ICU医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供可靠的理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2011年医院ICU住院患者送检标本中分离的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共分离出病原菌454株,其中革兰阴性杆菌280株占61.7％,真菌112株占24.7％,革兰阳性球菌62株占13.6％;前4位革兰阴性菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;主要标本来源为痰液91.0％,其次为尿液21.6％、血液7.1％,其中痰液标本中病原菌285株,占62.8％,其他病原菌169株占37.2％;分离的革兰阴性菌大多有多药耐药性,其中以鲍氏不动杆菌更为显著.结论 ICU感染的病原菌主要存在于下呼吸道,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且耐药较严重,对疑有感染的患者应及时留取标本进行细菌鉴定,并依药敏结果调整用药,有效控制医院感染.     

医院获得性肺炎病原菌构成及耐药菌分析

目的了解医院获得性肺炎(HAP)病原菌的分布及耐药情况,探讨行之有效的预防对策。方法将192例HAP患者的痰标本进行细菌分离、鉴定和药敏试验。结果分离出的167株病原菌中包括69株革兰阴性杆菌、58株真菌、40株革兰阳性球菌,分别占41.3%、34.7%、24.0%;革兰阳性球菌的耐药性最高,革兰阴性杆菌耐药率较低,真菌对抗真菌药物敏感。结论在医院获得性肺炎中,革兰阴性杆菌是主要的病原菌,真菌引起的感染高于革兰阳性球菌引起的感染;革兰阳性球菌耐药情况严重。     

155株胆道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性调查

目的 了解医院胆道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供试验依据.方法 胆汁培养与菌种鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行;药敏试验按K-B法进行.结果 胆汁标本细菌阳性分离率为60.3％,其中,革兰阴性杆菌占69.0％;革兰阳性球菌占31.0％;药敏试验表明,除肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物100.0％敏感、革兰阳性球菌对糖肽类抗菌药物100.0％敏感以外,155株病原菌对其他常用抗菌药物显示了较为严重的耐药性.结论 胆道感染病原菌的耐药性日趋严重,临床应按照药敏结果针对性用药.     

肺结核患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解并探讨肺结核患者并发呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 对医院2009年1月-2010年12月住院的肺结核患者送检的合格痰标本做细菌培养和药敏试验,并进行统计分析.结果 共分离出161株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌108株占67.1％,革兰阳性球菌34株占21.1％,真菌19株占11.8％;革兰阴性杆菌中前3位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占37.9％、16.1％、8.1％,革兰阳性球菌中前3位依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌,分别占6.8％、4.4％、3.7％;不同病原菌对常用抗菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药.结论 肺结核患者并发呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌多见,最常见为肺炎克雷伯菌,且细菌耐药性较高,应加强病原菌的检测及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物.     

607例血液肿瘤科医院感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析血液肿瘤科患者医院感染病原菌分布及其耐药现状.方法 收集2009年1月-2010年12月住院患者医院感染的临床标本分离病原菌,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法.结果 5678例出院患者发生医院感染607例、692例次,感染率为10.69％、例次感染率为12.19％;感染部位呼吸道、胃肠道、泌尿道为前3位,占全部医院感染的86.13％;两年共分离401株细菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌198株,占49.38％,革兰阳性球菌57株,占14.21％,真菌146株,占36.41％;铜绿假单胞菌对6种抗菌药物耐药率＞50.00％,而鲍氏不动杆菌虽然检出株数少,但耐药率较高,除美罗培南外,对所检测的其他抗菌药物耐药率均≥50.00％,未检出耐万古霉素革兰阳性球菌.结论 医院感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,真菌呈上升趋势,对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,定期对细菌耐药性监测,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、控制医院感染具有重要意义.     

