阿托品压抑疗法与遮盖疗法治疗儿童屈光参差性弱视

目的:探讨阿托品压抑疗法与遮盖疗法治疗儿童屈光参差性弱视的疗效及对视功能的影响。方法:前瞻性研究。选取2018-02/2020-09本院收治的屈光参差弱视儿童患者158例,采用随机数字表法将弱视儿童分为两组：阿托品压抑疗法组优势眼治疗给予1%阿托品凝胶,临睡前滴一滴至结膜囊内,每周治疗2次者78例;遮盖疗法组弱视儿童每日遮盖优势眼大于2h治疗者80例。比较两组弱视儿童治疗6mo后立体视功能、对比敏感度、行图形视觉诱发电位检测,评估治疗效果及依从性。结果:阿托品压抑疗法组和遮盖疗法组总体依从性比较有差异(96.2%vs 73.8%,P<0.05),有效率比较无差异(79.5%vs 73.8%,P>0.05),立体视功能重建有效率比较有差异(74.4%vs 56.3%,P<0.05)。两组治疗6mo后在1、4、8、10、12c/d频率下对比敏感度较治疗前明显升高(均P<0.001),阿托品压抑疗法组在8、10、12c/d频率下对比敏感度高于遮盖疗法组(均P<0.05),P100波幅高于遮盖疗法组,P100潜伏期低于遮盖疗法组(P100波幅：12.96±2.10...     

屈光参差与屈光不正性弱视儿童脑白质形态学的MRI研究

目的 探求单眼屈光参差性弱视和屈光不正性弱视儿童脑白质容积的改变.方法 对14例单眼屈光参差性弱视、8例屈光不正性弱视及20例正常对照儿童行磁共振(MRI)扫描,利用基于体素的形态学测量方法(VBM)和SPM8软件对采集的MRI图像进行处理和统计分析,比较单眼屈光参差性弱视组、屈光不正性弱视组和对照组每两组之间的白质容积差异.结果 屈光参差性弱视组较对照组左侧距状沟下白质和左侧顶上小叶白质容积减小,右侧楔叶白质容积增大;屈光不正性弱视组较对照组右侧枕中回下白质和右侧额中回下白质容积减小.结论 在单眼屈光参差性弱视和屈光不正性弱视儿童中,与视觉相关的脑区白质均存在形态学改变,表明与视觉相关脑区的灰、白质形态学变化同为弱视儿童视皮层功能损伤的形态学基础,且与弱视的产生和发展密切相关.     

屈光不正性弱视儿童708例屈光状态分析

目的：：分析儿童屈光不正性弱视的屈光状态,了解儿童屈光不正性弱视的流行病学资料。方法：回顾2012-01/2013-12在我院小儿眼科与斜弱视专科确诊为屈光不正性弱视,并进行集中综合训练的弱视儿童708例1416眼,对其屈光状态进行流行病学分析。结果：弱视儿童708例1416眼中,远视190眼(13.42％),远视散光612眼(43.22％),近视18眼(1.27％),近视散光134眼(9.46％),混合散光462眼(32.63％)。不同年龄组的弱视儿童的屈光状态分布不同,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。屈光不正引起的弱视大多为轻到中度弱视(1276眼,90.11％),重度弱视以远视性散光为主(82眼,5.79％),散光以顺规性为多(1046眼,86.59％)。结论：远视性屈光不正及混合散光为造成儿童屈光不正性弱视的主要类型,弱视程度与屈光状态、散光轴向有关。     

完全遮盖疗法对弱视儿童屈光状态的影响

目的 :探讨在弱视的治疗中 ,长期的完全遮盖疗法对弱视儿童屈光状态的影响。方法 :选择双眼均为远视的单眼弱视儿童 5 7例 ,年龄 4～ 8岁 ,平均为 (5 .4± 1.4 )岁 ,按1∶6行完全遮盖疗法 ,疗程 14～ 2 4个月 ,平均 (18± 2 .6 )个月 ,比较双眼年均下降远视屈光度。结果 :被遮盖眼 (健眼 )和对侧眼 (弱视眼 )的年均下降远视屈光度分别为 (0 .4 6± 0 .14 )D和 (0 .2 1± 0 .15 )D ,二者经配对t检验发现 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :长期的完全遮盖疗法可加快弱视儿童被遮盖眼远视屈光度下降的速度 ,使屈光参差增大。     

A retrospective analysis of children with anisometropic amblyopia in Nepal

Purpose: Anisometropia is one of the main causes of amblyopia. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the depth of amblyopia and the magnitude of anisometropia.

Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted at the Nepal Eye Hospital between July 2006 and June 2011. Those children included in this study were aged ≤13 years and diagnosed with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia, no strabismus and ocular pathology. Associations between the depth of amblyopia and the age and/or gender of the subjects, the laterality of the amblyopic eyes, the type and magnitude of refractive error of amblyopic eyes, and the magnitude of anisometropia were statistically analyzed.

Results: Out of the 189 children with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia (mean age 9.1?±?2.8 years), 59% were boys. Amblyopia was more commonly found in left eye (p?p?=?0.864) or age (p?=?0.341) of the subjects or the laterality of the eyes (p?=?0.159), but it was associated with the type (p?=?0.049) and magnitude (p?=?0.013) of refractive error of the amblyopic eye and the magnitude of anisometropia (p?=?0.002).

Conclusion: Nepalese anisometropic amblyopic children were presented late to hospital. The depth of amblyopia was highly associated with the type and magnitude of refractive error of the amblyopic eye and the magnitude of anisometropia. So, basic vision screening programs may help to find out the anisometropic children and reefer them to the hospital for timely management of anisometropic amblyopia if present.     

知觉学习改善屈光参差性弱视视功能的临床观察

目的探讨知觉学习训练在改善青少年及成人屈光参差性弱视患者视功能方面的效果。方法前瞻性自身对照研究。共纳入18例青少年和成年单眼屈光参差性弱视患者,弱视眼在截止空间频率下进行对比度检测任务的训练,对侧相对健眼作为对照。患者随访3～6个月。分别观察患者训练前后的最佳矫正视力和对比度阈值改变,立体视改变以及试验组训练前后视觉诱发电位改变。数据进行t检验、相关性分析。结果弱视眼与相对健眼相比,其在训练前后的视力改变,截止空间频率下的对比度阈值改变,以及所有空间频率下的对比度阈值改变差异均有统计学意义（t=2.731,P<0.05;t=5.108,P<0.01;t=3.700,P<0.01）,弱视眼及对侧眼在训练前后潜伏期变化,振幅变化差异均无统计学意义,并且18例中有8例立体视得到改善。12例患者随访3个月,弱视眼视力平均保持了99.3%,对侧眼视力改善平均保持了50%。结论知觉学习能改善青少年及成年屈光参差性弱视患者的视功能,可用于治疗大龄弱视。     

探讨遮盖法在弱视治疗中的意义

目的:观察遮盖法治疗弱视的效果,同时分析不同遮盖时间、年龄差异、发病原因及弱视程度的疗效特点从而探讨其在弱视治疗中的临床意义。方法:回顾性研究,自2005-06/2008-06就诊于我院斜弱视门诊患儿107例143眼,男(45例69眼),女(62例74眼)。平均年龄5.3岁,其中斜视性弱视26眼,屈光参差性弱视37眼,屈光不正性弱视80眼,轻度弱视43眼,中度弱视81眼,重度弱视19眼。根据治疗方法不同随机分组为完全遮盖组、4h遮盖组、单纯配镜矫正组。随访1a中观察并记录3组患儿最佳矫正视力,视力提高行数及弱视治愈率。结果:遮盖组视力平均提高2.4行,单纯戴镜组视力平均提高1.7行,遮盖组较对照组视力提高明显(P<0.05)。视力提高达0.8以上治愈率为遮盖组(11眼,11.5%),对照组(4眼,8.5%),遮盖组治愈率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。间断遮盖和全日遮盖两种方法对轻度和中度弱视组视力提高无统计学差异(轻度χ2=0.84,P=0.77;中度χ2=0.91,P=0.57),重度弱视组患者全日遮盖较间断遮盖视力明显提高(χ2=13.57,P<0.05)。间断遮盖4h组在3,6,12mo视力平均分别为0.41,0.56,0.67;全日遮盖组在3,6,12mo视力平均分别为0.38,0.68,0.72,其中第6mo全日遮盖组视力改善较间断遮盖组明显增高趋势但无统计学意义(χ2=2.0,P=0.60)。结论:遮盖法是弱视治疗中常用且有效的治疗方法,对于轻中度弱视可采用间断遮盖的方法,重度弱视采用全天遮盖的方法,维持患者的依从性是治疗的关键。     

