Oddi括约肌测压及内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术对Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍诊治的意义

本文对60例胆囊切除术后复发腹痛患者进行0ddi括约肌测压研究,并探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术(EPT)对Oddi括约肌基础压升高患者疗效。用低顺应性水灌注系统,三通道测压导管,观察Oddi括约肌基翻压、Oddi括约肌基础收缩幅度、频率和传播方式。对Oddi括约肌基础压>35mmHg者,随机分为两组,一组予以EPT治疗,另一组做为对照,并随访其疗效。结果发现:Oddi括约肌测压异常发生率为46.7％。Oddi括约肌基础压升高者,EPT治疗后,随访3～18月,有效率为91.7％,明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:Oddi括约肌测压对Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍(SOD)的诊断具有较高价值。测压发现Oddi括约肌基础压升高患者EPT可获得满意的长期疗效。     

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Type III: New studies suggest new approaches are needed

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) has been classified into three types based upon the presence or absence of objective findings including liver test abnormalities and bile duct dilatation. Type III is the most controversial and is classified as biliary type pain in the absence of any these objective findings. Many prior studies have shown that the clinical response to endoscopic therapy is higher based upon the presence of these objective criteria. However, there has been variable correlation of the manometry findings to outcome after endoscopic therapy. Nevertheless, manometry and sphincterotomy has been recommended for Type III patients given the overall response rate of 33%, although the reported response rates are highly variable. However, all of the prior data was non-blinded and non-randomized with variable follow-up. The evaluating predictors in SOD study - a prospective randomized blinded sham controlled one year outcome study showed no correlation between manometric findings and outcome after sphincterotomy. Furthermore, patients receiving sham therapy had a statistically significantly better outcome than those undergoing biliary or dual sphincterotomy. This study calls into question the whole concept of SOD Type III and, based upon prior physiologic studies, one can suggest that SOD Type III likely represents a right upper quadrant functional abdominal pain syndrome and should be treated as such.     

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction： Managing the patient with chronic biliary pain

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a syndrome of chronic biliary pain or recurrent pancreatitis due to functional obstruction of pancreaticobiliary flow at the level of the sphincter of Oddi. The Milwaukee classification stratifies patients according to their clinical picture based on elevated liver enzymes, dilated common bile duct and presence of abdominal pain. TypeⅠpatients have pain as well as abnormal liver enzymes and a dilated common bile duct. TypeⅡSOD consists of pain and only one objective finding, and TypeⅢconsists of biliary pain only. This classification is useful to guide diagnosis and management of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. The current gold standard for diagnosis is manometry to detect elevated sphincter pressure, which correlates with outcome to sphincterotomy. However, manometry is not widely available and is an invasive procedure with a risk of pancreatitis. Non-invasive testing methods, including fatty meal ultrasonography and scintigraphy, have shown limited correlation with manometric findings but may be useful in predicting outcome to sphincterotomy. Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin appears to predict subsequent outcome to sphincterotomy, and could be useful in selection of patients for therapy, especially in the setting where manometry is unavailable.     

奥曲肽对兔Oddi括约肌运动的作用

目的:研究奥曲肽对Oddi括约肌运动的影响.并比较给药途径不同时的作用效应 方法:建立兔Oddi括约肌测压急性实验动物模型.通过静脉灌注和皮下注射药物技术.观察Oddi括约肌运动的变化 结果:静脉灌注或皮下注射奥曲肽3.5μg/kg,连续监测1小时.兔Oddi括约肌基础压以及时相收缩幅度、收缩时限和收缩频率均无明显改变。结论:奥曲肽对兔Oddi括约肌运动无明显作用 奥曲肽经静脉或皮下注射.对括约肌运动的影响无不同效应     

Sphincter of Oddi and its Dysfunction

Sphincter of Oddi though mostly heard about in ‘anatomy textbooks’ is making its way into surgical practice due to various disease states affecting it and its dysfunction seems to be an important condition to be observed while treating patients with abdominal pain. In this review, we have attempted to discuss all the relevant conditions affecting it, particularly the dysfunction with a detailed literature review.     

