颅脑外伤患者开颅术后颅内感染的相关因素与耐药性分析

目的分析颅脑外伤患者开颅术后颅内感染的相关因素与耐药性,为临床预防提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2015年7月宁波市第二医院收治的230例行开颅手术颅脑外伤患者临床资料,探讨颅脑外伤患者开颅术后发生颅内感染的相关因素,并对感染患者进行病原菌培养,分析其耐药性。结果 230例颅脑外伤患者术后发生颅内感染24例,感染率10.43%;24例颅内感染患者脑脊液培养出病原菌24株,其中革兰阳性菌15株占62.50%,革兰阳性菌9株占37.50%;革兰阳性菌对苯唑西林与青霉素的耐药率均较高,分别为93.33%、86.67%,对万古霉素耐药率较低;革兰阴性菌对卡那霉素的耐药率最高,为55.56%;经单因素分析,影响颅脑外伤患者开颅手术后发生颅内感染的相关因素包括手术持续时间、手术次数、手术入路方式、术后切口脑脊液漏、脑室外引流及术后低蛋白血症等(P0.05);经多因素logistic回归分析显示,颅脑外伤患者手术时间、手术次数、切口脑脊液漏、脑室外引流是术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素。结论颅脑外伤患者开颅手术后发生颅内感染由多种因素造成,临床上确诊应依据药敏检查结果,及时调整抗菌药物进行治疗,以尽快控制感染。     

神经外科患者术后颅内感染危险因素分析

目的探讨神经外科患者术后颅内感染危险因素,为临床提供依据,尽量减少和避免颅内感染的风险。方法以2011年3月-2015年7月神经外科收治的344例开颅术患者为研究对象,根据术后感染状况的结果,用logistic回归分析颅内感染的独立危险因素,数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。结果共调查344例患者,感染32例,感染率为9.30%;脑室管引流、ASA评分、脑脊液漏、手术时间为发生感染的相关危险因素(P0.05);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,脑室外引流、ASA评分、脑脊液漏和手术时间是神经外科开颅手术患者在术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论导致神经外科术后并发颅内感染的因素是多方面的,特别要注意室外引流、ASA评分、脑脊液漏和手术时间等危险因素,以改善患者预后,及时制定针对性地预防措施,提高治疗效果,降低术后感染率。     

颅脑手术后颅内感染危险因素分析及预防

目的 分析颅脑手术后颅内感染危险因素,并探讨临床预防措施,为临床工作提供借鉴.方法 选取医院2009年5月-2012年5月行颅脑手术后出现颅内感染患者40例,设为观察组,并以同期未出现颅内感染患者60例设为对照组,进行颅内感染可能危险因素单变量分析,之后进一步行logistic多变量回归分析.结果 患者手术时间对照组为(3.2±0.8)h、观察组为(4.7±1.0)h;对照组脑脊液外漏、后颅窝手术、有创机械通气例数及手术次数分别15、7、1例及(1.3±0.3)次;观察组患者分别为26、21、6例及(1.5±0.4)次、两组患者组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);经logistic多变量回归分析证实,手术时间、脑室外引流、脑脊液外漏及后颅窝手术是行颅脑手术患者颅内感染独立危险因素.结论 手术时间长、脑室外引流、脑脊液外漏及行后颅窝手术易诱发颅脑手术后颅内感染;临床医师应当注意缩短手术时间,加强无菌操作及抗菌药物预防应用,以有效降低颅脑手术后颅内感染发生风险.     

急诊颅脑手术后颅内感染危险因素的logistic回归分析及预防对策

目的回顾分析近5年急诊颅脑手术后发生颅内感染的危险因素,为临床预防和控制颅内感染提供依据。方法对2005年1月-2009年12月急诊颅脑手术后273例发生颅内感染和841例未发生颅内感染病例的一般资料、基础疾病、手术情况、手术入路方式、颅内置管引流、术后气管切开、手术类型、脑脊液漏及手术人员等因素进行统计分析。结果单因素分析结果显示,两组病例在基础疾病、手术情况、手术入路方式、颅内置管引流、术后气管切开、手术类型、脑脊液漏及手术人员等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步通过多因素logistic回归分析发现,手术持续时间、脑脊液漏和手术人员是颅脑手术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素;急诊开颅手术后颅内感染病原菌的阳性率为53.5%。结论颅脑手术后发生颅内感染与手术持续时间,脑脊液漏和手术人员等有关,颅内感染应重点预防,同时提高细菌培养结果是治疗的关键。     

颅脑手术患者颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的分析颅脑手术患者颅内感染的危险因素,并给予针对性预防治疗措施,可有效降低颅内感染发生率,改善患者预后。方法回顾性调查分析2007年2月-2013年2月674例颅脑手术患者的临床资料,并分析术后颅内感染患者在年龄、性别、GCS评分、受伤方式、手术时机、术后是否留置引流管、术前是否使用抗菌药物、手术持续时间、手术部位和术后是否出现脑脊液漏等差异性,采用SPSS13.0统计软件对数据进行处理。结果 674例颅脑手术患者中有125例发生颅内感染,感染率为18.5%,单因素分析结果显示,手术时间≥4h、手术部位为后颅凹、有脑脊液漏及开放性颅脑损伤患者感染率,分别为29.3%、22.1%、24.0%、27.6%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析发现,手术时间、手术部位、脑脊液漏和受伤方式是颅脑手术患者发生颅内感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论手术持续时间、手术部位、脑脊液漏和受伤方式是颅脑手术患者发生颅内感染的危险因素,应加强相关预防治疗措施,降低颅内感染发生率。     

