亚胺培南/西司他丁和美罗培南治疗机械通气患者痰分离铜绿假单胞菌的耐药风险差异

目的了解亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南治疗机械通气患者多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的耐药情况及药物疗效。 方法选取某院2010年1月-2015年12月痰培养为耐药铜绿假单胞菌的78例机械通气患者,分为亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗组（44例）和美罗培南治疗组（34例）,比较两组患者的基础状况,细菌对所用抗菌药物产生耐药的时间,以及药物疗效差异。 结果两组患者的基础资料具有可比性,应用亚胺培南/西司他丁和美罗培南治疗前,两组患者分离的铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、头孢他啶、哌拉西林、阿米卡星的耐药情况比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。应用抗菌药物治疗至第6天,亚胺培南治疗组和美罗培南治疗组患者对所使用的抗菌药物耐药率（22.73% vs 8.82%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗至第8、10、12天,亚胺培南治疗组耐药率分别为40.91%、77.27%、97.73%,均高于美罗培南治疗组（分别为17.65%、32.35%、44.12%;均P<0.05）。不同抗菌药物治疗后铜绿假单胞菌产生耐药的平均时间：亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗组为9.0 d,美罗培南治疗组为13.5 d。两组患者疗效（64.71% vs 74.19%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.41）。结论应用亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗机械通气患者多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染发生耐药的风险高于美罗培南,治疗第7天两组患者药物疗效无明显差异。     

重症监护病房感染患者铜绿假单胞菌的分离与耐药性分析

目的了解我院重症监护病房(ICU)感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药谱的变化,指导ICU合理用药.方法应用回顾性调查方法对ICU感染患者两年送检标本中,分离的135株铜绿假单胞菌药敏试验进行统计分析.结果铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、阿米卡星、氨曲南、哌拉西林的敏感率约在70%;对复方磺胺的敏感率最低,约在10%;铜绿假单胞菌对常用的10种抗生素的耐药性呈上升趋势.结论铜绿假单胞菌耐药现象严重,ICU应注意铜绿假单胞菌耐药性的监测.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析及金属β-内酰胺酶检测

目的了解耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药谱及产金属β-内酰胺酶情况.方法 K-B法测定铜绿假单胞菌对10种抗菌药物的耐药性;亚胺培南纸片法测定铜绿假单胞菌产金属β-内酰胺酶.结果 194株铜绿假单胞菌中44株(22.9%)对亚胺培南耐药,这44株菌对哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮、左氧氟沙星耐药;对阿米卡星耐药率相对较低;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星部分敏感;对亚胺培南耐药的44株铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶检出率为11.3%.结论产金属β-内酰胺酶是铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南及头孢类抗生素耐药的机制之一,治疗耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌引起的感染宜参考实验室的细菌药敏结果选用较敏感的四代头孢或环丙沙星结合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合用药;实验室提高对其检出可帮助临床合理选用抗菌药物并减少耐药性的传播.     

铜绿假单胞菌临床感染及耐药特性分析

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌的临床感染特点和耐药特性,为指导临床用药控制感染提供依据.方法 回顾性调查2004年1月--2007年12月临床分离铜绿假单胞菌的分布情况;纸片扩散法检测其中234株菌株对环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、阿米卡星、亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药性,琼脂稀释法检测亚胺培南和美罗培南的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 4年分离的775株铜绿假单胞菌主要来源于呼吸道标本,占76.5%,且主要集中于重症监护病房和神经外科等科室;2005年分离株对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性高于其他年份的分离株,敏感性较高的药物为阿米卡星与头孢他啶,亚胺培南与美罗培南的MIC值有统计学差异.结论 铜绿假单胞菌的感染率高,出现多药耐药性,对亚胺培南的耐药性高于美罗培南.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁

目的比较近3年来老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药性及药敏分析。方法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并下呼吸道感染患者进行痰培养,获得耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌255株,进行药敏试验,分析3年来耐药率变迁。结果亚胺培南对铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率呈逐年上升(2006年耐药率为23.2%、2007年为34.6%、2008年为52.2%);在耐亚胺培南的菌株中,大多数抗菌药物的耐药率逐年增高,只有多黏菌素B和阿米卡星保持着较好的抗菌活性,耐药率较低;四代头孢的耐药率也较高,但有下降趋势(耐药率64.3%、40.3%、35.1%);而三代如头孢他啶等的耐药率均50.0%;氨基糖苷类如妥布霉素等的耐药性均60.0%;环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均70.0%。结论多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染是临床抗感染治疗的难点之一,尤其是老年AECOPD,加强改善机体状况、根据药敏结果联合用药对多药耐药,尤其是耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染的患者对控制感染至关重要。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染现状及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)的感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供依据.方法 收集医院2008年1月-2010年12月临床分离的128株耐业胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染现状及耐药性进行回顾性分析 结果 耐业胺培南铜绿假单胞菌主要分布在ICU、脑病科、肿瘤科,分别占60.9％、21.9％、8.6％;在各类标本中的检出率以痰液、脓液、创面分泌物较高,分别占 60.2％、12.5％、12.5％;耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对黏菌素B耐药率最低为0,对头孢他啶、阿米卡星耐药率相对较低,为40.62％、46.09％;耐药率＞80.0％的有磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧芐啶、头孢噻肟、美罗培南、氨曲南、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星;耐药率＞ 50.0％的有哌拉西林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/舒巴坦.结论 耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌多药耐药现象极为严重,应加强耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物,严防耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的蔓延.     

