皮黄酮组、RIR组各24只,均以右眼为实验眼.采用免疫组织化学法和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)分别测定正常对照组和各实验组大鼠再灌注24h、48 h、72 h和1周视网膜中HSP72及凋亡细胞的表达,观察各组大鼠视网膜病理学改变.结果 ①正常组大鼠视网膜中HSP72表达微弱,各实验组大鼠视网膜中HSP72表达自再灌注12 h开始增强,24h达到高峰,随后逐渐减弱,72 h时表达稍高于正常.再灌注后各时间段,EPO组大鼠视网膜中HSP72表达均高于RIR组、EPO+槲皮黄酮组(P＜0.05).②正常大鼠视网膜中几乎没有凋亡细胞.再灌注后12 h,各实验组大鼠视网膜中可见凋亡细胞,24 h达高峰,48 h后凋亡细胞数逐渐减少;再灌注后各组大鼠视网膜中凋亡细胞数比正常组多(P＜0.05).③再灌注后,RIR组,EPO+槲皮黄酮组大鼠内层视网膜明显水肿,炎性细胞侵入,膜结构逐渐破坏;EPO组大鼠视网膜结构保持相对完整,炎性细胞相对较少.结论 ①HSP72在正常大鼠视网膜中表达微弱,RIR损伤后表达增多.腹腔注射EPO可以明显诱导大鼠视网膜中HSP72的表达增多.②EPO可以减少大鼠RIR损伤后视网膜细胞凋亡,减少视网膜内炎性细胞的浸润,保护视网膜结构,对视网膜具有明显的保护作用.其机制可能与使HSP72表达上调有关.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2012,12:30-35)     

Brn3b基因对视神经损伤条件下视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨Brn3b过表达对视神经损伤条件下视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells,RGCs）的保护作用。方法　选取雄性健康成年BALB/c小鼠60只,用微型视神经夹将小鼠右眼球后视神经夹持损伤,按视神经损伤后的天数依次分为第1、3、5、7、14天组,小鼠左侧正常眼作为空白组,明确视神经损伤天数条件。选取雄性健康成年BALB/c小鼠40只,用微量进样器以小鼠右眼玻璃体内注射的方法将腺相关病毒载体转染小鼠视网膜,建立Brn3b过表达模型并分组:Brn3b过表达组［转染Brn3b过表达腺相关病毒载体（Brn3b overexpressed adeno-associated viral vector,AAV-CMV-Brn3b）］和阴性对照组［转染空白腺相关病毒载体（blank adeno-associated viral vector,AAV-CMV-GFP）阴性对照物］,每组20只;之后,取Brn3b过表达组和阴性对照组各10只,用微型视神经夹将小鼠右眼球后视神经夹持损伤,构建模拟小鼠视神经损伤（controlled optic nerve crush,CONC）模型并分组:CONC-Brn3b过表达组和CONC-阴性对照组。利用视网膜铺片和切片免疫荧光标记相关蛋白表达量,检测Brn3b过表达对视神经损伤条件下RGCs、Brn3b和Caspase3蛋白表达的影响,并对其共定位情况做出统计分析。结果　与阴性对照组相比,Brn3b过表达组小鼠视网膜Brn3b的表达水平明显增加。在小鼠CONC模型制作后的第7天RGCs的总凋亡数量达到65%,第14天RGCs的凋亡数量未见进一步改变。免疫荧光标记的蛋白表达量及其共定位分析显示,在视神经损伤条件下,与CONC-阴性对照组相比,CONC-Brn3b过表达组小鼠RGCs的凋亡量以及凋亡因子Caspase3的表达量均明显减少,差异均有统计学意义（均为P＜0.001）。结论　Brn3b基因对视神经损伤条件下RGC具有明确的保护作用,Brn3b基因对凋亡因子Caspase3的表达可能具有一定的抑制作用。     

