Phenotypic classification of malignant lymphoma

The phenotypic characters of the lymphoma cell are important in the diagnosis of this disease. We recently tested whether the flow cytometry with fresh biopsy sample might be useful in the diagnosis of the lymphoma. In our date, 1. a rise and fall of the surface immunoglobulin kappa/lambda ratio indicated the monoclonal proliferation of the B-cell, 2. the increased proportion of the CD5/CD23 double positive cells indicated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma, 3. the decreased proportion of the CD2 positive cells and the increased proportion of the CD19 positive cells indicated B-cell lymphoma. These findings suggest that the flow cytometry is of adjunctive importance in making a diagnosis of the lymphoma.     

Utility of flow cytometry in subtyping composite and sequential lymphoma.

Composite lymphoma (CL) is defined as more than one distinct lymphoma variant occurring in the same anatomic site, and sequential lymphoma (SL) is defined as different lymphoma variants occurring at different sites or at different times in the same patient. The utility of flow cytometry immunophenotyping in evaluating CL and SL has only been investigated in a few single-case studies. To further define the utility of flow cytometry in evaluating these tumors, records were searched at two institutions. Cases representing high-grade progression of low-grade lymphoma were excluded. For each CL/SL, clinical data was obtained and morphology was evaluated in routinely processed H&E-stained tissue sections. Tumor components were subtyped using revised European-American classification (REAL) criteria. Follicle center components were graded using modified Rappaport criteria. Immunophenotype was determined using two-color flow cytometry and paraffin-section immunostains. Four cases were identified. Case 1, nodal follicle center, follicular, grade III plus marginal zone CL, showed two discrete populations of monoclonal B-cells that differed in their expression of CD10. Case 2, cutaneous lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma followed by mesenteric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphoplasmacytoid plus follicle center, follicular, grade III) plus Hodgkin's disease CL, showed CD5-/CD10-/CD19+/kappa+ cells by flow cytometry in both tissue samples. The Hodgkin's disease component showed CD3-/CD15-/CD20-/CD30+ Reed-Sternberg cell variants in paraffin-section immunostains. Case 3 represented nodal follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade I (CD3-/CD5-/CD10-/CD19+/kappa+) followed by cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (CD2+/CD4+/CD5+/CD19- cells with partial expression of CD3 and CD7). Case 4 represented cutaneous follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade I (CD5-/CD10+/CD19+/CD23+/lambda+) followed by bone marrow B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma (CD5+/CD10-/CD19+/CD23+/kappa+). Results show that flow cytometry is a potentially useful adjunct in characterizing CL and SL.     

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping including Bcl-2 detection on fine needle aspirates in the diagnosis of reactive lymphadenopathy and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with immunophenotyping by immunocytochemistry (IC) on cytospins has recently received increased consideration in the diagnosis of lymphoma. The aim of our study was to establish the diagnostic value of a four-color flow cytometric (FCM) panel, including cytoplasmic Bcl-2, in cytologic diagnosis of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RH). METHODS: We investigated 424 FNAs from 396 patients. FCM panel included lambda/kappa/CD19/CD5, CD23/CD10/CD20/CD19, CD4/CD7/CD8/CD3 and Bcl-2/CD10/CD19/CD3 in fluorescein isothiocyanate, phycoerythrin, and peridinin chlorophyll protein or a tandem conjugate of R-phycoerythrin and indodicarbocyanine and allophycocyanin. Bcl-2 expression was evaluated separately for gated B and T cells. RESULTS: In 97% of 172 RH samples, FCM was concordant with the diagnosis. FCM gave correct immunologic diagnosis in 95% of low-grade B-cell NHLs, 78% of high-grade B-cell NHLs, and 53% of T-cell lymphomas. Malignant B cells had higher Bcl-2 expression than did reactive B and T cells. This helped to establish a correct diagnosis especially in cases where no clear-cut monoclonality could be shown by kappa/lambda staining or where there was no expression of surface light chain. The highest Bcl-2 expression was found in follicular lymphomas. CONCLUSION: Our FCM panel allowed precise classification of NHL in FNA material in 89.5% of all samples. Bcl-2 staining can be recommended for primary differentiation between reactive hyperplasia and NHL.     