美罗培南及头孢他啶与其他抗菌药物联合应用对铜绿假单胞菌耐药突变选择窗的研究

目的探讨美罗培南(MER)、头孢他啶(CAZ)分别与其他4种抗菌药物联合应用,寻找与美罗培南联合的最佳方法。方法应用E-test纸片测定美罗培南与头孢他啶的MIC,琼脂平板稀释法测定单独及联合时对铜绿假单胞菌的防耐药突变浓度MPC,并计算选择指数SI,根据SI下降的程度来判断防耐药突变能力。结果 MER与CAZ单药对铜绿假单胞菌的SI分别为>32(>8/0.25)、>32(>64/2.0),分别与环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、阿奇霉素4种抗菌药物联合后美罗培南的SI分别为2、4、1、8;头孢他啶的SI分别为2、8、1、16。结论美罗培南和头孢他啶单独用药容易筛选出耐药突变菌株,与环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、阿奇霉素联合可以降低对铜绿假单胞菌的SI;以与阿米卡星联合时,对铜绿假单胞菌突变选择指数降低最为明显,从而有效减少耐药突变菌株。     

2006-2010年铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解医院铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及控制医院感染提供依据.方法 对2006-2010年临床分离的1966株铜绿假单胞菌,用纸片扩散法检测其对亚胺培南等13种抗菌药物的耐药率.结果 收集的1966株铜绿假单胞菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率均＜40.0％,分别为30.2％、30.4％、35.9％,对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南的耐药率均＞60.0％,分别为61.9％、63.1％,泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌呈逐年增加趋势.结论 医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药率高,临床应根据耐药特点合理选用抗菌药物,预防耐药菌在医院的暴发流行.     

肺癌患者合并肺脓肿感染的特点与防治研究

目的研究肺癌患者肺脓肿感染病原菌分布、耐药性以及预防,以降低感染发生。方法对2012年5月-2015年5月医院治疗的308例肺癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对45例感染肺脓肿的患者进行痰液病原菌培养以及药敏试验,对病原菌分布特点以及耐药性进行分析,提出预防治疗措施。结果肺癌合并肺脓肿患者45例,感染率为14.61%;检出病原菌分别为革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌及真菌,分别占53.66%、34.15%、12.19%,检出以金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,分别占19.51%、23.17%、13.41%;革兰阳性菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南/西司他丁、万古霉素的耐药性较低;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、妥布霉素、亚胺培南/西司他丁的耐药性较低;大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南以及亚胺培南/西司他丁具有较低的耐药性;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁以及米诺环素的耐药率较低。结论肺癌患者肺脓肿的感染率相对较高,应及时对患者痰液进行培养鉴别以及药敏试验,根据试验结果合理的选用抗菌药物,提高治疗效果。     

5年间耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测及耐药机制探讨

目的检测2004-2008年临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药性,并探讨其耐药机制。方法采用K-B法检测临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR方法检测碳青酶烯酶基因和外膜通道蛋白基因。结果 2004-2008年共分离铜绿假单胞菌1947株,耐亚胺培南的菌株573株,耐药率29.4%;2006-2008年与2004-2005年相比耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌有上升趋势,从14.4%上升到31.8%;耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌中以阿米卡星最敏感,其次为头孢他啶和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率下降明显;23株耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌IMP基因阳性4株(17.4%),VIM基因阳性4株(17.4%),OprD2缺失18株(79.3%)。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌携带多种金属酶基因,但主要是由于外膜通道蛋白基因OprD2缺失引起,阿米卡星与头孢他啶或头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合是有效的治疗手段。     

上海市卢湾区居民安全用药知识与行为调查

目的了解上海市卢湾区居民安全用药知识与行为的现状,为下一步开展干预提供参考。方法采用横断面研究设计,通过方便抽样,在卢湾区72个居委中各抽取8人作为调查对象。采用自制的"卢湾区居民安全用药知识与行为调查问卷"进行面对面调查,调查内容包括人口学特征、安全用药知识及药物使用行为等。结果调查对象对儿童药物用量、生病了应尽量打针、吃过保健品可以减少药物的用量、抗生素的合理用法、"OTC"的含义等问题的回答正确率分别为42.2%、64.1%、75.2%、68.2%和38.1%;女性回答的正确率高于男性;文化程度较高的调查对象回答情况较好;医生的建议或推荐仍然是调查对象选择药物的主要途径;药店和医院是调查对象购买药物的主要场所,年龄较大的调查对象更容易接受医生的建议及在医院购买药物;89.6%的调查对象家中备有一些常用药物;59.6%的调查对象会遵从医嘱服用药物;44.7%的调查对象会将过期药物随意丢弃。结论卢湾区居民安全用药知识匮乏,安全意识淡漠,还存在一些不良用药行为,应加大安全用药知识的宣传,减少药物不良反应情况的发生。     

