大鼠鼻粘膜降钙素基因相关肽能神经末梢的分布

用免疫细胞化学技术（ＡＢＣ法）观察大鼠鼻粘膜降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ－ｒｅ－ｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）能神经末梢的分布。结果表明ＣＧＲＰ能神经末梢广泛分布于小动脉壁，小静脉壁、腺泡周围及上皮细胞间，其中以小动脉壁密度最大。ＣＧＰＲ能神经末梢的典型形态为多级分枝的串珠样纤维，三叉神经节中也可见ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应阳性神经元胞体。基于上述观察，认为鼻粘膜中ＣＧＲＰ能末梢属于     

大鼠鼻粘膜SP及CGRP逆向释放的免疫细胞化学研究

为了探讨调节肽在鼻粘膜炎症中的作用，我们用４％福尔马林滴鼻（双侧），观察大鼠鼻粘膜Ｐ物质（ｓｕｂｅｔａｎｃｅＰ，ＳＰ）及降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）免疫反应纤维的动态变化。发现每日一次、连续滴鼻５天后，鼻粘膜ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ纤维明显增多，以小血管壁为著；三叉神经节（ＴＧ）部分神经原胞体ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应减弱。以上结果提示鼻粘膜单纯非特异性刺激可致局部ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ逆向释放增多。讨论了鼻粘膜ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ增多的临床意义。     

大鼠前庭传出神经末梢降钙素基因相关肽染色分类

应用包埋前染色免疫电镜技术研究降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）在大鼠前庭终器传出神经纤维及末梢的分布特征。结果发现，根据ＣＧＲＰ阳性染色的有无、染色强度以及染色特征，可将大鼠前庭传出神经末梢分为三类：（１）ＣＧＲＰ阳性染色；（２）ＣＧＲＰ阴性染色；（３）ＣＧＲＰ阳性染色伴斑片状区域性缺染色。本结果提示前庭传出神经系统具有多源性构成和复杂的神经递质和／或神经调制物成份。     

蝶腭神经节电刺激对猫鼻粘膜神经末梢VIP释放的影响

为了解蝶腭神经节刺激对鼻粘膜神经肽释放的调节机制，用免疫组织细胞化学技术（ABC法）及放射免疫学方法观察电刺激蝶腭神经节对猫鼻粘膜神经末梢血管活性肠肽（vasoactiveintestinalpeptide，VIP）释放的影响。实验显示，蝶腭神经节刺激后，鼻粘膜静脉血浆VIP在15秒钟达高峰，随时间变化而逐渐下降。于此同时，分布于小动脉壁、小静脉壁、腺泡周围及上皮细胞间的VIP免疫反应阳性物质明显较神经节刺激前增多。实验结果表明蝶腭神经节刺激可促进猫鼻粘膜神经末梢VIP的释放。     

蝶腭神经节电刺激对猫鼻粘膜神经末梢VIP释放的影响

为了解蝶腭神经节刺激对鼻粘膜神经肽释放的调节机制，用免疫组织细胞化学技术（ＡＢＣ法）及放射免疫学方法观察电刺激蝶腭神经节对猫鼻粘膜神经末梢血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）释放的影响。实验显示，蝶腭神经节刺激后，鼻粘膜静脉血浆ＶＩＰ在１５秒钟达高峰，随时间变化而逐渐下降。于此同时，分布于小动脉壁、小静脉壁、腺泡周围上皮细胞间的ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性物质明显较神经节刺激前增多。实验结果表明蝶腭神经节刺激可促进猫鼻粘     

大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节生长抑素分布的初步研究

为探讨鼻粘膜神经肽释放的调控机制，用免疫组化结合原位杂交组化法观察大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节冰冻切片生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）及生长抑素信使核糖核酸（ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ）的分布。用重组ＰＳＰ６５质粒（４００ＳＯＭｃＤＮＡ）作为制备ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ单链探针（ｃＲＮＡ）的模板，用ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ标记探针。结果表明正常大鼠鼻粘膜无该两种物质，但在三叉神经节细胞则出现阳性反应。与ＳＯＭ免疫组化比较，ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ阳性颗粒位于胞浆内，与背景反差大，可辨率高。讨论了三叉神经节细胞ＳＯＭ－ｍＲＮＡ存在的意义，认为ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ可能在三叉神经节细胞水平对鼻粘膜神经肽的释放起调控作用。     