miR-22-3p对蓝光暴露下大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其机制

目的　探讨miR-22-3p对蓝光暴露下的大鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的保护作用及机制。方法　取36只清洁级SD大鼠, 将12只SD大鼠随机分为2组:对照组与蓝光暴露组,每组6只。对照组采用正常的12 h明暗循环饲养;蓝光暴露组大鼠先进行暗适应24 h,随后采用复方托吡卡胺散瞳,将大鼠暴露在蓝光（光照强度1500 lux）下2 h;另取24只大鼠随机分为4组:对照组、蓝光暴露组、AAV-miR22组、AAV-miR22&PTEN组,每组6只。对照组采用正常的12 h明暗循环饲养,其余3组均接受蓝光暴露处理,AAV-miR22组注射1 μL含 2.5×10⁹ vg(基因组拷贝数)的AAV-7m8-miR-22-3p,AAV-miR22&PTEN组注射1 μL含2.5×10⁹ vg的AAV-7m8-miR-22-3p&PTEN,对照组与蓝光暴露组向大鼠玻璃体内注射1 μL生理盐水,注射结束使用氧氟沙星眼膏预防感染。取大鼠眼球组织行HE染色,在光学显微镜下观察检测神经节细胞层（GCL）、GCL至外核层 (ONL)的厚度,其中包含有内丛状层（IPL）、内核层(INL)、外丛状层（OPL）;采用NeuN免疫荧光组织化学染色标记RGC,计数视网膜上NeuN标记的阳性细胞数;TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡;采用Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒转染阴性对照、miR-22-3p mimic、miR-22-3p inhibitor至RGC-5细胞,转染48 h后测定miR-22-3p表达量,转染成功即可采用Western blot检测PTEN蛋白表达情况;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-22-3p表达,Western blot检测PTEN、p-Akt、Akt与Nrf2蛋白表达情况;双荧光素酶报告实验在酶标仪上测定荧光素酶活性。结果　HE染色结果证实:与对照组相比,蓝光暴露组大鼠视网膜组织萎缩,视网膜GCL、GCL至ONL厚度变薄（P<0.05）。另外,NeuN免疫荧光组织化学染色发现:与对照组相比,蓝光暴露组大鼠视网膜组织RGC数减少（P<0.05）。实时荧光定量PCR实验结果显示:与对照组相比,蓝光暴露组大鼠视网膜组织内miR-22-3p相对表达量降低（P<0.05）。Western blot检测结果显示:与对照组相比,蓝光暴露组大鼠视网膜组织内PTEN蛋白的表达水平升高,Nrf2蛋白的表达水平和p-Akt/Akt蛋白表达比值均降低（均为P<0.05）;miR-22-3p能够负向调控PTEN蛋白在RGC内的表达水平（P<0.05）。HE染色结果显示:过表达miR-22-3p能够缓解蓝光诱导的大鼠视网膜萎缩,并且能够提高大鼠视网膜GCL、GCL至ONL厚度。NeuN免疫荧光组织化学染色结果证实:过表达miR-22-3p能够通过靶向抑制PTEN表达提高蓝光暴露大鼠视网膜上RGC数。TUNEL实验结果证实:miR-22-3p能够通过抑制PTEN表达缓解蓝光诱导的大鼠视网膜RGC凋亡。结论　miR-22-3p能够通过靶向抑制PTEN的表达,激活PI3K/Akt/Nrf2通路,缓解蓝光诱导的大鼠RGC凋亡。     

Houttuynia cordata Thunb rescues retinal ganglion cells through inhibiting microglia activation in a rat model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion

AIM: To observe the melanin change of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid in the convalescent stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 40 eyes of 20 patients in the convalescent stage of VKH. Fundus photography (FP), multispectral imaging (MSI), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed. RESULTS: In the VKH convalescent stage, focal RPE melanin accumulation (FRMA) was detected in 34 eyes (85%) on MSI and in 7 eyes (17.5%) on FP. FRMA was limited to the previous retinal detachment area in all 28 eyes (FRMA was detected in 34 eyes on MSI, which were enrolled, and 6 eyes lacked data in the acute stage). Sunset-glow fundus was detected in 20 eyes (50%) on FP. The mean density of FRMA in a 1-mm-diameter circular area of the fovea was 0.04±0.07 on MSI, which was significantly correlated with sunset-glow fundus (ρ=0.467, P=0.02). CONCLUSION: In the VKH convalescent stage, FRMA is derived from the RPE melanin change, and sunset-glow fundus is derived from the choroid melanin change. A higher density of FRMA in the fovea and sunset-glow fundus represents more serious depigmentation of melanin.     

