人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊微生物限度检查方法验证

目的建立人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊的微生物限度检查方法。方法通过5种阳性对照菌回收率试验,分别采用离心沉淀法+培养基稀释法和离心集菌薄膜过滤法消除其抑菌作用。结果根据回收率试验结果,必须采用离心集菌及薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除其抑菌作用,3种细菌的回收率均能达到70%。结论人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊微生物限度检查方法的验证表明应按离心集菌薄膜过滤法对其进行微生物限度检查。     

藏药二十五味鬼臼丸微生物限度检查方法验证

目的建立二十五味鬼臼丸的微生物限度检查方法。方法分别采用常规法、培养基稀释法和薄膜过滤法对4种阳性菌进行回收率试验。结果根据回收率试验结果,二十五味鬼臼丸有较强的抑菌作用,必须采用薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除其抑菌作用,3种细菌的回收率均能达到70%。结论二十五味鬼臼丸微生物限度检查方法的验证表明其细菌计数应按薄膜过滤法,霉菌、酵母菌数和各控制菌均可采用常规法测定。     

头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法验证

目的:建立头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法。方法:按中国药典2010年版及中国药品检验标准操作规范2010年版的相关规定,采用5种验证用阳性对照菌回收率试验,确定其微生物限度检查方法。结果:头孢克肟颗粒对霉菌酵母菌无明显抑菌作用,白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌按平皿法试验的回收率均高于70%;头孢克肟颗粒对细菌和控制菌有明显抑菌作用,且必须用薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除抑菌作用,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的回收率才能高于70%。控制菌采用薄膜过滤法,阳性对照组检出试验菌,阴性对照组无菌生长。结论:头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法,细菌数、控制菌采用薄膜过滤法检查,霉菌酵母菌采用平皿法检查。     

1例长期服用牛黄解毒片致慢性砷中毒报告

目的提醒人们注意牛黄解毒片的毒性作用。方法采用临床观察的方法。结果患者因便秘,在5~6年时间里每天或隔日服5~6片牛黄解毒片,引起慢性砷中毒。结论长期服用牛黄解毒片可致慢性砷中毒。     

沙丁胺醇气雾剂微生物限度检查的方法建立和验证

目的 建立沙丁胺醇气雾剂的微生物限度检查方法,并进行方法验证.方法 接中国药典201年版附录微生物限度的检查方法,用薄膜过滤法对沙丁胺醇气雾剂的细菌、霉菌及酵母菌计数和控制菌检查,并进行方法验证.结果 采用薄膜过滤法,各试验菌在样品中的回收率均达到70％以上,控制菌检查符合要求.结论 薄膜过滤法可用于沙丁胺醇气雾剂的微生物限度检查.     

婴儿爽软膏微生物限度检查法的验证

目的 确认所采用的方法与婴儿爽软膏的微生物限度检查相匹配,确保其检查方法的科学性和检验结果的准确性.方法 采用2010年版<中国药典>(二部)附录"微生物限度检查法"项下相关内容进行方法学验证.结果 经实验结果得出枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌可采用常规法检验,金黄色葡萄球菌可采用培养基稀释法检验,大肠埃希菌可采用薄膜过滤法检验.结论 本试验为婴儿爽乳膏的微生物限度检查提供了方法学依据,对药品的生产及检验有较大的实用价值.     

牛黄解毒版为何"毒性大发"

牛黄解毒片是有着800多年历史的名药.牛黄解毒片是由牛黄解毒丸改变剂型研制而成,是许多家庭常备的"祛火药".近年来,牛黄解毒片不良反应事件发生有上升趋势,引起了专家学者的注意.北京中医药大学姜良铎教授指出,雄黄可能是引起牛黄解毒片(丸)安全性问题的主要原因.雄黄的主要成分是二硫化二砷,若牛黄解毒片(丸)炮制、制备和储存不当,可导致雄黄中二硫化二砷氧化为有毒的三氧化二砷,俗称砒霜.     

结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法的研究

目的:研究结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法.方法:通过微生物限度检查方法研究确认结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法.结果:结石康胶囊的控制菌采用常规法,细菌计数采用培养基稀释法,霉菌、酵母菌常规法.结论:方法有效可行、准确、科学.     

牛黄解毒片 不能想吃就吃

<正>上火了吃牛黄解毒片,牙龈肿痛了吃牛黄解毒片,咽喉肿痛了也吃牛黄解毒片……牛黄解毒片因疗效较好,是日常生活中最常用的几种中成药之一,许多人把它当作家中常备药,使用的时候毫不顾忌。近来牛黄解毒片所致不良反应引起人们重视,有些人产生了误解,牛黄解毒片仿佛一夜之间成了"毒药",让人不知所从。是药三分毒,我们提醒大家别乱吃解毒片,解毒片也有毒!     

舒郁胶囊微生物限度检查的方法学验证研究

目的 建立舒郁胶囊的微生物限度检验方法.方法 按中国药典2005年版规定,分别采用常规法、培养基稀释法对样品进行微生物限度检查;根据5株阳性对照菌的回收率结果进行其方法学验证试验研究.结果 舒郁胶囊具有抑菌活性,培养基稀释法能有效的去除其抑菌活性.结论 用该法进行微生物限度检查,可以客观地反映药物中微生物的污染状况,以达到检测目的 .     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.