P物质对变应性鼻炎动物模型鼻粘膜上皮短路电流的影响

目的观察Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）作用于变应性鼻炎动物模型鼻粘膜引起的离子分泌改变导致的上皮表面短路电流（Ｓｈｏｒｔ－ｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ，Ｉｓｃ）的变化。方法以鸡蛋清蛋白致敏大鼠后，用Ｕｓｓ－ｉｎｇ室技术测定鼻粘膜上皮表面短路电流。并观察神经激肽受体（ＮＫ１）拮抗剂ＣＰ９６３４５、组胺Ｈ１受体拮抗剂吡拉明、Ｈ２受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁和河豚毒素对ＳＰ的阻断作用。结果经ＳＰ刺激，致敏大鼠鼻粘膜表面Ｉｓｃ显著增高。经四种物质预处理均能显著阻断ＳＰ引起的Ｉｓｃ变化。结论ＳＰ经感觉神经末梢释放后，可引起上皮表面离子电位变化、上皮通透性增高等一系列鼻粘膜病理变化。     

鼻科学

96 1760大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节生长抑素分布的初步研究/赵长青…//中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志一1996.31(2)一89一91 为探讨鼻粘膜神经肤释放的调控机制,用免疫组化结合原位杂交组化法观察大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节冰冻切片生长抑素(SOM)及生长抑素信使核糖核酸(s()MmRNA)的分布。用重组     

CGRP在豚鼠面神经核正常分布的实验研究

ＣＧＲＰ在豚鼠面神经核正常分布的实验研究马宏敏，邱建华，王锦玲，黄维国降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐ－ｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）是降钙素基因在甲状腺以外的组织中转录、表达的一种由３７个氨基酸残基组成的新肽［１］。目前已...     

内耳降钙素基因相关肽的研究进展

降钙素基因相关肽 (ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ -ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ,ＣＧＲＰ)是由Ｒｏｓｅｎｆｅｌｄ等 1983年发现由 37个氨基酸残基组成的一种多肽 ,其作用繁多、功能活跃、分布广泛 ,几乎所有器官组织都有ＣＧＲＰ分布。本文就ＣＧＲＰ理化性质及其在内耳的研究作简要综述。1　ＣＧＲＰ的生物合成、释放ＣＧＲＰ分为两种 :α -ＣＧＲＰ和 β -ＣＧＲＰ ,为两种不同基因编码 ,分别含 34、37个氨基酸残基。α -ＣＧＲＰ增加皮肤、颈动脉血流量 ,加快心率和增强血浆中血管神经肽原酶、醛固酮的作用明显强于 β-ＣＧＲＰ ,而…     

Immunoreactive nerve fibers in the nasal mucosa

Summary The presence of immunoreactive nervous fibers in the respiratory nasal mucosa of rats and guinea pigs was studied by means of a modified peroxidase antiperoxidase technique for whole mounting. The fibers with neuropeptide Y (NPY) always appeared in the walls of blood vessels, while the fibers immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were found in nerve tracts near the vessels and the acini of seromucous glands as thick networks located in the subepithelial layers. Immunoreactivity (IR) for galanin was found in the mucosa studied. The findings after surgical and chemical denervation of the trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia may support the theory that the fibers with NPY are of a sympathetic nature with the superior cervical ganglion their site of origin, while the CGRP-IR fibers may have a sensory nature.     

抑郁症大鼠鼻黏膜组织形态学观察及神经生长因子的表达

目的:建立抑郁症大鼠模型,观察其鼻腔黏膜组织形态学变化及神经生长因子(NGF)的表达。方法:30只SD大鼠分为抑郁模型组、正常对照组,两组各15只。应用慢性不可预见性中等强度应激刺激制作抑郁症动物模型。用敞箱实验和体液消耗实验检测大鼠行为变化后,处死实验动物,取鼻腔黏膜做形态学切片,进行苏木精-伊红染色和NGF免疫组织化学染色。应用医学数码图像分析技术,检测比较抑郁模型组和正常对照组大鼠鼻腔黏膜组织的NGF蛋白的表达差异。结果:正常对照组鼻黏膜苏木精-伊红染色均未见充血水肿和炎性细胞浸润,抑郁模型组53%鼻黏膜苏木精-伊红染色出现轻度水肿充血和炎性细胞浸润;正常对照组鼻黏膜NGF免疫组织化学染色均为阴性,抑郁模型组53%鼻黏膜NGF免疫组织化学染色为阳性,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:抑郁症大鼠在长期受到各种外界的应激刺激后可能出现鼻腔通气不畅,分泌物过多等鼻炎症状。NGF可能是通过免疫调节作用,促进免疫细胞的增生及聚集,诱导各种递质的释放,增加神经纤维本身的敏感性以及神经肽的产生,促进神经源炎的形成,并增加鼻黏膜的反应性。     