KLF7对TLR4/NLRP3炎症小体激活的抑制作用及其对视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨Krüppel样因子7(KLF7)通过抑制Toll样受体4/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (TLR4/NLRP3)炎症小体的激活对视网膜缺血-再灌注(RIR)损伤大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)凋亡的影响。方法 将60只大鼠随机分为对照组、RIR组和KLF7组,每组20只。RIR组和KLF7组建立RIR模型,KLF7组大鼠腹腔注射2μL AAV2-KLF7腺病毒,对照组和RIR组大鼠注射100μL PBS。HE染色观察大鼠视网膜形态变化,显微镜下测量神经节细胞层(GCL)厚度和GCL中RGC数量,Western blot检测大鼠视网膜组织中KLF7、TLR4、髓样分化因子初次应答基因88(MYD88)、NLRP3、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关分子6(TRAF6)蛋白表达水平,TUNEL检测RGC凋亡,ELISA法检测大鼠视网膜组织中白细胞介素(IL)-18和IL-1β表达水平。结果 对照组大鼠的视网膜内界膜平滑完整。RIR组大鼠内核层、外核层细胞排列明显疏松、紊乱,RGC数量减少。KLF7组大鼠RGC数量较RIR组减少,视网膜较前变薄,但视网膜损伤程度较RIR组明显减轻。与对照组...     

lncRNA Ttc3-209 Promotes the Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Targeting the miR-484/Wnt8a Axis

PurposeApoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can cause irreversible damage to visual function after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIR). Using a lncRNA chip assay, we selected lncRNA Ttc-209 and characterized its role in RGCs during ischemia reperfusion (I/R)–induced apoptosis.MethodsWe created an ischemic model of RGCs by applying Hank''s balanced salt solution containing 10 µM antimycin A and 2 µM calcium ionophore for 2 hours. RIR was induced in mice by elevating the intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 1 hour by cannulation of the cornea; this was followed by reperfusion. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and target gene mRNA. Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, and TUNEL assays were performed to detect cell apoptosis. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and FISH were used to identify endogenous competitive RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms that link lncRNAs, miRNAs, and target genes. We also used scotopic electroretinography examinations to evaluate visual function in treated mice.ResultslncRNA Ttc3-209 was significantly upregulated after I/R injury and played a proapoptotic role in RGCs during I/R-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, lncRNA Ttc3-209 is a ceRNA that competitively binds to miR-484 and upregulates the translation of its target (Wnt8a mRNA), thus promoting apoptosis in RGCs.ConclusionsReducing the expression of lncRNA Ttc3-209 had a protective effect against apoptosis in RGCs. This may provide a new therapeutic option for the prevention of RGC apoptosis in response to RIR injury.     

Retinal ganglion cell numbers and delayed retinal ganglion cell death in the P23H rat retina

The P23H-1 rat strain carries a rhodopsin mutation frequently found in retinitis pigmentosa patients. We investigated the progressive degeneration of the inner retina in this strain, focussing on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) fate. Our data show that photoreceptor death commences in the ventral retina, spreading to the whole retina as the rat ages. Quantification of the total number of RGCs identified by Fluorogold tracing and Brn3a expression, disclosed that the population of RGCs in young P23H rats is significantly smaller than in its homologous SD strain. In the mutant strain, there is also RGC loss with age: RGCs show their first symptoms of degeneration at P180, as revealed by an abnormal expression of cytoskeletal proteins which, at P365, translates into a significant loss of RGCs, that may ultimately be caused by displaced inner retinal vessels that drag and strangulate their axons. RGC axonal compression begins also in the ventral retina and spreads from there causing RGC loss through the whole retinal surface. These decaying processes are common to several models of photoreceptor loss, but show some differences between inherited and light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and should therefore be studied to a better understanding of photoreceptor degeneration and when developing therapies for these diseases.     

