气管插管全麻术后患者下呼吸道感染情况分析

目的 探讨气管插管全麻术后患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布,分析术后下呼吸道感染与手术种类和患者年龄的关系,为预防和治疗下呼吸遭感染提供参考.方法 选取2007年8月—2011年8月医院行气管插管全麻术术后发生下呼吸道感染的患者107例,采用回顾性分析的方法对患者的临床资料进行统计.结果 在所有下呼吸道感染的患者中,所感染的病原菌多为革兰阴性菌,占86.92％;神经系统患者所占比例最高,达43.93％;患者年龄＞60岁发生下呼吸道感染的概率最大,为44.85％.结论 气管插管全麻术后患者下呼吸道感染的发生与患者的年龄和手术种类密切相关,对感染概率较高的患者应采取有效措施进行预防.     

气管插管全麻患者术后下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布与预防

目的调查分析气管插管全麻患者术后发生下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及危险因素,制定预防控制措施,以降低呼吸道感染率。方法对医院2014年1-12月收治的2 000例全麻气管插管手术患者术后呼吸道感染发生情况进行调查,分析其相关危险因素,并制定预防控制措施。结果 2 000例患者中有24例术后发生呼吸道感染,感染率为1.20%;共培养出28株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌23株占82.14%,革兰阳性菌4株占14.29%,真菌1株占3.57%;经单因素分析,患者年龄、吸烟、术后下床活动时间、插管途径、插管深度、插管熟练程度、插管指征及拔管时间与气管插管全麻术后呼吸道感染发生率密切相关(P0.05);经多因素logistic回归分析,年龄大、插管过深、插管不熟练、术后拔管时间为气管插管全麻术后呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论气管插管患者行全麻术后发生下呼吸道感染的概率较高,危险因素多,临床应针对相关因素进行干预,以预防感染发生。     

全麻术后患者呼吸系统医院感染临床特点及影响因素分析

目的探讨气管插管全麻手术后患者呼吸系统医院感染临床特点及影响因素,为降低感染提供依据。方法收集2011年6月-2014年6月行气管插管全麻手术的1 200例患者临床资料,记录患者医院感染率,并对病原菌种类、影响感染的危险因素进行分析。结果 1 200例气管插管全麻手术患者术后发生呼吸系统感染42例,感染率3.50%;其中上呼吸道感染13例占30.95%、下呼吸道感染29例占69.05%;共检出病原菌58株,其中革兰阳性菌34株占58.63%、革兰阴性菌19株占32.75%、真菌5株占8.62%;单因素分析显示,年龄大、全麻时间长、术后导管留置时间长、具有吸烟史、无手术镇痛以及神经系统手术患者呼吸系统医院感染率越高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析结果显示,无术后镇痛患者医院感染率显著升高,全麻时间长、导管留置时间长、年龄大,发生呼吸系统医院感染的风险越高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论气管插管全麻患者呼吸系统医院感染的主要病原菌为革兰阳性菌,无术后镇痛、全麻时间长、导管留置时间长、年龄大是导致感染的独立危险因素。     

气管插管全身麻醉患者术后呼吸道感染的病原菌特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨围气管插管全身麻醉后患者发生呼吸道感染的病原菌特点和危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-2017年9月在永康市第一人民医院手术室接受全麻术的578例患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素分析确定气管插管全麻术后患者发生呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果578例全身麻醉手术气管插管患者术后有65例发生呼吸道感染,感染发生率为11.25%。65例肺部感染患者共培养出58株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌14例,占24.14%,革兰阴性菌42株,占72.41%,真菌感染2例,占3.45%。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁、有肺部疾病病史、麻醉通气时间≥120 min、经口气管插管途径和术后延迟拔管是气管插管全麻术后患者发生呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论气管插管全麻术后患者发生呼吸道感染的危险因素较多,临床应针对相关危险因素采取预防措施,以降低感染的发生率。     

高龄患者全身麻醉气管插管术后下呼吸道感染病原学特点及危险因素分析

目的研究高龄患者全身麻醉气管插管术后发生下呼吸道感染的病原学特点及危险因素,制定相关预防控制措施,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选取2016年01月-2017年01月医院收治的400例全麻气管插管术高龄患者为研究对象,分析其病原学特点及危险因素。结果 400例高龄患者中48例发生下呼吸道感染,感染率为12.0%;感染患者下呼吸道分泌物中分离出41株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌11株,占26.83%,革兰阴性菌28株,占68.29%,真菌2株,占4.99%;其中患者吸烟、气管插管途径、气管插管深度、手术时间、术后拔管时间、合并基础疾病均与下呼吸道感染发生率密切相关,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素logistic回归分析显示,气管插管途径、气管插管深度、手术时间、拔管时间、合并基础疾病为全身麻醉术后下呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论高龄患者行全身麻醉气管插管术后发生下呼吸道感染的概率高、危险因素多,针对相关危险因素临床应进行干预,以预防下呼吸道感染发生。     