2007-2009年临床病原菌分布及耐药趋势分析

目的分析2007-2009年医院临床分离病原菌的种类、分布及耐药趋势,为临床了解病原菌流行状况、合理使用抗菌药物、预防和控制医院感染发生提供依据。方法采用VITEK-32微生物鉴定药敏系统对分离病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果分离2694株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌1775株占65.9%、革兰阳性菌579株占21.5%、真菌340株占12.6%;细菌分布动态分析表明,近年来革兰阳性球菌感染比例呈下降趋势,而革兰阴性杆菌感染呈上升趋势;药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等常见革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,为87.2%~100.0%;对亚胺培南耐药率最低,为0~23.3%;肠球菌属、葡萄球菌属等革兰阳性球菌对青霉素耐药率较高,为54.7%~100.0%;对万古霉素耐药率最低,为0~16.7%。结论医院临床感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,常用抗菌药物的细菌耐药率有逐年增加的趋势,加强病原菌的检测和耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,对控制细菌耐药性的发生和发展至关重要。     

医院病原菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解2011年医院分离病原菌临床分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对送检标本同时接种巧克力平板和血平板,24 h培养出菌落后进行分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验;使用WHONET 5.4软件对药敏结果进行耐药性分析.结果 46657份标本中共分离出病原菌10 450株,阳性率为22.40％;其中革兰阴性杆菌5447株占52.12％,革兰阳性球菌2202株占21.07％,真菌1699株占16.26％,其他病原菌1102株占0.55％;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍高度敏感,耐药率＜4.00％,对氨苄西林耐药率高达＞89.00％;葡萄球菌属对青霉素耐药率＞95.00％,但对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因敏感;葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率较高,占83.10％;肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试药物的耐药率低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株,未发现利奈唑胺耐药株.结论 临床分离的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌所占比例较高,真菌感染亦占一定比例,分离菌株的耐药现象普遍存在,临床应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物,以减少病原菌耐药的发生.     

2011年尿路感染病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 分析医院临床分离尿路感染病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理用药.方法 收集医院2011年1-12月尿路感染患者尿液标本中分离的病原菌308株,对其进行鉴定,并用K-B法对其进行药敏分析.结果 尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占63.0％,革兰阳性球菌86株占27.9％,所有分离的病原菌中,居前3位的为大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌及肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占42.5％、17.2％及8.1％,真菌感染略有下降,占9.1％;部分病原菌出现多药耐药现象.结论 革兰阴性杆菌仍然为尿路感染的主要病原菌,分析临床分离病原菌的分布及耐药性对临床合理使用抗菌药物及医院的感染控制具有重要意义.     

262例慢阻肺合并肺部感染患者痰培养与耐药性分析

目的：分析慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并肺部感染患者分离致病菌菌群分布及耐药性。方法：对262例COPD合并肺部感染患者痰标本作病原菌分离培养和耐药性分析。结果：262例患者中分离出227株病原菌,142株为革兰阴性菌感染,66株为革兰阳性球菌感染,19株为真菌感染。药敏结果显示：革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南等较为敏感,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素敏感性较高,真菌中白色念珠菌对氟康唑较为敏感;革兰阴性杆菌中产β-内酰胺耐药性为主。结论：COPD合并肺部感染患者应根据药敏试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌产生,降低患者病死率。     

血液病患者医院感染的病原菌种类及耐药性

目的 探讨引起血液病患者发生医院感染的病原菌种类及耐药性现状,为临床医师控制医院感染选择抗菌药物提供理论依据.方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,无菌采集感染性标本进行细菌培养,采用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪和相应鉴定试剂盒进行菌种鉴定,参照CLSI推荐的K-B法进行药敏试验.结果 分离的258株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占69.8％;革兰阳性球菌占24.8％;真菌占5.4％;258株病原菌对临床常用的抗菌药物产生了严重的耐药性,革兰阴性杆菌耐药率＞30.0％的抗菌药物有头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率达到20.8％～25.0％;革兰阳性球菌耐药率＞40.0％的抗菌药物有青霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星;耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率为63.2％～66.7％;但碳青霉烯类抗菌药物对肠杆菌科细菌、糖肽类抗菌药物对革兰阳性球菌仍然保持着100.0％的抗菌活性.结论 血液病患者属于医院感染高危人群,其感染致病菌大多是耐药细菌;血液病房应采取针对性干预措施,预防与控制血液病患者医院感染的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.