circRNA＿0051079通过靶向miR-26a-5p/PTEN轴诱导视网膜神经变性的分子机制

目的 探讨circ＿0051079对缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤诱导的视网膜神经变性的影响及机制。方法 从C57BL/6J乳鼠眼球中分离视网膜神经节细胞(RGC),随机分为对照组、siRNA组(转染阴性siRNA)、si＿circ＿0051079组(转染si-circ-0051079干扰RNA)、模拟物对照组(转染Scr mimic)、miR-26a-5p组(转染miR-26a-5p mimic)、miR-26a-5p+vector组(转染pcDNA 3.1)、miR-26a-5p+PTEN组(转染pcDNA 3.1-PTEN),分别在正常、缺氧(体积分数1%O₂暴露)或氧化应激(50μmol·L^-1H₂O₂暴露)条件下培养24 h,进行RT-qPCR、CCK-8、TUNEL、RNA免疫沉淀(RIP)等检测。于15只C57BL/6小鼠左眼中建立I/R损伤模型,对侧眼保持正常眼压作为对照,I/R损伤后0 d、3 d和7 d各取5只小鼠收集视网膜检测circ＿0051079表达。另取20只C57BL/6小...     

miR-26 a/PTEN在糖尿病小鼠视网膜神经变性中的作用及其机制

目的 探讨microRNA-26a-5p(miR-26a)/PTEN在早期糖尿病小鼠视网膜神经变性(DRN)中的作用及其机制.方法 66只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病动物模型.实验组小鼠造模成功后随机分为糖尿病组和miR-26a组,miR-26a组小鼠玻璃体内注射m...     

一种稳定标记小鼠视网膜内两种不同类型神经节细胞的方法

目的 报道一种简单高效显示小鼠视网膜中两种不同类型神经节细胞的方法.方法 利用特殊标记物Brn3a和Melanopsin,通过视网膜铺片免疫荧光双标染色结合激光共聚焦显微镜,分别标记小鼠视网膜中普通视网膜神经节细胞和内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞.结果 免疫荧光染色结果表明,内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞与普通视网膜神经节细胞均位于视网膜节细胞层,相间互补分布.内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞数量较少,为普通视网膜神经节细胞的1％ ～2％,其轴突朝向视神经盘方向汇集,树突野较大,伸向内网层.结论 免疫荧光双标染色是小鼠视网膜内两种不同类型视网膜神经节细胞简单易行、稳定高效的标记方法.     

miR-181 a靶向沉默信息调节因子相关酶1在过氧化氢诱导的人小梁网细胞氧化应激中的调节作用

目的 探讨miR-181a对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的人小梁网细胞(HTMCs)氧化应激的调节作用及其机制.方法 HTMCs随机分为空白组(0μmol·L-1 H2 O2)、200μmol·L-1 H2 O2组、400μmol·L-1 H2 O2组、600μmol·L-1 H2 O2组,分别使用相应浓度H2 O2处理H...     

miR-375表达对脉络膜黑色素瘤细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的：探讨miR-375表达对脉络膜黑色素瘤MUM-2B细胞增殖和侵袭的影响。

方法：培养MUM-2B细胞,分别转染miR-375模拟物序列(模拟物组)、miR-375抑制物序列(抑制物组)、阴性对照序列(阴性对照组)和不做任何处理(空白组),分别采用qRT-PCR实验、CCK-8实验、细胞凋亡实验、Transwell实验检测细胞中miR-375、细胞增殖活性、细胞凋亡情况、细胞迁移和侵袭情况。

结果：相比于阴性对照组(1.01±0.10)和空白组(1.03±0.07),模拟物组细胞中miR-375表达量(2.65±0.15)升高,而抑制物组细胞中miR-375表达量(0.28±0.06)降低(P<0.05); 与空白组和阴性对照组比较,模拟物组细胞24、48、72和96h时OD值均降低(P<0.05),而抑制物组细胞24、48、72和96h时OD值均升高(P<0.05); 与空白组细胞凋亡率(20.54±4.01)%和阴性对照组细胞凋亡率(22.80±4.28)%比较,模拟物组细胞凋亡率(39.11±3.37)%升高(P<0.05),而抑制物组细胞凋亡率(10.13±2.17)%降低(P<0.05); 与空白组和阴性对照组比较,模拟物组细胞迁移数和细胞侵袭数均降低(P<0.05),而抑制物组细胞迁移数和细胞侵袭数均升高(P<0.05)。