A case of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma in a Korean child

B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL) (intermediate DLBCL/BL), is a heterogeneous group with some features resembling DLBCL and others resembling BL. Here, we report a case of intermediate DLBCL/BL in a Korean child. A 2-yr-old male was admitted for evaluation and management of left hip pain. Immunohistochemistry of a biopsy of the femur neck revealed tumor cells positive for CD20, CD10, BCL2, BCL6, and Ki67. A bone marrow (BM) aspirate smear revealed that 49.3% of all nucleated cells were abnormal lymphoid cells, composed of large- and medium-sized cells. Immunophenotyping of the neoplastic cells revealed positivity for CD19, CD10, CD20, and sIg lambda and negativity for CD34, Tdt, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Cytogenetic and FISH analyses showed a complex karyotype, including t(8;14)(q24.1;q32) and IGH-MYC fusion. Intensive chemotherapy was initiated, including prednisone, vincristine, L-asparaginase, daunorubicin, and central nervous system prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine. One month after the initial diagnosis, BM examination revealed the persistent of abnormal lymphoid cells; cerebrospinal fluid cytology, including cytospin, showed atypical lymphoid cells. The patient was treated again with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, adriamycin, MTX, and intrathecal MTX and cytarabine. The patient died of sepsis 5 months after the second round of chemotherapy.     

运用BIOMED-2 PCR检测脑脊液中的恶性B淋巴细胞

本研究旨在建立一种检测弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLB CL）中枢神经系统（CNS）累及患者脑脊液（CSF）中恶性B淋巴细胞的敏感的方法.对9例考虑有CNS累及风险的DLBCL患者采集其CSF,离心获取细胞沉淀,在直接裂解后运用BIOMED-2 PCR检测免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排（恶性B淋巴细胞特征性改变）,并将此方法的敏感性与细胞学检测及流式细胞术进行比较.此外,通过一系列数量/浓度的肿瘤细胞,分析两种样品处理方式（细胞直接裂解法和传统DNA提取法）导致的敏感度差异,并评估直接裂解法联合BIOMED-2 PCR方案的敏感度.结果显示,BIOMED-2 PCR检测到5例DLBCL患者的CSF中存在克隆性IgH基因重排（恶性B淋巴细胞“阳性”）,而细胞学检测和流式细胞术均只能明确检测2例为“阳性”,表明BIOMED-2 PCR敏感性高于细胞学检测和流式细胞术.另外,经过改进的样品处理方式——细胞直接裂解法比传统的DNA提取能获得更高的BIOMED-2PCR敏感度,前者可以检测到浓度低至1％、细胞数低至20个的肿瘤细胞.结论：细胞直接裂解联合BIOMED-2PCR是一种敏感的、非常适用于CSF（细胞数少）的检测方法,可辅助诊断DLBCL病例的CNS累及.     

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arising in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I and in a patient with neurofibromatosis type II

We experienced two unusual cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which occurred in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I and a patient with neurofibromatosis type II. B-cell lymphoma is one of the most common phenotypic subgroups of malignant lymphoma. Neurofibromatosis I is characterized by café-au-lait spots and neurofibromas. Neurofibromatosis II typically consists of bilateral schwannomas of the acoustic nerve. Malignant lymphomas rarely coexist with neurofibromatosis I, and no coexistence with neurofibromatosis II has been reported. The patient with neurofibromatosis I was a 50-year-old Japanese woman, clinically manifesting von Recklinghausen's disease since infancy, who noticed an egg-sized tumor in her shoulder. The patient with neurofibromatosis II was a 39-year-old Japanese man who noticed multiple soft tissue tumors in his neck, buttock, and elbow. Biopsied materials from both cases were examined by multiparameter methods, including flow cytometry. Flow cytometry revealed large-scale cells to be tumor cells, and they were positive for CD19, CD20, and CD22. Both patients received chemotherapy, and the tumors disappeared. The patient with neurofibromatosis I was alive without recurrence at 4 years after treatment, while the patient with neurofibromatosis II died of recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of malignant lymphoma arising in a neurofibromatosis II patient. As for neurofibromatosis I, there were some reports about occurrence of malignant lymphoma. It is important to be aware of possibility of association of malignant tumors not only of the nervous system but also of unrelated to the nervous system when tumors appear in neurofibromatosis patients.     