Immunoelectron microscopic findings in patients with allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND: In middle Europe the prevalence of allergic rhinitis is up to 15 % to 25 %. Allergic rhinitis is characterised by an inflammation of the nasal mucosa induced by different allergens. The patients suffer from symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal airway obstruction caused by morphological changes of the nasal mucosa. This symptomatology is considered to be a result of accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells. Further some neuropeptides like Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) and Substance P (SP) play an additional role in pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue samples from 28 human turbinates of patients with perennial rhinitis were taken during nasal surgery and preserved in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde. Ultrathin sections were cut. The samples were dehydrated and embedded in Araldit. After polymerization an immunocytochemical staining-technique using a gold-labeled antibody was carried out. Immunostained structures were photodocumented by using a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: In the lamina propria mucosae an extensive edema and several inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophiles and macrophages was found. The capillaries showed an activated endothelium. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in the periglandular tissue around the acini, ducts and in the glandular connective tissue. Neuroglandular synapses with dense core vesicles and positive immunoreactions to CGRP and SP could be detected. Neuropeptidergic axons were often observed near to plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the edematous nasal mucosa an infiltration with different inflammatory cells was found. Using electron microscopical techniques nerve structures near the submucosal glands could be demonstrated. Immunoreactions to the neuropeptides CGRP and SP were detected in the periglandular nerves and in neuroglandular synapses. These findings demonstrate the direct nerve control of glandular functions in allergic rhinitis. CGRP is generally known to have a vasodilatatory effect and to stimulate the secretion of nasal seromucous glands. In addition, SP as a short-acting vasodilatator may induce vascular permeability and glandular secretion. These immunoelectron microscopical findings further elucidate pathomorphological mechanisms in allergic rhinitis.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal glands and vessels

Summary The trypsin-HCl method of Uehara was applied to the respiratory nasal mucosa of rats and guinea pigs, and the stereoscopic surface view of the nasal glands, vessels, and associated nerve fibers were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM).The terminal portion of the glands was composed of glandular cells and myoepithelial cells, the latter were starfishlike features and extended thin cytoplasmic processes which covered the small area of the terminal portion. The arterioles and venules could be clearly distinguished by their adventitial aspects and innervation pattern. Arterioles were occasionally connected to small arterioles with a characteristic structure, which seemed to play a role in the regulation of peripheral blood supply.     

Distribution of noradrenergic nerve fibers in canine nasal mucosa following selective neurectomies

Summary In this study, we have used noradrenergic histofluorescence and selective neurectomies of the vidian, ethmoid and caudal nasal nerves to evaluate the distribution of postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the canine nasal mucosa. In conjunction with the histochemical localization of the noradrenergic fibers in the nasal mucosa after vidian neurectomy, the norepinephrine content of the mucosa was also evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Unilateral neurectomy of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) resulted in the unilateral disappearance of all noradrenergic histofluorescence in the nasal mucosa, while no morphological changes in noradrenergic fibers could be identified after neurectomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk 1 cm below the SCG. Ethmoid neurectomy caused the disappearance of noradrenergic fibers of the upper third of the nasal mucosa, while vidian neurectomy resulted in a partial loss of noradrenergic fibers in the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa. The loss was chiefly in the area adjacent to venous sinusoids and was responsible for 50% of the norepinephrine content of this tissue. We concluded that all the postganglionic sympathetic fibers are from the ipsilateral SCG. Some of them travel via the ethmoid nerve and innervate the upper third of the nasal mucosa. The remaining fibers travel via the vidian nerve and perhaps the vessel walls of the supplying arteries and innervate the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa. The vidian nerve chiefly innervates the venous sinusoids of the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa.     