颅脑肿瘤患者颅内感染影响因素分析及脑脊液病原学特点

目的探讨外科治疗颅脑肿瘤患者颅内感染的相关脑脊液致病菌及耐药性,为临床感染防治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2014年3月-2017年3月医院收治的430例颅脑肿瘤患者的临床资料,探讨颅内感染情况及相关因素,并对颅内感染患者进行脑脊液病原菌培养及药敏试验,对其结果进行分析。结果颅脑肿瘤患者中有51例患者发生颅内感染,发生率为11.86%;脑脊液培养均阳性,共培养出26株致病菌,其中革兰阴性菌10株占38.46%,革兰阳性菌16株占61.54%;单因素分析结果显示,发生颅内感染的相关影响因素为患者手术时间和次数、后颅窝手术、脑室外引流、切口脑脊液漏以及术后血清白蛋白水平,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,手术时间、切口脑脊液外流、后颅窝手术以及脑室外引流是颅脑肿瘤患者发生颅内感染的独立影响因素。结论颅脑肿瘤患者发生颅内感染的因素较多,临床上需根据相关因素及脑脊液培养制定和调整治疗方案,以降低颅内感染的发生率。     

开颅手术后颅内感染风险预测模型构建及效果评价

 目的 运用logistic回归分析构建神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染风险预测模型并进行效果评价。方法 选取某院神经外科2019年1月—2021年6月行开颅手术的患者为研究对象,根据术后是否发生颅内感染分为病例组和对照组,采用logistic回归分析开颅手术后颅内感染发生的危险因素并构建风险预测模型,通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对其效果进行综合评价。结果 共纳入778例开颅手术患者,121例发生术后颅内感染,发病率为15.55%;logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,幕下手术、脑室引流时间≥3 d、使用明胶海绵≥3片、出血量≥300 mL、切口脑脊液漏是开颅手术后颅内感染的独立危险因素(均P<0.05);开颅手术后颅内感染的风险预测模型为:logit (P)=5.408＋0.833×(幕下手术)＋0.083×(脑室引流时间)＋1.059×(使用明胶海绵)＋0.456×(出血量)＋2.821×(切口脑脊液漏);Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验结果显示颅内感染的预测概率和实际发病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.768);logistic回归风险预测模型验证准确率为86.00%,ROC曲线下面积为0.847,95%CI为0.814~0.878。结论 幕下手术、脑室引流时间≥3 d、使用明胶海绵≥3片、出血量≥300 mL、切口脑脊液漏是神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染的独立危险因素,运用logistic回归分析构建的风险预测模型对术后颅内感染的预测效果较好。     

听神经鞘瘤术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨听神经鞘瘤术后颅内感染的相关危险因素,为临床预防和控制颅内感染提供参考。方法选取神经外科于2000年4月-2013年4月收治的312例接受听神经鞘瘤手术患者临床资料,统计术后颅内感染发生率,并根据听神经鞘瘤术后颅内感染的诊断标准对其检测指标进行分析。结果 312例手术患者中40例出现了颅内感染,感染率为12.8%;单因素分析结果显示,高龄、住院天数>20d、手术时间过长、合并糖尿病、使用激素、术后脑脊液漏、术前使用抗菌药物等与颅内感染的发生具有相关性(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,患者手术持续时间、术前患有糖尿病、术后脑脊液漏、使用激素等是颅内感染的独立危险因素。结论听神经鞘瘤术后颅内感染率较高,听神经鞘瘤手术发生颅内感染的危险因素较多,其中患者手术持续时间过长、术前合并糖尿病、术后脑脊液漏、使用激素等均为颅内感染的独立危险因素。     

重型颅脑损伤患者手术后颅内感染相关因素临床分析

目的 研究重型颅脑损伤患者急诊手术后颅内感染相关因素,为制定临床预防对策提供参考.方法 回顾性分析神经外科于2008年1月-2012年12月收治的重型颅脑损伤急诊手术后发生颅内感染的患者102例(感染组),并选择同期未发生感染的130例(非感染组),采用x2检验、单因素及多因素非条件logistic回归分析,模型筛选采用Stepwise法,评价影响感染的相关因素.结果 单因素分析显示,年龄≥50岁、术前GCS评分、手术次数、手术时间、术后白蛋白水平以及是否发生切口脑脊液漏是颅内感染的危险因素(P＜0.05);而多因素分析进一步显示,其中是否发生切口脑脊液漏危险性最高(OR=5.768),其余依次为手术次数、低蛋白血症、手术时间、术前GCS评分及高龄(OR＞1).结论 多种危险因素与重型颅脑损伤急诊手术后颅内感染关系密切,临床应针对性地采取预防对策,达到有效控制感染的目的.     

神经外科术后颅内感染的临床研究

目的探讨神经外科手术后颅内感染的相关因素。方法回顾分析我科1996~2003年5 405例神经外科手术(其中并发颅内感染172例),应用成组资料的非条件概率Logistic回归模型对影响感染率的各项因素进行统计分析。结果本组病例5 405例,经Logistic回归分析得出感染率与手术持续时间、脑脊液漏、脑室外引流、放置外引流管、后颅凹入路、合并糖尿病、开放性颅脑损伤有关,而与性别、年龄、手术季节、术前、术后长期使用抗生素等无关。结论神经外科术中及术后应尽量缩短手术时间,严密缝合防止脑脊液漏,严格掌握脑室外引流时间,尽可能减少各种引流管的放置等,是可以减少颅内感染的发生率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.