32例Oddi括约肌功能障碍患者临床病理分析

目的提高对Oddi括约肌功能障碍的认识,探讨本病的临床病理特征,以提高对Oddi括约肌功能障碍诊治水平.方法对32例因上腹部疼痛无其他原因解释而行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影或内镜下乳头括约肌切开术患者进行了乳头黏膜组织的活检,对活检标本常规石蜡包埋,HE染色,显微镜下观察,记录其病理改变.同时记录经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）下乳头黏膜的病理变化.结果内镜下乳头黏膜主要为充血水肿（90.6%）、糜烂（78.1%）、出血（56.2%）等.ERCP见胆总管扩张,合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室者占59.4%.病理组织学表现为乳头黏膜慢性炎症、急性炎症、腺体增生、黏膜下纤维组织增生等.结论Oddi括约肌功能障碍的病因和病理尚不清楚,其乳头组织的病理改变主要为炎性反应,炎症反应在Odd括约肌功能障碍的发病中具有重要的意义,这可能为诊断和治疗本病提供新的靶点.     

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and pancreatitis

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction （SOD） is a term used to describe a group of heterogenous pain syndromes caused by abnormalities in sphincter contractility. Biliary and pancreatic SOD are each sub-classified as type Ⅰ, Ⅱ or Ⅲ, according to the Milwaukee classification. SOD appears to carry an increased risk of acute pancreatitis as well as rates of post ERCP pancreatitis of over 30%. Various mechanisms have been postulated but the exact role of SOD in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis is unknown. There is also an association between SOD and chronic pancreatitis but it is still unclear if this is a cause or effect relationship. Management of SOD is aimed at sphincter ablation, usually by endoscopic sphincterotomy （ES）. Patients with type Ⅰ SOD will benefit from ES in 55%-95% of cases. Sphincter of Oddi manometry is not necessary before ES in type Ⅰ SOD. For patients with types Ⅱ and Ⅲ the benefit of ES is lower. These patients should be more thoroughly evaluated before performing ES. Some researchers have found that manometry and ablation of both the biliary and pancreatic sphincters is required to adequately assess and treat SOD. In pancreatic SOD up to 88% of patients will benefit from sphincterotomy. Therefore, there have been calls from some quarters for the current classification system to be scrapped in favour of an overall system encompassing both biliary and pancreatic types. Future work should be aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between SOD and pancreatitis and identifying patient factors that will help predict benefit from endoscopic therapy.     

Oddi括约肌与十二指肠消化间期运动的关系

目的：观察Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌和十二指肠消化间期运动规律,了解其相互关系。方法：建立Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌测压慢性实验动物模型,用高分辨多道全胃肠功能监测仪记录清醒状态狗Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌动力,通过生理记录仪记录十二指肠机械收缩。结果：（１）狗Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌消化间期运动呈周期性的四相活动,Ｉ相为静止期,持续３５．５分±１３．９分;Ⅱ相为不规则收缩期,持续４０．６分±１７．６分;Ⅲ相为强烈收缩期,持续１４．０分±３．０分;Ⅳ相为过渡期,持续时间平均０．７分。（２）Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌Ⅲ相活动领先十二指肠Ⅲ相活动平均１．１分。结论：Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌消化间期运动模式为移行性复合运动,Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌与十二指肠Ⅲ相活动密切相关。     

十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术对Oddi括约肌功能的影响及与远期并发症的关系

目的探讨十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）对Oddi括约肌功能的影响及与远期并发症的关系。方法收集2009年1月至2013年t月因胆总管结石行ERCP取石的患者,随访观察EST后并发症的发生情况,分为并发症组和对照组。在EST术前、术后1年分别采用Oddi括约肌测压术,对比Oddi括约肌基础压、收缩压高峰值的变化。并抽取胆汁,做细菌培养。结果共有68例患者纳入研究,随访13—36个月,有3例患者失访,远期并发症发生率为16．9％（11／65）。EST术后Oddi括约肌收缩高峰值和收缩频率明显低于术前,但并发症组与对照组之间在EST术前、术后差异均无统计学意义。EST术前并发症组胆道细菌阳性率54．5％（6／11）与对照组46．3％（25／54）之间比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．618）,但术后胆道细菌阳性率明显高于对照组[70％（7／10）比31．7％（13／41）,P=0．026]。采用Logistic回归分析表明：合并胆囊结石、胆总管直径（〉1．5cm）、结石数量（〉3）、结石最大直径（〉20mm）、EST大切开是EST术后远期并发症的主要危险因素。结论EST术后远期并发症须加强关注,Oddi括约肌功能下降、存在胆肠反流是其发生的基础因素,同时也受多种危险因素的影响。     

Oddi括约肌测压及内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术对Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍诊治的意义