高龄患者气管插管全麻术后肺部感染的病原菌特点及危险因素分析

目的研究高龄患者气管插管全麻术后肺部感染的病原菌特点及危险因素分析,为临床预防提供理论依据。方法选取2013年1月-2017年6月在本院全麻手术的高龄患者(年龄≥65周岁) 486例,收集患者呼吸道分泌物,采用细菌自动分析仪对所培养细菌进行分离鉴定,对全麻术后肺部感染的相关因素使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,并提出相关的干预措施。结果 486例高龄患者全身麻醉术后52例发生肺部感染,感染发生率为10. 70%。52例肺部感染患者共培养出58株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌14例,占24. 14%,革兰阴性菌42株,占72. 41%,真菌感染2例,占3. 45%。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析显示,麻醉插管时间≥120 min、经口气管插管、有肺部疾病史、术后使用呼吸机是气管插管全麻术后高龄患者发生呼吸道感染的独立危险因素。结论高龄患者气管插管全麻术病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,针对相关危险因素临床应改进和完善控制方法,可以预防肺部感染发生。     

全麻气管插管后下呼吸道感染原因分析

目的 分析全麻气管插管后发生下呼吸道感染的相关原因及防治措施,以降低感染率.方法 回顾性分析调查行全麻气管插管病例的临床资料213例,分析引发下呼吸道感染的相关因素.结果 调查的213例中有49例发生下呼吸道感染,占23.0％；从下呼吸道感染患者的痰液中分离出病原菌30株,主要为铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌；患者的性别和插管途径与全麻气管插管后下呼吸道感染无关,而患者的年龄、插管深度、插管人员熟练程度和麻醉时间与全麻气管插管后下呼吸道感染相关.结论 行全麻气管插管患者时,应严格按规程和流程操作,严格培训年轻医师,熟练掌握操作技能,是预防发生下呼吸道感染重要措施.     

全麻患者气管插管后下呼吸道感染危险因素分析

目的探讨气管插管全麻术患者术后发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素及相关预防治疗措施。方法回顾性分析2010年9月-2014年11月在医院行气管插管全麻术的675例患者临床资料,其中50例患者术后发生下呼吸道感染,分析患者发生下呼吸道感染的相关因素;并进一步通过多因素logistic回归分析患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果 675例行气管插管全麻术患者,术后发生下呼吸道感染50例,感染率7.4%;下呼吸道感染患者的痰液培养出31株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌25株占80.6%,革兰阳性菌5株占16.2%,真菌1株占3.2%;单因素分析显示,年龄≥50岁、有吸烟史、麻醉时间>3h、合并基础疾病、插管部位、插管途径、拔管时间延迟以及插管深度与下呼吸道感染的发生明显相关,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步多因素分析显示,年龄≥50岁、麻醉时间>3h、插管途径、插管部位、插管深度以及拔管时间延迟是患者发生下呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论临床上应该加强对该危险因素的控制,以降低患者发生下呼吸道感染的风险。     

ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 采用VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计学分析.结果 ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌中,革兰阴性菌364株占74.9％,前3位依次为铜绿假单胞菌126株占25.9％、肺炎克雷伯菌101株占20.8％、鲍氏不动杆菌52株占10.7％;革兰阳性菌84株占17.3％,前3位依次为金黄色葡萄球菌30株占6.2％、肠球菌属21株占4.3％和溶血葡萄球菌14株占2.9％;亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对革兰阴性杆菌最敏感,替考拉宁和万古霉素对革兰阳性菌高度敏感.结论 ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,降低病原菌的耐药率.     

老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后下呼吸道感染病原菌及相关因素分析

目的 探讨老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后下呼吸道感染的病原菌特点,分析造成感染的危险因素.方法 将接受全麻气管插管的老年患者962例中发生下呼吸道感染的40例患者作为研究对象,对收集的痰标本做细菌培养后进行菌种鉴定与药敏试验；对年龄、性别、基础疾病、吸烟史、麻醉通气时间、术后拔管时间、术后有无镇痛等危险因素进行单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析.结果 共分离出病原菌459株,前5位病原菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,分别占52.51％、9.58％、9.15％、6.97％、6.10％；分离菌株对抗菌药物显示出不同敏感性,对铜绿假单胞菌敏感度最高是阿米卡星,敏感率为68.88％,而氨曲南敏感度最低为36.10％；全身麻醉气管插管后下呼吸道感染的危险因素为年龄、吸烟史、肺部手术、基础疾病、麻醉通气时间以及术后拔管时间.结论 在对老年患者进行全身麻醉气管插管治疗时应对危险因素进行干预,当发生感染后,应结合药敏试验进行抗菌药物选择.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.