Diminished expression of CD19 in B-cell lymphomas

BACKGROUND: CD19 is expressed on most B-cell lymphomas; however, the frequency and types of B-cell lymphomas with low-level expression of CD19 are not well characterized. METHODS: We reviewed flow cytometric histograms specifically for decreased CD19 expression on 349 cases analyzed by the Flow Cytometry Laboratory at University Hospitals of Cleveland (Cleveland, Ohio). Results of flow cytometry were correlated with the morphologic diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the cases reviewed, 125 (36%) showed a visible decrease in CD19 expression compared with normal B lymphocytes. Decreased CD19 expression was noted in 79% of follicular lymphomas (27 of 34), 36% of small lymphocytic lymphomas/chronic lymphocytic leukemias (82 of 228), 31% of mantle cell lymphomas (4 of 13), 24% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (8 of 33), and 13% of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas/lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas (4 of 30) and was not observed in any Burkitt lymphoma (0 of 5) or hairy cell leukemia (0 of 6). Decreased CD19 expression was significantly more frequent in follicular lymphomas than in other lymphoma subtypes (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the frequency of decreased CD19 expression based on histologic grade of follicular lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Diminished expression of CD19 expression occurs frequently in B-cell lymphomas, in particular follicular lymphoma, and may be helpful in identifying B-cell lymphoma cells in complex cell mixtures such as bone marrow specimens.     

结节型淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金病临床病理分析

目的探讨结节型淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金病临床病理特征。方法结节型淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金病淋巴结石蜡包埋组织１１例,冰冻组织１例。除ＨＥ切片外,还用抗ＣＤ３,ＣＤ１９,ＣＤ２０,ＣＤ３０,ＣＤ４５ＲＢ及κ、λ单克隆抗体进行ＡＢＣ法免疫组织化学标记,１例冰冻组织采用从组织切片上提取单个细胞行聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）。结果肿瘤组织以结节状排列的小淋巴细胞和组织细胞为背景,其间散在分布Ｌ＆Ｈ细胞。Ｌ＆Ｈ细胞表达ＣＤ１９（１０例）,ＣＤ２０（１２例）,ＣＤ４５ＲＢ（１２例）及κ轻链（１１例）,１例冰冻组织的单个Ｌ＆Ｈ细胞出现ＩｇＨ和Ｖκ４家族基因的重排。８例患者随访期超过５年以上。结论结节型淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金病临床过程非常缓慢,预后良好,其实质是一种特殊的Ｂ细胞肿瘤。     

Cell-specific and efficient expression in mouse and human B cells by a novel hybrid immunoglobulin promoter in a lentiviral vector

The expression of genes specifically in B cells is of great interest in both experimental immunology as well as in future clinical gene therapy. We have constructed a novel enhanced B cell-specific promoter (Igk-E) consisting of an immunoglobulin kappa (Igk) minimal promoter combined with an intronic enhancer sequence and a 3' enhancer sequence from Ig genes. The Igk-E promoter was cloned into a lentiviral vector and used to control expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Transduction of murine B-cell lymphoma cell lines and activated primary splenic B cells, with IgK-E-eGFP lentivirus, resulted in expression of eGFP, as analysed by flow cytometry, whereas expression in non-B cells was absent. The specificity of the promoter was further examined by transducing Lin(-) bone marrow with Igk-E-eGFP lentivirus and reconstituting lethally irradiated mice. After 16 weeks flow cytometry of lymphoid tissues revealed eGFP expression by CD19+ cells, but not by CD3+, CD11b+, CD11c+ or Gr-1+ cells. CD19+ cells were comprised of both marginal zone B cells and recirculating follicular B cells. Activated human peripheral mononuclear cells were also transduced with Igk-E-eGFP lentivirus under conditions of selective B-cell activation. The Igk-E promoter was able to drive expression of eGFP only in CD19+ cells, while eGFP was expressed by both spleen focus-forming virus and cytomegalovirus constitutive promoters in CD19+ and CD3+ lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that in these conditions the Igk-E promoter is cell specific and controls efficient expression of a reporter protein in mouse and human B cells in the context of a lentiviral vector.     

SUDHL-4细胞体外培养和小鼠肿瘤模型的建立

本研究探讨人弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)细胞株SUDHL-4的体外培养和小鼠成瘤条件。在不同条件下培养SUDHL-4细胞,对细胞生长形态及生物学特性进行观察分析;对肿瘤相关抗原表达进行免疫学分析;采用SCID小鼠皮下接种,对肿瘤生长情况和组织学形态进行研究。结果显示:培养液中加入10%胎牛血清,SUDHL-4细胞在体外生长良好,并表达多数重要的B细胞和肿瘤相关标记。采用SCID小鼠皮下接种107细胞可成功地建立人DLBCL移植瘤模型,成瘤率70%,肿瘤的组织学表现类似于人DLBCL。结论:适当条件下培养的SUDHL-4细胞的生物学和免疫学特性符合人DLBCL的特征,并具有良好的致瘤性,可为人DLBCL的相关研究提供良好的模型。     