准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗远视性屈光参差性弱视

目的:探讨准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视的效果.方法:选取2014-03/2016-03在我院治疗的成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视患者26例26眼,均行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术,观察患者裸眼视力(uncorrected visual acuity,UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、屈光度及立体视功能情况.结果:患者随访结束时屈光度的等效球镜和双眼间屈光参差分别为1.47±0.51D和1.15±0.22D,均较术前明显降低(P<0.05);患者随访结束时看远和看近UCVA及BCVA分别为0.26±0.13和0.23±0.09、0.42±0.09和0.31±0.16,均较术前明显提高(P<0.05);患者随访结束时立体视功能较术前明显改善(P<0.05),术后立体视功能<100"眼数比例为23%.结论:成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视行准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗有一定的临床效果.     

不同屈光状态弱视儿童治疗效果的临床分析

目的：探讨不同屈光状态儿童弱视治疗的临床效果。方法回顾弱视儿童86例（150眼）,其中远视性弱视77眼,近视性弱视38眼,混合散光性弱视35眼,比较评价三组治疗效果。结果远视性弱视组治愈68眼（88.3%）,近视性弱视治愈24眼（63.2%）,混合散光性弱视治愈11眼（31.5%）,三组治愈率有明显差异,P〈0.05。结论远视性弱视治疗效果明显好于近视性和混合散光性弱视。     

弱视儿童的临床概况和遮盖治疗结果

目的：研究弱视的临床表现,以及对弱视患者进行遮盖治疗的效果。

方法：纵向研究。收集2015-04/2016-04 Dhulikhel医院眼科1 092例患者数据。对检出的弱视60例患儿的视力、主诉、年龄、屈光状态、双眼屈光度和注视方式进行评估。并对检出的弱视患儿进行遮盖治疗。

结果：在研究期间接受检查的1 092例儿童中,60例(5.49%)为弱视患者,其中,女性35例(58.30%),男性25例(41.70%),平均年龄为8.87±3.29岁。在43.3%(n=26)的弱视儿童中,经线性弱视是最常见的亚型,其次是远视性屈光参差性弱视(20%,n=12)。最常见的屈光不正是散光,占58.30%,其次是远视(22.50%)和近视(7.50%)。配戴眼镜联合遮盖治疗和主动视觉训练的依从性为73.30%(n=44)。3mo后不同治疗策略对弱视眼视力有显著改善(P=0.002)。

结论：在尼泊尔等发展中国家,弱视发病率和相关的视力损害仍然是一个公共卫生问题。意识的缺乏,社区或学龄前儿童视力筛查的缺乏,会导致儿童较晚出现症状,并最终导致明显的视力损害。通过筛选就诊地点、及时转诊和适当的干预措施,这种状况可得到改善。     

Clinical profile of amblyopia and outcome of occlusion therapy in pediatric populations attending a referral hospital

AIM: To study clinical profile of amblyopia and also the outcomes of occlusion therapy among the amblyopes.METHODS: This was a hospital-based longitudinal study by design. Data were collected from April 2015 to April 2016 in Ophthalmology Department of Dhulikhel Hospital. Presenting visual acuity, chief complaint at presentation, age at presentation, refractive status, binocularity and fixation patterns were assessed in all the children with amblyopia. Improvement in visual acuity was also noted in all the subjects after occlusion therapy, which is a most commonly used modality of treatment for amblyopia.RESULTS: Among 1092 children examined during the study period, 60 (5.49%) were amblyopic. Among them, 35 (58.30%) were females and 25 (41.70%) were males. The mean age at presentation was 8.87±3.29y. Meridional amblyopia was the most prevalent subtype seen in 43.3% (n=26) of children followed by anisohypermetropic amblyopia (20%, n=12). The most common refractive error was astigmatism accounting for 58.30% of the total cases followed by hypermetropia (22.5%) and myopia (7.5%). Compliance with spectacle wear combined with occlusion therapy and active vision therapy was 73.3% (n=44). There was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes after the different treatment strategies after 3mo (P=0.002).CONCLUSION: Prevalence of amblyopia and associated visual impairment is still a public health issue in developing countries like Nepal. Lack of awareness and lack of community or preschool vision screening for children lead to late presentation and significant visual impairment associated with the condition. The burden can easily be reduced with screening camps, timely referrals and proper interventions.     

