固相萃取反相高效液相色谱法检测人血浆中辛伐他汀浓度

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中辛伐他订。方法:应用OASIS因相萃取小柱提取血浆中辛伐他汀,采用反相高效液相色谱法二极管阵列检测器检测,色谱柱为Symmetry C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),内标物为洛伐他汀,流动相为0.1％磷酸液(用氢氧化钠调pH4.0)-乙腈(40:60),检测波长238um,流速1.2mL·min~(-1)。结果:辛伐他汀在1.0～35.0ng·mL~(-1)范围内线性良好(r=0.9997)。低、中、高浓度加样回收率在97.3％～108.0％之间,日内、日间RSD在5.9％～8.8％之间,最低检测浓度为0.8ng·mL~(-1)。结论:本法快速、灵敏、高效,适于辛伐他汀的血药浓度检测。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度

目的:建立血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度测定方法。方法:血浆在酸性条件下以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,用二氯甲烷萃取纯化,以乙腈-5 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 4．8)(45:55,每100 mL流动相中含十二烷基硫酸钠0．17 g)为流动相,色谱柱为DIAMONSIL~(TM)C_(18)柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),检测波长为233 nm,柱温为40℃。流速为1．2 mL·min~(-1)。结果:在此色谱条件下,盐酸二甲双胍与血浆中其他成分分离完全,线性范围为60．06～4 004 ng·mL~(-1),最低检测浓度为60．06 ng·mL~(-1),相对回收率在101．3％～108．3％,日内精密度RSD＜5．4％,日间精密度RSD＜13％。结论:该法稳定、灵敏、可靠,可用于人体血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度的测定。     

昂丹司琼人体血药浓度的RP—HPLC测定法

目的:建立人血浆中昂丹司琼的RP-HPLC测定法,用于昂丹司琼片的人体药代动力学研究。方法:血浆样品加乙腈脱蛋白后,离心,取上清液,挥干,用少量流动相溶解,供进样分析。采用Alltima C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),预柱:Beckman-ultrasphere ODS(4.6 mm×45 mm,5μm),以醋酸钠缓冲液(pH=4.2)-乙腈(75:25)为流动相,流速:1mL·min~(-1),于310 nm波长处检测,灵敏度:0.0001 AUFS。测定了10名健康志愿者单剂量口服昂丹司琼8 mg后的血药浓度-时间过程。结果:最低检测限达0.5 ng·mL~(-1),线性范围为1～80 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.992 2),日内和日间精密度均小于10％,平均回收率为88.7％～98.2％,符合生物样品分析要求。结论:本法操作简单,准确,灵敏度高,可用于昂丹司琼片的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中舒必利、氯氮平、氯丙嗪浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中舒必利、氯氮平、氯丙嗪药物浓度的高效液相色谱方法。方法:血浆样品用乙酸乙酯萃取,氮气吹干;残留物用甲醇溶解后进样。色谱柱为C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6mm),流动相为甲醇-水(80:20,含0.5％三乙胺和0.05％冰醋酸,pH=7.6～7.8),流速:1.0mL·min~(-1),柱温:35T,紫外检测波长:250nm。结果:本法可同时测定血浆中3种药物浓度。舒必利在0.2～1.0μg·mL~(-1)、氯氮平在0.05～1.0μg·mL~(-1)、氯丙嗪在0.01～0.16μg·mL~(-1)范围内,峰面积与其浓度呈良好的线性关系;日内RSD分别为2.9％～3.9％,3.1％～4.1％,3.0％～4.3％;日间RSD分别为3.9％～4.8％,3.8％～5.1％,4.3％～5.3％(n=4)。结论:方法简便、快速、准确,适用于舒必利、氯氮平、氯丙嗪3种药物临床血药浓度的同时检测。     

RP-HPLC法测定人体血浆中吉西他滨的浓度

目的:建立一种测定人体血浆中吉西他滨血药浓度的高效液相色谱方法。方法:取血浆样品1 mL,加内标100μL(含氟脲苷0.8μg·mL-1),混匀,加甲醇-乙腈(1:9)3 mL混匀,放置5 min,离心(3500 r·min-1,10 min),取上清液于60℃水浴放置,氮气吹干,残渣用0.5 mL流动相溶解,离心(15000 r·min～1,10 min),取上清液,进样50μL。色谱柱:Lichrospher 5-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相:40 mmol·L-1醋酸铵缓冲液(用醋酸调节pH=5.5)-乙腈(97.5:2.5),流速:0.8 mL·min～1,检测波长:268 nm,柱温:25℃。结果:本方法线性范围0.20—10.0μg·mL～1,r=0.9999,方法检测限为0.10μg·mL-1(S/N>4),定量限为(0.21±0.02)μg·mL-1(S/N>10);方法回收率为100.1％-106.6％(n=21),日内RSD为2.3％-4.0％(n=21),日间RSD为3.2％-5.2％(n=21)。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便、准确,可用于人体血浆中吉西他滨浓度的测定及药动学研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法检测人血清中盐酸吡格列酮浓度