结论：上调MUM-2B细胞中miR-375表达可降低细胞增殖活性,加速细胞凋亡,抑制细胞迁移和侵袭,下调miR-375表达则发挥相反的作用,表明miR-375可能在脉胳膜黑色素瘤病程中发挥抑癌功能。     

Alterations in the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule and retinal ganglion cell density in mice with diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To investigate the impact of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the experimentally induced diabetes in mice. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 2.5 months old Swiss Webster mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 90 mg/kg) once daily for two consecutive days. Examination of the proteins of interest in the retinas from diabetic mice at 2mo after diabetes induction was performed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RGCs were counted in the wholemounted retinas, and Brn3a marker was used. RESULTS: Examination of retinas from diabetic mice at 2mo after diabetes induction revealed a considerable reduction in RGC density. Our experiments also demonstrated a redistribution of PSA-NCAM in the retina of diabetic animals. PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity was diminished in the inner part of the retina where RGCs were located. In contrast, an enhanced PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity was detected in the outer layers of the retina. PSA-NCAM signal was co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the Müller cell branches. Previous studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is responsible for the reduction in PSA-NCAM levels in neuronal cells. The reduced levels of PSA-NCAM in inner layers (nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer) were accompanied by the increased expression of MMP-9. In contrast, in the outer retinal layers, the expression of MMP-9 was much less pronounced. CONCLUSION: MMP-9 induces PSA-NCAM shedding in the inner part of the retina and the decreased level of PSA-NCAM in the inner part of the retina might be, at least in part, responsible for the loss of RGCs in diabetic mice.     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠急性缺血视网膜节细胞的保护作用

目的:探讨重组人促红细胞生成素(recombinant human erythropoietin,rhEPO)对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤(retina ischemia reperfusion injury,RIR)中视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)的保护作用。方法:成年雌性SD大鼠20只,采用夹闭视网膜动脉30min造成大鼠双眼缺血再灌注模型。所有大鼠均于建模前1h给予左眼rhEPO10U(6μL),右眼给予同等剂量眼用平衡盐液。按照建模后眼球取材时间不同(1,4,7,14d)分为4组,每组5只,均于取材前4d利用荧光金(fluorogold,FG)逆行标记大鼠RGC,视网膜铺片RGC计数,比较双眼存活RGC数量。结果:rhEPO治疗眼RGC存活数多于平衡盐液对照眼。结论:rhEPO对大鼠视网膜急性缺血后RGC具有保护作用。     

Expression and role of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension

AIM: To investigate the expression and possible role of the autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina based on a rat model of acute ocular hypertension.METHODS: Fifty rats were randomized into five groups: control group A, B, C, and D. Groups A to D all received normal saline perfusion into the anterior chamber with pressure of 80 mm Hg for one hour, and retina tissue was obtained at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after perfusion respectively, to investigate the activation of autophagy following ischemiareperfusion. The distribution and semi-quantification of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina were detected using immunohistochemistry technique. The expression level of these two proteins was evaluated using Western blot.RESULTS: The number of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) decreased with increasing reperfusion time, and significant reduction in the retinal thickness was observed 48 h after perfusion. In normal adult rats, LC3 protein was mainly expressed in the ganglion cell layer(GCL), and p62 protein was expressed in the nerve fiber layer(NFL), GCL, inner plexiform layer(IPL), inner nuclear layer(INL) and outer plexiform layer(OPL). In comparison to the control group, the expression level of LC3-II was higher in all the experimental groups(P<0.05), with the peak expression at 12 h after reperfusion. Additionally, the expression level of p62 was higher in all the experimental groups than the control(P<0.05, except for group A), with the peak level occurred 24 h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION: Both p62 and LC3 show low level and uneven expression in the retina of normal adult rats. Acute ocular hypertension can lead to upregulation of LC3-II and p62 expression in the retina. Autophagy flux is damaged 12 h after reperfusion, potentially resulting in further loss of RGCs.     