B-Cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children and adolescents: surface antigen expression and clinical implications for future targeted bioimmune therapy: a children's cancer group report

Paraffin-embedded diagnostic biopsy materials from a large cohort of pediatric and adolescent patients with mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treated on the Children's Cancer Group arm of an international cooperative trial were studied to determine their phenotypic features and the feasibility of using targeted bioimmune therapies. There were 345 patients eligible for analysis: 208 with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), 43 with high-grade B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt-like (HGBL), and 94 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Samples were immunophenotyped centrally using a standard panel that included CD20, CD79a, CD3, and CD45RO. Additional staining with CD22 was performed on a subset of cases. Immunophenotypic studies showed positive staining with CD20 in 100% of cases of BL and HGBL and in 98% of cases with DLBCL. CD22 expression was present in all cases of BL and DLBCL and in 87% of cases HGBL. This study indicates that immune-based therapies such as rituximab and ibritumomab-tiuxetan (anti-CD20) and epratuzumab (anti-CD22) are feasible in pediatric cases of mature B-cell NHLs.     

Molecular analysis in a patient with waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia reveals a rare case of biclonality

Background: The immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement test is used to identify monoclonal populations in B- and T-cell malignancies and has become an important adjunct to morphologic analysis and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is typically a monoclonal proliferation of B cells with morphology of plasmacytoid lymphocytes and production of monoclonal IgM.Methods and Results: We report a case of WM with biclonal gammopathy (IgM kappa and IgM lambda) involving the blood and a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the bone marrow in an 83-year-old man. Immunophenotyping of the blood and bone marrow aspirate revealed B cells expressing IgM lambda surface immunoglobulins and CD5+, CD19+, and CD20+ surface markers. Gene-rearrangement analysis with the Southern blot technique revealed multiple rearranged bands in each lane of restricted patient DNA after probing with both immunoglobulin heavy (J_H)- and light (J_kappa)-chain gene probes.Conclusions: Biclonal gammopathy in WM and biclonal B-cell proliferations as determined by gene-rearrangement studies are rare entities, and few evaluations of them are reported in the literature. To our knowledge, this case is the first one of biclonal WM to have been evaluated by serum protein immunofixation, immunohistologic staining, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, and immunoglobulin gene-rearrangement analysis. (Mol Diagn 1996 Sep;1(3):159-166)     

灰区淋巴瘤2例临床病理分析

目的:探讨灰区淋巴瘤(grey zone lymphoma,GZL)的临床和病理组织学特征。方法:应用光镜观察及免疫组化染色对2例GZL患者的病理标本进行分析,同时复习相关文献。结果:例1患者经右锁骨上淋巴结活检,其肿瘤病理组织学形态类似经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤(classic Hodgkin's lymphoma,CHL),但肿瘤细胞免疫表型为CD30+、CD15-、CD20+。例2患者为纵隔肿瘤,肿块主要表现为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLB-CL),肿块边缘灶区分布霍奇金细胞和RS(Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg,HRS)样细胞,这些细胞呈CD30+、CD15+、部分CD20+、CD79α+、BOB.1+、OCT2-,同时部分HRS样细胞呈EBV+。结论:本研究的2例GZL患者在组织学形态和免疫学表型上同时具有CHL和DLBCL的共同特点,预后较差。     

淋巴结细针穿刺标本的流式细胞术分析

目的 评价淋巴结细针穿刺标本流式细胞术分析方法在诊断淋巴结病变,以及在恶性淋巴瘤和淋巴结反应性增生鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 对99份疑为淋巴结病变的淋巴结针吸标本涂片进行常规细胞学分析,并结合病理活组织检查确诊分型.使用三色标记的流式细胞术方法分析针吸标本中各细胞免疫表型(CD3、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD10、CD19、CD20、CD23、CD45、K、λ、FMC7、 CD34),确定标本中各细胞组成及有无异常表型细胞.对于淋巴瘤病例,则按照WHO分型标准,根据免疫表型进一步确定其亚型,并对各类病例流式细胞术分型结果和细胞学结果进行比较.结果 99份标本中,细胞涂片检出淋巴瘤40例,转移癌29例,反应性增生、坏死、结核30例,有2例非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)被误诊为反应性增生;对其中18例NHL进行了病理活组织检查,其中包括B淋巴细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B-NHL)16例,T淋巴细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例.流式细胞术分析结果显示,99份标本中检出淋巴瘤35例(淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤4例,T淋巴细胞病变1例,其余30例为B-NHL);有28份B-NHL检测到K或λ轻链限制性表达,其K:λ或λ:K大于3:1,B淋巴细胞所占比例为(73.2±27.2)%,其中26份能根据免疫标志物的表达确定其亚型.经病理活组织检查确定为B-NHL的16份标本中,仅2例滤泡淋巴瘤与流式细胞术分型结果不一致.对于反应性增生及转移癌等标本,流式细胞术分析未查见异常淋巴细胞,其k:λ或λ:k均小于3:1.结论 淋巴结细针穿刺标本的流式细胞术分析有助于淋巴结病变的诊断和鉴别诊断,并可确定NHL的亚型.     