弱视遮盖治疗的新进展

遮盖是弱视治疗的有效手段，但具体效果还因情况而异。重度弱视患者全天遮盖和6h遮盖的视力提高相近．中度弱视患者2h和6h遮盖治疗的效果没有明显差异。既往认为的弱视类型对治疗结果的影响受到挑战，有研究发现其对治疗结果的影响作用并不明显。遮盖与阿托品疗法对中度弱视治疗的效果是相近的。有试验性研究发现遮盖伴精细行为训练能提高遮盖治疗的效果。终止治疗的方法可能也是影响复发的一个因素。本文扼要综述弱视遮盖治疗的最新进展。     

Part-time occlusion therapy for amblyopia in older children

Aim:

To compare the efficacy of part-time versus full-time occlusion for treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7-12 years.

Materials and Methods:

Prospective interventional case series. One hundred children between 7-12 years of age with anisometropic (57), strabismic (25) and mixed (18) unilateral amblyopia were randomized (simple randomization) into four groups (25 each) to receive two hours, four hours, six hours or full-time occlusion therapy. Children were regularly followed up at six-weekly intervals for a minimum of three visits.

Statistical Analysis:

Intragroup visual improvement was analyzed using paired t-test while intergroup comparisons were done using ANOVA and unpaired t-test.

Results:

All four groups showed significant visual improvement after 18 weeks of occlusion therapy (P<0.001). Seventy-three (73%) of the total 100 eyes responded to amblyopia therapy with 11 eyes (44%), 17 eyes (68%), 22 eyes (88%) and 23 eyes (92%) being amblyopia responders in the four groups respectively, with the least number of responders in the two hours group. In mild to moderate amblyopia (vision 20/30 to 20/80), there was no significant difference in visual outcome among the four groups (P=0.083). However, in severe amblyopia (vision 20/100 or worse), six hours (P=0.048) and full-time occlusion (P=0.027) treatment were significantly more effective than two hours occlusion.

Conclusion:

All grades of part-time occlusion are comparable to full-time occlusion in effectiveness of treatment for mild to moderate amblyopia in children between 7-12 years of age unlike in severe amblyopia, where six hours and full-time occlusion were more effective than two hours occlusion therapy.     

屈光手术在成人斜视弱视领域中的应用

屈光手术包括角膜屈光手术和眼内屈光手术,不仅仅用来矫正单纯的屈光不正,其在治疗斜弱视领域也担任着重要角色。本文系统介绍了屈光手术在治疗儿童以及成人屈光参差性弱视以及调节性内斜视方面的一些研究进展,尤其是在治疗成人屈光参差性弱视和调节性内斜视方面,显示出独特的疗效,本文对此进行综述。     

屈光不正性、屈光参差性及斜视性弱视的位置辨别比较

目的比较屈光不正性、屈光参差性及斜视性弱视患者的位置辨别功能差异以及单眼弱视双眼间位置辨别差异。方法选取在广西视光中心就诊的139例(237眼)弱视患者,按弱视类型分为屈光不正性弱视组40例(80眼)、屈光参差性弱视组61例(82眼)、斜视性弱视组38例(75眼),检测3组弱视位置辨别功能并进行比较分析。结果 3组弱视位置辨别功能检测结果均集中在2～4级之间,中位数均为3级,3组位置辨别功能结果比较,差异无统计学意义(Hc=0.530,P>0.05)。单眼弱视双眼位置辨别功能比较,差异无统计学意义(MH=1.837,P>0.05)。单眼弱视眼与双眼弱视眼位置辨别功能比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.588,P>0.05)。结论屈光不正性、屈光参差性及斜视性弱视儿童位置辨别功能不存在差异,单眼弱视双眼位置辨别功能无差异,单眼弱视眼与双眼弱视眼位置辨别功能相似。     

Remediation of refractive amblyopia by optical correction alone

Amblyopia--the commonest vision abnormality of childhood--is characterized by a loss of visual acuity usually of one eye only. Treatment aims to promote function of the amblyopic eye and does this by restricting, usually through occlusion, the competitive advantage of the fellow eye. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates that the recovery of vision following early deprivation is facilitated by increasing visually evoked activity. An analogous approach in humans is to minimise image blur by correcting refractive error prior to treatment--a practice which may account for the poorly quantified improvements in visual acuity sometimes attributed to 'spectacle adaptation'. Here we describe clinically significant gains in visual acuity obtained over a period of 4-24 weeks in a group of amblyopic children arising solely in response to the correction of refractive error. Consequences for the clinical management of refractive amblyopia are discussed.     