NPY in human nasal mucosa -- an immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopical study

BACKGROUND: The functions of the nasal mucosa are regulated by numerous endogenous and exogenous influences. The innervation patterns are important for the control of the physiological nasal functions. In addition to the classic neurotransmitters different neuropeptides might play a regulating and modulating role in the nasal mucosa. Both the significance and the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have not been fully elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue samples of human inferior turbinates from 42 patients were taken during nasal surgery and preserved in phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. Serial sections were incubated with antibodies against NPY and the ABC method was applied. In order to identify immunoelectron microscopic reactions a streptavidin-gold-marker was used. The findings were photodocumented by using a light- and transmission-electron microscope. RESULTS: NPY-positive terminals were mainly located in the adventitia of arterial vessels. There were also NPY-immunoreactive arterioles near to the glands. Periglandular a lower density of immunoreactions could be observed. NPY-positive fibers could be detected in the subepithelial connective tissue and at the glandular ducts. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed NPY within periglandular axons. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopical methods allow a detailed identification of the sympathetic cotransmitter NPY in arterial vessels of nasal mucosa in man. These results indicate that NPY-containing nerve fibers innervate arteries as well as nasal glands. These findings suggest that NPY play a significant role as a neuromodulator in the control of both vasculature and glandular secretion. The localisation of NPY in periglandular and periductal nerves confirms the direct influence of glandular functions. NPY-agonists may be a beneficial additional treatment of rhinopathies to reduce nasal obstruction and mucus secretion.     

鼻内镜手术后中药"通窍洗剂"术腔冲洗疗效观察

目的功能性鼻内镜手术(FESS)后"通窍洗剂"术腔冲洗的疗效.方法慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者60例,随机分为实验组29例和对照组31例.功能性鼻内镜手术后,试验组以"通窍洗剂"冲洗术腔;对照组以生理盐水冲洗术腔.分别于治疗前后行鼻黏膜纤毛运动功能检测,观察症状改善情况及术腔恢复情况.同时,试验组的症状改善情况和术腔黏膜恢复情况也明显优于对照组.结果两组治疗后鼻黏膜纤毛运动功能均有明显改善,实验组传输时间短于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 "通窍洗剂"术腔冲洗可以提高功能性鼻内镜手术的疗效,对促进鼻黏膜纤毛运动功能恢复有良好作用.     

Distribution of noradrenergic nerve fibers in canine nasal mucosa following selective neurectomies

In this study, we have used noradrenergic histofluorescence and selective neurectomies of the vidian, ethmoid and caudal nasal nerves to evaluate the distribution of postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the canine nasal mucosa. In conjunction with the histochemical localization of the noradrenergic fibers in the nasal mucosa after vidian neurectomy, the norepinephrine content of the mucosa was also evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Unilateral neurectomy of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) resulted in the unilateral disappearance of all noradrenergic histofluorescence in the nasal mucosa, while no morphological changes in noradrenergic fibers could be identified after neurectomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk 1 cm below the SCG. Ethmoid neurectomy caused the disappearance of noradrenergic fibers of the upper third of the nasal mucosa, while vidian neurectomy resulted in a partial loss of noradrenergic fibers in the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa. The loss was chiefly in the area adjacent to venous sinusoids and was responsible for 50% of the norepinephrine content of this tissue. We concluded that all the postganglionic sympathetic fibers are from the ipsilateral SCG. Some of them travel via the ethmoid nerve and innervate the upper third of the nasal mucosa. The remaining fibers travel via the vidian nerve and perhaps the vessel walls of the supplying arteries and innervate the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa. The vidian nerve chiefly innervates the venous sinusoids of the lower two-thirds of the nasal mucosa.     

Scanning electron microscopic observation of the nasal mucosa microvasculature

The normal microvasculature of a rat nasal mucosa was investigated in microcorrosion casts viewed under a scanning electron microscope. The nasal mucosa microvasculature was composed of arterioles, venules, capillaries and cavernous sinuses. Both arterioles and venules ran parallel to the long axis of the nasal concha. The capillaries and cavernous sinuses were particularly abundant and interconnected by means of numerous short anastomoses to form a rich dense network. A characteristic feature of the nasal mucosa vasculature was that the capillaries possessed a fenestrated structure, the venules and arterioles were porous, and the surface of cavernous sinuses formed a three dimensional lace-work structure.