Protective effects of a composition of Chinese herbs-Gurigumu-13 on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in DBA/2J glaucoma mouse model

AIM: To explore the concrete mechanism of a Mongolian compound medicine-Gurigumu-13 (GRGM) for glaucoma treatment. METHODS: DBA/2J mice, as glaucoma models, were intragastric administrated with GRGM to study the effect of GRGM on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The loss of RGCs was evaluated with the number of RGCs and axons. The expression of the target protein of RGCs or mouse retinas was determined by Western blot. The relative content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was examined by ELISA assay. RESULTS: GRGM distinctly improved retina damage via increasing the number of neurons, RGCs and axons in a concentration dependent manner. Meanwhile, GRGM obviously decreased the high level of MDA and the expression of oxidative stress-related proteins in retinas of DBA/2J mice, but promoted the expression of antioxidant proteins. Additionally, GRGM also significantly inhibited the protein expression of Bip and Chop, which were markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION: GRGM have obvious protective effects on RGCs in DBA/2J mice, and increase the number of RGCs and axons via inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress.     

Current status of emergency treatment of chemical eye burns in workplaces

Chemical eye burns present an avoidable,but frequent,occupational injury with potentially detrimental consequences for the quality of life and occupational rehabilitation of the injured.A periodical review of guidelines is required to assure the optimal emergency management.We reviewed the literature with emphasis on current German guidelines,primarily MEDLINE.If the crucial first-line measure,the injury prevention has failed and an eye burn has been sustained,the immediate and copious rinsing of the eye is the pivotal emergency treatment modality.Whereas the immediacy and sufficiency of the emergency rinsing are largely unanimous,there is an ongoing debate about the benefits and risks of specific rinsing solutions,and regular updates on guidelines and recommendations for the emergency treatment are warranted.The easiest and readily available rinsing solution is tap water,which fulfils the crucial criteria conveniently in most industrialized countries:purity,sterility,and neutral p H.Other rinsing solutions are proposing higher osmolality to stabilize the physiological p H,because of their superior buffering capacity.However,there is no compelling evidence for a substantial benefit,and some reports suggest that there could be unwanted side effects.In combination with the substantially increased expenditure and a more complex handling procedure,currently a general recommendation of any other solution than tap water is not warranted.     

miR-130b在人视网膜母细胞瘤中的表达及促癌机制研究

目的：检测miR-130b在人视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)中的表达并初步探究其促癌机制。

方法：采用qRT-PCR检测miR-130b在人RB癌组织及癌旁组织、人RB细胞系(HXO-Rb44与Y79)中的表达; 采用qRT-PCR、Western Blot及免疫荧光实验检测miR-130b过表达及干扰前后HXO-Rb44与Y79细胞中PTEN的表达水平; 采用双荧光素酶报告基因试验验证miR-130b与PTEN的靶向关系; 采用共转染实验考察PTEN与miR-130b影响RB细胞系PI3K/Akt信号通路表达的关系。

结果：miR-130b在RB癌组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。与ACBRI-181细胞比较,miR-130b在HXO-Rb44与Y79细胞中的表达水平显著增高(P<0.05)。与RB癌组织比较,PTEN在其癌旁组织中的表达水平显著增高(P<0.05); miR-130b表达水平与PTEN表达水平呈负相关性(P<0.001)。过表达miR-130b后的HXO-Rb44细胞PTEN mRNA与蛋白表达水平均显著降低,而干扰miR-130b后的Y79细胞PTEN mRNA与蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。与miR-130b mimics+PTEN-NC组比较,miR-130b mimics+wt-PTEN组荧光素酶活性明显降低(P<0.05)。共转染miR-130b mimics+PTEN-NC HXO-Rb44细胞p-Akt 308与p-Akt 473蛋白表达水平显著增高(P<0.05),PTEN蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05); 共转染miR-130b mimics+PTEN HXO-Rb44细胞中,以上三种蛋白表达水平均未发生明显改变。

结论：miR-130b在RB组织及细胞系中呈高水平表达,PTEN为miR-130b的靶基因,miR-130b可能是经负向调控PTEN对PI3K/Akt信号通路的表达产生影响,最终发挥促癌作用。     