Comparison of phenotyping and genotyping of lymphoid neoplasms

Comparison of phenotyping (PT) and genotyping (GT) of lymphoid neoplasms was performed on 51 specimens including lymph nodes, bone marrows, and body fluids. PT was performed with a flow cytometer using a large monoclonal antibody panel. GT included the testing for gene rearrangements of heavy chain, kappa and lambda light chains, and T-cell receptor beta-chain genes with DNA probes. The results obtained from these two techniques were generally compatible in terms of clonality and cell lineage. Only one case of B-cell lymphoma was not diagnosed by PT but showed gene rearrangement. For T-cell lymphoma, GT offers a more definitive diagnosis than does PT. Biclonality was demonstrated in one case of hairy cell leukemia by GT only. The rearranged band also offers a definitive clonal identification based on electrophoretic mobility. GT can detect a monoclonal population as small as 5% and can be performed on old or fresh specimens. PT requires 20% abnormal cells and a fresh specimen. It is concluded that GT is superior to PT for lymphoid tumor diagnosis, but it should be reserved as a supplementary test at this stage because of its technical complexity.     

类似人弥漫型大B细胞淋巴瘤小鼠模型的免疫学特征

本研究建立类似人弥漫型大B细胞淋巴瘤的BALB／c小鼠模型并探索其免疫学特征。将鼠源性B淋巴瘤细胞株（A20细胞）接种于同源BALB／c小鼠以建立B细胞淋巴瘤鼠模型。实验分为3组：成瘤小鼠组,未成瘤小鼠组和正常小鼠组（对照组）。用流式细胞术检测肿瘤细胞CD抗原表达及成瘤小鼠、未成瘤小鼠和对照正常小鼠的外周血和脾脏的T／B淋巴细胞亚群比例。结果表明：在成功构建病理学形态类似人弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的BALB／c鼠模型肿瘤组织中,检测到CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD30阳性细胞的比例分别为（49．27±23．75）％,（6．07±3．65）％,（51．2±23．1）％,（67．06±16．39）％,（37．93±17．03）％,与接种前A20细胞相比,其CD3和CD8阳性细胞比例显著升高,CD19阳性表达比例显著下降（P〈0．05）。成瘤小鼠外周血淋巴细胞亚群阳性表达比例较正常小鼠有显著差异,其CD3和CD4阳性细胞比例显著降低（P〈0．05）。未成瘤小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞亚群的阳性表达比例与正常小鼠相比,CD3、CD4、CD8阳性细胞比例降低,而CD19阳性细胞比例升高（P〈0．05）。结论：本研究为在有免疫功能的小鼠体内进行B细胞淋巴瘤相关研究提供了免疫相关实验依据。     

Clinicopathological features of malignant lymphoma in Japan: the Miyagi Study

The Miyagi Study is an epidemiological study of malignant lymphoma, including immunological and genetic analyses, constructed by a population-based registration system covering Miyagi prefecture, Japan. A total of 1,552 newly diagnosed cases in Miyagi between 2002 and 2008 were enrolled in this study; 75% were B-cell lymphomas, 19% were T-cell and natural killer-cell (T/NK-cell) lymphomas, and 5% were Hodgkin's lymphomas. The most frequent subtype of B-cell lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, followed by follicular lymphoma and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (51%, 24% and 8%, respectively). Thus, follicular lymphoma accounts for 18.2% of newly diagnosed cases in Miyagi; unexpectedly, its frequency is similar to that reported in Western countries. The common subtypes of T/NK-cell lymphoma are peripheral T-cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (30%, 15% and 14%, respectively). Most of the data are similar to those reported in Asian countries, except for follicular lymphoma. We also analyzed the CD20 expression in B-cell lymphomas by flow cytometry for the cell membrane expression and by immunohistochemistry for the cytoplasmic expression. The cell membrane expression of CD20 protein may determine the susceptibility of B-cell lymphomas to anti-CD20 antibody therapy. The lack of CD20 expression was confirmed by both methods in 4 cases of 585 newly diagnosed cases (0.7%) and in 5 of 67 recurrent cases (7.5%). Furthermore, 23 cases (6.5%) showed the discrepancy of CD20 expression between both methods. The Miyagi Study has revealed the latest epidemiological features of malignant lymphoma in Japan.     

