喷雾皮肤消毒液消毒效果观察

目的了解以葡萄糖酸氯己定、乙醇为主要杀菌成分的喷雾皮肤消毒液消毒的效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法进行了实验室和皮肤现场试验观察。结果用其原液对悬液中的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌分别作用30 s,杀灭对数值均>5.0;对白色假丝酵母菌作用30 s,杀灭对数值>3.0;用此消毒原液对患者喷雾消毒作用60 s,对皮肤自然菌的杀灭对数值>1.0。结论喷雾皮肤消毒液具有良好的杀菌效果。     

血水草生物碱及其血根碱抑菌作用的研究

目的观察血水草生物碱（Eomecon chionantha Alkaloids,ECA）及其血根碱（Sanguinarine,SAN）的抑菌作用。方法以大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白假丝酵母菌为受试菌,采用琼脂打孔扩散法和琼脂平板稀释法,研究ECA及SAN的抑菌作用。结果 ECA和SAN可抑制大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌的生长,而对铜绿假单胞菌无抑制作用;ECA对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为40、160、40μg/ml;SAN对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌的MIC分别为40、80、40μg/ml。结论 ECA和SAN对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白假丝酵母菌具有较强的抑菌效果,对铜绿假单胞菌没有明显的抑制作用。     

纳米银体外抑菌效果的试验观察

目的探讨不同浓度的纳米银溶液对细菌和真菌的抑菌作用。方法采用抑菌环试验及最低抑菌浓度试验对不同浓度的纳米银溶液抑制细菌及真菌的效果进行观察。结果抑菌环结果显示,含≥5mg/L的纳米银溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌有抑菌作用,含≥10mg/L的纳米银溶液对白色假丝酵母菌有抑菌作用;纳米银溶液对白色假丝酵母菌的最低抑菌浓度为10mg/L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度为5mg/L。结论较小浓度的纳米银溶液对细菌及真菌有较好的抑菌作用。     

葡萄糖酸氯己定醇皮肤消毒液对多药耐药菌的杀菌效果评价

目的 评价葡萄糖酸氯己定醇皮肤消毒液对多药耐药菌的杀灭作用,为临床合理选用消毒剂提供依据.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌方法,设试验组:耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌3种多药耐药菌;对照组:与试验组相对应的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌3种非耐药菌;比较葡萄糖酸氯己定醇皮肤消毒液对耐药菌和非耐药菌的杀灭作用.结果 2％葡萄糖酸氯己定醇皮肤消毒液原液作用30 s、1、3 min对试验组和对照组的杀灭对数值均＞5.0.结论 2％葡萄糖酸氯己定醇皮肤消毒液对多药耐药菌的杀灭作用与非耐药菌同样快速和有效.     

氯己定复方消毒液的杀菌作用

目的确定氯己定复方消毒液的杀菌作用。方法应用大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌悬液进行定量杀菌试验。结果浓度为1：30以及1：40（药：水）的氯己定复方消毒液分别对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用10min，杀灭率均可达到100％；有50％小牛血清的保护，浓度为1：80（药：水）的消毒液，作用10min，对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率也可达到99．98％。结论复方氯己定消毒液对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的杀灭作用，有机物对消毒液的杀菌作用无明显影响。     

醋酸氯己定消毒膏杀菌效果的观察

目的了解醋酸氯己定消毒膏的杀菌效果。方法用载体定量杀菌试验对其杀菌效果进行观察。结果消毒膏22.4 mg/g醋酸氯己定作用1 m in,对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的杀灭对数值达到4.00以上;含22.4 mg/g醋酸氯己定作用2 m in,对白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值达4.00以上。该消毒膏放置54℃14 d,有效成分醋酸氯己定下降5.4%。结论消毒膏对细菌繁殖体和真菌杀灭效果好,性质稳定。     

手消毒液杀菌效果观察

目的 了解手消毒液的抑菌效果及应用消毒效果.方法 利用载体定量杀菌试验,对医院常见致病微生物进行杀菌试验;对医护人员手部自然菌杀灭效果观察.结果 使用卫洁牌手消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌制成的菌悬液作用0.5、1、1.5 min,平均杀灭对数值均＞5.00;外科手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.52;日常卫生手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.36.结论 该手消毒液用于手部皮肤消毒所需时间少、有效、易干燥、无黏腻感,是外科手消毒的最佳选择.     

不同漱口液对口腔白色假丝酵母菌的抑菌效果

目的 探讨不同含漱液对肿瘤、血液病患者放(化)疗后的口腔护理效果.方法 以白色假丝酵母菌国际标准菌株ATCC 10231为研究对象,将其分为试验组和对照组,试验组分别采用0.5％聚维酮碘溶液、0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液、复方氯己定含漱液、0.1％西吡氯铵含漱液,对照组采用生理盐水,观察4种漱口液的抑菌效果.结果 不同漱口液对白色假丝酵母菌有不同的抑菌效果,0.5％聚维酮碘溶液的抑菌率为99.92％、0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液的抑菌率为97.41％、复方氯己定含漱液的抑菌率为99.91％、0.1％西吡氯铵含漱液抑菌率为80.38％,0.5％聚维酮碘溶液与复方氯己定含漱液之间差异无统计学意义,但是该两种漱口液分别与0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液、0.1％西吡氯铵含激液比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 试验组4种漱口液对白色假丝酵母菌均有抑制作用,其中0.5％聚维酮碘溶液、复方氯己定含漱液的抑菌效果明显;临床上行口腔护理时,必须有针对性地选择漱口液,正确掌握含漱的时间、方法及含漱的间隔时间是提高口腔护理质量的关键.     

臭氧水灭菌效果的试验观察

目的 测定高效电解臭氧消毒治疗机在不同浓度、对不同菌株的杀菌效果，为其临床应用提供依据。方法 在不同条件下，用臭氧水对菌悬液进行消毒，定量培养，计算杀菌率。结果 在5mg/L浓度下对标准菌株大肠埃希菌(ATCC8099)、金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC25923)、白色念珠菌(ATCCl0231)作用1min杀灭率可达100％，对枯草杆菌芽胞(ATCC9372)作用10min杀灭率可达99．99％；用临床菌株试验，在5mg/L浓度下作用0．5min，对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭率为100％，在1．25mg/L浓度对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭率均＞99．3％。结论 高效电解臭氧消毒治疗机产生的臭氧水具有快速、高效杀菌作用。     

综合医院主要病原菌耐药性调查

目的监测医院感染病原菌及耐药性，为控制病原菌耐药的传播提供依据。方法对2005、2006年住院1180份病历进行调查与分析。结果2年检出医院感染病原菌170株，位于前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌，铜绿假单胞菌占首位，耐药性严重；MRSA和MRCNS对万古霉素敏感率达100．O％，对苯唑西林、青霉素、阿莫西林／克拉维酸100．0%耐药；大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs对多种抗菌药物产生多药耐药性。结论病原菌耐药性逐年增加，且产生多药耐药性，应加强临床合理用药，控制耐药性的增加。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.