目的：对60例胆囊切除术后复发腹痛患者进行Oddi括约肌测压研究，并探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术（EPT）对Oddi括约肌基础压升高患者疗效。方法：用低顺应性灌注系统，三通道测压导管，观察Oddi括约肌基础压、Oddi括约肌基础收缩幅度、频率和传播方式。对Oddi括约肌基础压＞6．32kPa（35mmHg）者，随机分为两组，一组予以EPT治疗，另一组作为对照，并随访其疗效。结果：Oddi括约肌测压异常发生率为46．7％。Oddi括约肌基础压升高者，EPT治疗后，随访3～18个月，有效率为91．7％，明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：Oddi括约肌测压对Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍（SO）的诊断具有较高价值。测压发现Oddi括约肌基础压升高患者EPT可获得满意的长期疗效。     

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and bile duct microlithiasis in acute idiopathic pancreatitis

Although there are numerous causes of acute panc-reatitis, an etiology cannot always be found. Two potential etiologies, microlithiasis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, are discussed in this review. Gallbladder microlithiasis, missed on transcutaneous ultrasound, is reported as the cause of idiopathic acute pancreatitis in a wide frequency range of 6%-80%. The best diagnostic technique for gallbladder microlithiasis is endoscopic ultrasound although biliary crystal analysis and empiric cholecystectomy remain as reasonable options. In contrast, in patients who are post-cholecystectomy, bile duct microlithiasis does not appear to have a role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is present in 30%-65% of patients with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis in whom other diagnoses have been excluded. It is unclear if this sphincter dysfunction was the original etiology of the first episode of pancreatitis although it appears to have a causative role in recurring episodes since sphincter ablation decreases the frequency of recurrent attacks. Unfortunately, this conclusion is primarily based on small retrospective case series; larger prospective studies of the outcome of pancreatic sphincterotomy for SOD-associated acute pancreatitis are sorely needed. Another problem with this diagnosis and its treatment is the concern over potential procedure related complications from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP）, manometry and pancreatic sphincterotomy. For these reasons, patients should have recurrent acute pancreatitis, not a single episode, and have a careful informed consent before assessment of the sphincter of Oddi is undertaken.     

芍药甙与生长抑素及其类似物对犬重症急性胰腺炎Oddi括约肌影响的比较研究

传统医学应用白芍作为松弛平滑肌的药物之一,芍药甙为白芍的主要有效成分,对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)时的Oddi括约肌功能障碍可能具有潜在治疗作用.目的:比较芍药甙与生长抑素及其类似物对实验性SAP犬Oddi括约肌的影响.方法:将20条犬随机分为SAP非治疗组、芍药甙治疗组、奥曲肽治疗组和生长抑素治疗组,以注射5%牛磺酸钠和自身胆汁混合液制备SAP模型.分别于造模前后以及给药后5、10、30、60、120和180 min测定Oddi括约肌基础压和时相收缩幅度(PCA).结果:造模后,SAP非治疗组的Oddi括约肌基础压显著升高(P=0.000 1).芍药甙、奥曲肽和生长抑素均能显著降低SAP时的Oddi括约肌基础压(P＜0.05);生长抑素还能显著降低SAP时的Oddi括约肌PCA(P=0.000 3),芍药甙和奥曲肽则无明显作用(P＞0.05).比较给药后Oddi括约肌基础压降低的差值,结果显示生长抑素在给药初期(给药后5 min和10 min)表现出较为明显的降压作用(P＜0.05),以后各时间点三者的作用无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:Oddi括约肌压力异常是SAP发展以及影响其严重程度的重要因素,芍药甙通过降低Oddi括约肌基础压而对SAP具有潜在治疗作用,且该作用在一定程度上与生长抑素及其类似物相当.     

生长抑素对Oddi括约肌功能的影响

本文在逆行胰胆管造影下,Oddi括约肌测压研究生长抑素对20例患者Oddi括约肌运动功能的影响。20例患者中胆总管结石6例,胆总管轻度扩张3例,肝门癌3例,未见明显异常者8例,用低顺应性水灌注系统,三通道测压导管,分别于用药前及静注生长抑素250#g 1分钟后进行Oddi括约肌测压,观察Oddi括约肌基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度、收缩间期、传播方式和胆管内压变化。结果显示:用药后Oddi括约肌基础压降低,收缩频率减慢,其余指标无明显变化。我们认为,生长抑素对Oddi括约肌有抑制性作用,有利于胆汁和胰液排出。     

Main pancreatic duct, common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi structure visualized by optical coherence tomography: An ex vivo study compared with histology