雌激素对鼠视网膜缺血再灌注所致视网膜 损伤的保护作用

目的探讨雌激素对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注所致视网膜损伤的保护作用。方法60只去势雌性SD大鼠随机分为2组，行前房灌注,建立视网膜缺血再灌注(RIR)模型。实验组在升高眼压前2 h按100 μg/kg的剂量皮下注射17β-雌二醇。对照组大鼠皮下注射等量生理盐水。分别在灌注前，再灌注后12、24、48、72 h对视网膜进行常规HE染色切片，观察细胞丢失情况及测量视网膜内层厚度。采用末端脱氧核酸转移酶介导的脱氧三磷酸尿苷缺口末端标记法（TUNEL法）检测视网膜组织中凋亡细胞的表达。结果实验组再灌注后24、48 h的凋亡细胞数目明显低于对照组(P<0.05),光学显微镜下计数视网膜神经节细胞数较对照组多(P<0.05)。结论雌激素对缺血再灌注所导致的视网膜损伤具有保护作用。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:177-179)     

miR-101表达上调对视网膜母细胞瘤细胞的增殖及侵袭能力的抑制作用

目的　探究miR-101对视网膜母细胞瘤增殖及侵袭能力的影响。方法　收集31例视网膜母细胞瘤组织及7例正常视网膜组织。培养人正常视网膜血管内皮细胞系ACBRI-181及视网膜母细胞瘤系HXO-Rb44。Lipofectamine 2000转染HXO-Rb44细胞并分组:阴性对照（normal control,NC）1组［转染microRNA（miR）-101阴性对照物］、miR-101表达组（转染miRNA-101类似物）;NC 2组［转染组蛋白-赖氨酸N-甲基转移酶（EZH2）阴性对照序列］、siRNA-EZH2组（转染EZH2siRNA）、siRNA-EZH2+mimics组（转染EZH2siRNA和miRNA-101类似物）和EZH2+mimics组（转染EZH2表达载体和miRNA-101类似物）。正常HOX-Rb44细胞作为空白组。采用qRT-PCR检测miR-101、EZH2 mRNA表达,Western blot检测EZH2蛋白表达。MTT及Transwell实验分别测定细胞增殖及侵袭能力。荧光素酶报告基因实验确定miR-101和EZH2的靶向关系。裸鼠体内移植实验测定细胞体内增殖能力。结果　与正常视网膜组织和ACBRI-181细胞相比,视网膜母细胞瘤组织及HXO-Rb44细胞中miR-101的相对表达量均明显下调（均为P<0.05）。EZH2 mRNA及蛋白在miR-101表达组中的相对表达量均显著低于空白组和NC1组（均为P<0.05）。72~96 h,miR-101表达组的吸光度（A）值均显著低于空白组及NC1组（均为P<0.01）。miR-101表达组侵袭细胞数量（51±6）均显著低于空白组（97±11）及NC1组（92±8）（均为P<0.01）。EZH2是miR-101的靶基因。48~96 h,siRNA-EZH2组和siRNA-EZH2+mimics组的A值均显著低于空白组和NC2组（均为P<0.01）;72~96 h,siRNA-EZH2+mimics组的A值明显低于siRNA-EZH2组（P<0.05）;24～96 h,EZH2+mimics组的A值与空白组和NC2组之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。siRNA-EZH2组侵袭细胞数量（48±4）和siRNA-EZH2+mimics组（38±3）均显著低于空白组（95±10）和NC2组（90±6）（均为P<0.01）,siRNA-EZH2+mimics组侵袭细胞数量明显低于siRNA-EZH2组（P<0.05）,EZH2+mimics组侵袭细胞数量与空白组和NC2组之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。裸鼠体内移植5～7周,siRNA-EZH2组和siRNA-EZH2+mimics组的瘤体体积均显著低于空白组和NC2组（均为P<0.01）,siRNA-EZH2+mimics组的瘤体体积明显低于siRNA-EZH2组（P<0.05）,EZH2+mimics组的肿瘤体积与空白组和NC2组之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。结论　miR-101上调后可抑制HXO-Rb44细胞的增殖及侵袭能力,这可能是通过抑制EZH2表达实现的。