Effect of interferon-alpha on CD20 antigen expression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chimeric CD20 monoclonal antibody as alternative therapy in relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has produced responses in nearly 50% of patients. Augmenting CD20 expression on tumor cells and/or inducing its expression may increase the cell kill and effectiveness of antibody therapy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 19 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) were incubated in vitro in the presence of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) (500 U/ml and 1,000 U/ml) for 24 and 72 hours. The effect on CD20 expression was studied by flow cytometry. The differences in the percentage positivity, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), and the product of percentage positivity and MFI were used to assess upregulation. There was a significant upregulation of CD20 expression on B cells seen at both concentrations after 24-hour priming (p < 0.01). B-CLL cells cultured for 72 hours in the presence of IFN-alpha also showed upregulation of CD20 expression; however, the degree of upregulation was much lower than that seen at 24 hours. There was no statistically significant increase in CD20 antigen expression on normal lymphocytes following cytokine exposure. These results suggest that IFN-alpha priming may augment the effectiveness of antibody therapy by directly upregulating CD20 antigen expression in addition to its indirect action through effector cells of the host.     

利用嵌合抗原受体的T细胞（CAR-T）治疗复发和难治B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病的转化医学研究

B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病是恶性淋巴瘤中最常见的亚型,其复发和难治常常是导致治疗失败的主要原因.长期以来,手术、放疗、化疗和姑息治疗等作为传统的抗肿瘤治疗模式,挽救了许多患者的生命,但每年仍然有大量患者因肿瘤不治而死亡.B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病,尤其是表达CD20的成熟B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病,在利妥昔单抗问世之后,其治愈率有了大幅度的上升,然而仍然有近20％-40％患者因复发和难治而去世.近5年来,随着可特异性识别B细胞表面CD19的嵌合抗原受体的T细胞（CAR-T）的发展,尤其是CD19 CAR-T细胞免疫治疗在针对复发和难治B细胞淋巴瘤的临床试验中取得了非常显著的疗效,CAR-T细胞免疫治疗便逐渐受到广大研究者和临床学家的重视,包括我国在内的全球多家医疗机构纷纷注册和开展了针对B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病的临床试验.本文就CD19 CAR-T细胞在治疗B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病过程中的发展历史,在前进行中的主要的临床试验和已经证实的主要潜在不良反应作一综述.     

原发中枢神经系统的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤病理学诊断特征

目的探讨原发中枢神经系统的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的病理学诊断特征。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月经泰安市中心医院病理科确诊的15例原发中枢神经系统的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床资料,总结原发中枢神经系统的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的病理形态学特点及免疫表型。 结果患者男性10例,女性5例,年龄52～64岁;15例患者临床表现为头痛头晕,反应迟钝或行走不稳。CT检查均发现颅内占位,4例发生了转移,分别转移到睾丸、肝脏、肺脏和乳腺,其余患者正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET-CT)检查均未见全身其他部位肿瘤。光镜下肿瘤细胞表现为弥漫性生长,特征性的分布于血管周隙;肿瘤细胞大多相似于中心母细胞,与反应性小淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、活化的小胶质细胞以及反应性星形细胞混杂。免疫组织化学染色显示肿瘤细胞均弥漫强表达白细胞分化抗原20(CD20)及B细胞系特异性激活蛋白(PAX5),其中3例表达白细胞分化抗原10(CD10),7例均表达B细胞淋巴瘤因子6(Bcl-6)及多发性骨髓瘤致癌蛋白(MUM1),余5例均表达MUM1,增殖细胞核抗原(Ki-67)指数70%～90%。 结论原发中枢神经系统的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤是一种相对少见的淋巴瘤,以弥漫性分布于血管周隙的中心母细胞样细胞为特征;临床表现与其发生部位有关,掌握其共同的特征并结合免疫组织化学技术方能正确诊断。