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography has been proposed to obtain high-resolution imaging of tissue structure of GI tract. Up till now, the optical coherence tomography appearance of the common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi wall structure has not yet been defined. AIMS: To compare, in a prospective study, optical coherence tomography images of pancreato-biliary ductal system with histology and identify the optical coherence tomography pattern of the normal wall structure of the ducts. METHODS: Multiple sections of non-neoplastic segments of five consecutive ex vivo human pancreatic specimens were investigated by optical coherence tomography scanning within 1h of resection. Sixty optical coherence tomography images were compared with the corresponding histological findings. RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography appearance of normal common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi is characterized by a differentiated three-layer architecture with a regular surface and a homogeneous back-scattered signal, corresponding to the single layer of epithelial cells, the connective-muscular layer and the muscular or acinar structure, respectively. Optical coherence tomography and histology findings were concordant in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography was able to provide in real-time images of wall structure of the normal common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi that are similar to those obtained by histology. These results suggest that optical coherence tomography could enable high-resolution images to be obtained from the pancreato-biliary system during an ERCP procedure.     

Intraoperative Sphincter of Oddi Manometry in Patients with Gallstones

In seven patients operated on with cholecystectomy for simple gallstones, sphincter of Oddi manometry was performed during surgery. The sphincter was localized as a zone with elevated base-line pressure and phasic contractile activity. Mean value of the amplitude was 90 mm Hg; wave duration, 4 sec; frequency, 5/min; and base-line pressure, 10 mm Hg. No activity was seen in the antrum or duodenum. The plotting of peak-to-peak intervals in a histogram showed that these were evenly distributed around 6 sec or at integrated multiples of this value. This indicates that the sphincter of Oddi is paced. The origin of the pacing is not yet established.     

Choledochoscope manometry about different drugs on the Sphincter of Oddi

AIM： To assess the effects of H2-receptor blocking pharmacon, protease inhibitor, and gastro kinetic agents on the human Sphincter of Oddi （SO） motility by choledochoscope manometry. METHODS： One hundred and seventy-five patients with T tube installed after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were assessed by choledochoscope manometry. They were randomly assigned into groups of H2-receptor blocking pharmacon, protease inhibitor, and gastro kinetic agents. The Sphincter of Oddi basal pressure （SOBP）, amplitude （SOCA）, frequency of contractions （SOF）, duodenal pressure （DP）, and common bile duct pressure （CBDP） were scored and analyzed. RESULTS： SOBP and SOCA were significantly decreased after Cimetidine administration, and no statistical difference was seen in the Famotidine group. In the Gabexate mesilate group, SOBP had decreased significantly. In the Ulinastatin group, SOCA decreased when Ulinastatin was given at the rate of 2500 U/min; when Ulinastatin administration was raised to 5000 U/ rain, SOBP, SOF and SOCA all experienced a fall. SOBP and SOCA for Domperidone and SOCA for Mosapride groups all decreased distinctly after administration. CONCLUSION： The regular dosage of Cimetidine showed an inhibitory effect on the motility of SO, while Famotidine had no obvious effects otherwise. Gabnexata mesilate, Ulinastatin and gastro kinetic agents also showed inhibitory effects on the SO motility.     

胆汁反流性胃炎患者Oddi括约肌松弛不良:硝苯吡啶改善胆囊排空作用研究

目的　研究胆汁反流性胃炎（ＢＲＧ） 患者胆囊（ＧＢ） 排空异常的发生机制．方法　按随机、双盲及对照的原则,用实时超声研究了３８ 例ＢＲＧ 患者和３０ 例正常对照组ＧＢ 排空功能及硝苯吡啶（Ｎｉ） 对ＧＢ 排空的影响．结果　空腹ＧＢ 容量ＢＲＧ 组明显多于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,服Ｎｉ前后ＧＢ 容量无明显变化（ Ｐ＞ ０－０５） ． 餐后１５ｍｉｎ 起ＧＢ 排出量（ＧＥＦ） 即明显少于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,４５ｍｉｎ 时更著． 口服Ｎｉ 后２５ｍｉｎ ＢＲＧ 组ＧＥＦ 即显著增加（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,２０ ｍｇ Ｎｉ 更著;ＧＢ排空速度明显增快（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ;最大ＧＢ 排空时间明显缩短（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ． 服Ｎｉ 前后血浆促胃液素水平无明显差异（ Ｐ＞ ０－０５） ． 对照组口服Ｎｉ 后ＧＥＦ 明显减少（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,２０ ｍｇ者更著．结论　Ｏｄｄｉ 括约肌松弛不良可能为ＢＲＧ 患者ＧＢ 排空异常的发生机制之一;口服Ｎｉ 有明显改善其ＧＢ 排空的作用,但对消化间期ＧＢ 排空无明显影响,Ｎｉ 改善ＧＢ 排空不依赖促胃液素．