部分和全天遮盖治疗儿童单眼弱视首剂效应的疗效分析

目的:探讨单眼弱视患者每日部分或全天遮盖优势眼后首次复诊的疗效,评估不同遮盖量所产生的最大效能。方法:回顾性临床研究。连续收集我院2020-01/2021-12本院门诊治愈的单眼弱视患者135例。根据遮盖时间分为2h/d遮盖组、6h/d遮盖组和全天遮盖组,配合弱视眼精细目力训练,记录首剂效应(基线视力-首次复查视力)、治愈视力、首次复诊时立体视觉以及弱视眼治愈时间。并分析影响单眼弱视患者首剂效应的因素。结果:所有患者基线视力为0.4(0.22, 0.52),首次复诊视力为0.22(0.15, 0.3),首剂效应为0.1(0.08, 0.18),弱视达治愈时视力为0(-0.08, 0.05)。2h/d遮盖组患者首剂效应为0.08(0.07, 0.12),6h/d遮盖组为0.18(0.08, 0.3),全天遮盖组为0.10(0.08, 0.18),6h/d遮盖组首剂效应最显著(P<0.05);不同影响因素分析显示3～6岁组、7～12岁组、女性组、斜视性弱视组、轻中度弱视组的6h/d遮盖首剂效应值最高(P<0.05);同时,6h/d遮盖首剂效应与弱视眼治愈时间呈正相关(r     

Femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery for the correction of high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juveniles

AIM: To evaluate the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) to correct high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juvenile patients. METHODS: From November 2013 to January 2015, 33 amblyopic patients with high myopic anisometropic amblyopia were studied. FS-LASIK (30 eyes) or SMILE (3 eyes) was performed in the amblyopic eyes. Visual acuity, refraction, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and complications were evaluated. Patients completed follow-up examinations at 3d, 1mo, 3mo and the last follow-up time (mean 8.17±3.23mo) after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age at surgery was 9.04±3.04y (range 6-16y). The mean spherical equivalent in the amblyopic eyes was significantly decreased from -10.00±2.39 D preoperatively to -0.06±1.06 D at 1mo, -0.19±1.33 D at 3mo and -0.60±1.43 D at approximately 8mo postoperatively (P<0.05 for all). The mean myopic anisometropia was significantly decreased from -9.45±2.33 D preoperatively to +0.37±1.48 D at 1mo, -0.46±1.47 D at 3mo and -0.09±1.83 D at approximately 8mo (P<0.05 for all). The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) of the amblyopic eye improved from 1.74±0.35 and 0.98±0.63 preoperatively to 0.45±0.31 and 0.41±0.33 at approximately 8mo after surgery, respectively. The logMAR CDVA at 3d, 1, 3 and 8mo postoperatively improved by means of 1.42, 2.22, 2.96, and 4.39 lines, and a gain of more than two lines accounted for 45%, 50%, 74% and 86% of all patients, respectively. The contrast sensitivity of both amblyopic eyes and dominant eyes at 0.5, 2, 8 cycles per degree was significantly improved postoperatively (P<0.05 for all). Of the 33 pediatric patients, no patients had near stereopsis preoperatively and seven patients (21.2%) recovered near stereopsis (400″ to 60″) at approximately 8mo after surgery. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred in any patient. CONCLUSION: FS-LASIK or SMILE can be promising alternative methods to correct high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juvenile patients who have failed with traditional approaches.     

弱视患者对治疗方法依从性分析

目的探讨弱视治疗过程中,患者对各种治疗方法的依从性。方法弱视患者258例,年龄3～12岁,平均7.5岁,患者正在治疗期间或是曾经接受过治疗。采用问卷式调查,对象是就诊患者和家长。提出的问题:家长是否知道视觉发育的敏感期?弱视治疗的最高年限是多大?患儿是否坚持戴眼镜?每天几个小时?患儿是否遮盖健眼?每天遮盖几个小时?每天弱视训练多长时间?结果63%患者能够完全按照医嘱进行治疗。52%的家长不懂视觉发育敏感期。33%家长不知道弱视治疗的最高年龄限制是12岁。10%患者不能够坚持每天戴眼镜。14%患者不能坚持按照医嘱遮盖健眼。其中主要为弱视眼矫正视力低于0.3者或在校读书的学生。39%患者不能坚持精细目力训练。结论37%患者存在非依从性。