目的:建立快速灵敏的高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮的血药浓度。方法:血清样品加入内标后用乙酸乙酯-乙醚(8:1)混合液提取,萃取层经氮气流吹干后用流动相定容,取20 μL 进样。色谱柱为日本 KYATECH 公司 HiQ sil C18V(5 μm,4.6mm×250mm),流动相:0.025 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(pH 4.85)-乙腈(1:1),流速0.75 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为230 nm。结果:本法的最低检测浓度为5 ng·mL~(-1),在10～4000 ng·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性良好。日内精密度 RSD 为1.062%～8.660%,日间精密度 RSD 为1.643%～10.86%,萃取回收率不低于60%,方法回收率在90%以上。结论:该法准确、灵敏、快速,适用于人血清中吡格列酮的测定。     

司氟沙星血药浓度测定及药动学研究

目的:建立测定血浆中司氟沙星浓度的反相高效液相色谱法,并用此方法对正常人口服司氟沙星片进行药动学研究。方法:血浆标本经乙腈沉淀蛋白后,以5％冰醋酸(pH 2.8)-甲醇-乙腈(80:10:10)为流动相,以紫外分光光度计305nm波长处检测。结果:线性范围:31.25～4 000.00ng·mL~(-1),日内RSD为2.83％～5.61％,日间RSD为2.30％～7.05％;平均回收率(98.06±3.78)％,最低检测浓度20ng·mL~(-1)。结论:此方法简便可靠,灵敏度高,可用于司氟沙星药动学研究。     

固相萃取亲水作用色谱法测定人体血浆中表阿霉素

目的:建立固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法(SPE—HILIC)测定人体血浆中的表阿霉素。方法:血浆样品中加入表柔红霉素作为内标,经 Oasis HLB 固相萃取(SPE)小柱萃取后进样测定,色谱柱为 Kromasil KR100—5SIL 硅胶色谱柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),乙腈-甲酸铵缓冲液(40 mmol·mL~(-1),pH 2.9)(90:10)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm。结果:血浆中表阿霉素的线性范围为0.05～2.5μg·mL~(-1)(r~2=0.9991);最低检测限为0.05μg·mL~(-1);样品的回收率高于89.4%;日内及日间精密度RSD 小于7.0%。结论:方法简便,准确可靠,流动相与质谱检测器兼容,适用于血浆表阿霉素浓度测定及药代动力学研究。     

RP-HPLC法研究塔斯品碱在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的:建立大鼠血浆中塔斯品碱浓度的 RP-HPLC 分析方法,并研究其药代动力学特性。方法:用液液萃取技术对血浆中的塔斯品碱进行纯化、浓集,用 RP-HPLC 法进行测定。色谱柱:Kromsil C_(18)ODS 柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-60 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠-20 mmol·L~(-1)SDS(70:30);流速:1.0 mL(min~(-1);检测波长:245nm;柱温:室温。结果:方法线性范围为15.63～903.7 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.994 0),日内、日间精密度的 RSD 分别为3.8%～4.9%和4.2%～7.6%,平均回收率为(107.33±7.3)%～(97.30±4.8)%。塔斯品碱在大鼠体内的达峰时间约2.84 h,平均峰浓度为64.15 ng·mL~(-1),药时曲线下面积为1214.98 ng·mL~(-1)·h,消除半衰期为10.96 h。结论:分析方法灵敏、准确,适合于塔斯品碱的药代动力学研究。塔斯品碱经大鼠口服吸收较慢,而消除很慢。     

反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定人血浆中阿呋唑嗪浓度

目的:建立血浆中阿呋唑嗪的反相高效液相荧光检测方法。方法:采用Shimadzu LC-6高效液相色谱仪,ShimadzuC_(18)柱(150mm×4.6 mm),0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲液(pH2.5)-乙腈(40:60)为流动相,激发波长374nm,发射波长378nm,流速:1mL·min~(-1)。结果:血浆中阿呋唑嗪能得到较好的分离,无明显的干扰峰。本方法专属性好,可信度高。最低检测浓度为0.78ng·mL~(-1),最低检测限是39pg,线性范围0.78～50 ng·mL~(-1),标准曲线:Y=8648.7X+767.8(r=0.999,P<0.05),回收率高于70%,日间、日内RSD均在10％以下。结论:符合生物样品的分析要求。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.