A survey of herbal and alternative medication use among participants with eating disorder symptoms

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this survey was to collect data on herbal use in participants with eating disorder symptoms. METHOD: A survey was administered to 100 participants who had either sought treatment at the Eating Disorder Institute (EDI) or had been enrolled in previous research as the result of eating disorder symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 100 participants, 64% used an herbal product for weight loss. The mean monthly expenditure on herbs over the past year was 33.88 dollars +/- 41.10 dollars, with a range of 2 dollars-200 dollars. Dexatrim (Chattem, Chattanooga, TN; N = 27) and St. John's Wort (N = 19) had the highest reported use. Magazines were the most common source of product information (38.3%), with health care professionals being reported less frequently as the source of information. Knowledge of ephedra-related adverse effects was variable, and depended on a previous history of use. The majority (62.3%) of herb users reported an adverse effect. CONCLUSION: Herbal use is frequent among those with eating disorder symptoms, often resulting in substantial financial cost. Health professionals are rarely the source of herbal information. Therefore, there is ample room for educational interventions, which may result in the safer use of herbal products.     

某医院2019—2020年门诊口服抗高血压用药500例处方合理性分析

目的 分析某医院2019—2020年500例门诊口服抗高血压药使用合理性,为更安全有效地使用抗高血压药提供参考。方法 收集500例门诊抗高血压用药处方,从药物品种选择、药物经济学、联合用药等方面进行合理性评价。结果 药品品种选择以CCB、ARB及其复方制剂为主,氨氯地平的使用频度最高,品种和WHO推荐及相关研究相符;DDDs排名前10位的药物DUI均处于0.9～1.0,药品用量基本合理且相对稳定;合理性点评中发现不合理处方28份（占总处方比例的5.60%）,最主要的不合理类型为联合用药不适宜,共12例（占比42.86%）;联合用药处方占比偏高（占比89.00%）,联合用药中以二联用药为主（占比64.27%）,以CCB联合ACEI/ARB为主,较为合理。结论本院门诊口服抗高血压药处方较为规范,但仍存在不合理之处,尤其是联合用药占比较高。抗高血压药物的临床使用应遵循个体化原则,药师需要加强处方审核和临床宣教,进一步提高医院合理用药水平。     

Effects of the Medicare Part D Comprehensive Medication Review on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Medication Adherence

BackgroundSubstantial research has documented inequalities between US minorities and whites in meeting the eligibility criteria for the Medicare Part D medication therapy management (MTM) program. Even though the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services attempted to relax the eligibility criteria, a critical barrier to effective MTM reform is a lack of stronger evidence about the effects of MTM on minorities'' health outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine the effects of comprehensive medication review (CMR), an MTM core component, on racial and ethnic disparities in adherence to diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia medications among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years.MethodsThis study used full-year 2017 Medicare Parts A, B, and D claims data, including MTM data, linked to the Area Health Resources Files. Racial and ethnic disparities in nonadherence to diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia medications were compared between CMR recipients and nonrecipients matched by their propensity scores. To determine the changes in racial and ethnic disparities after receiving CMR, a difference-in-differences framework was applied, by including in logistic regression analyses interaction terms between dummy variables for CMR receipt and each racial or ethnic minority group.ResultsCompared with CMR nonrecipients, CMR recipients had significantly lower racial and ethnic disparities across the 3 outcome measures, with the exception of the difference between whites and blacks in nonadherence to diabetes medications. For example, compared with CMR nonrecipients, among CMR recipients the differences in the odds of nonadherence to hypertension medications were reduced, respectively, by 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.96) between whites and blacks; by 18% (95% CI, 0.78–0.86) between whites and Hispanics; by 16% (95% CI, 0.77–0.91) between whites and Asians; and by 9% (95% CI, 0.85–0.98) between whites and other racial and ethnic groups.ConclusionReceiving a CMR reduced the racial and ethnic disparities in adherence to diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia medications among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years. These findings provide critical empirical evidence that may inform the future design of the Medicare Part D MTM program, which is valuable for improving pharmacotherapy outcomes and could further realize its potential when additional people from racial and ethnic minorities are enrolled.     

对499张麻醉药品处方的用药分析

评估基层医院近3年麻醉药品应用状况，为合理用药提供参考。方法：调用某医院2011年1月~2013年12月麻醉药品处方499张，从药品用量、用药频度（DDDs）、临床用途进行统计分析。结果：硫酸吗啡缓释片处方最多，DDDs最高，用药金额最大；哌替啶制剂在癌性疼痛治疗中占有较大比例，有待改进。结论：基层医院麻醉药品管理仍需加强。     

Costs of Medication Nonadherence in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature

Objectives:  Information on the health care costs associated with nonadherence to treatments for diabetes is both limited and inconsistent. We reviewed and critically appraised the literature to identify the main methodological issues that might explain differences among reports in the relationship of nonadherence and costs in patients with diabetes.
Methods:  Two investigators reviewed Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library and CINAHL and studies with information on costs by level of adherence in patients with diabetes published between January 1, 1997 and September 30th 2007 were included.
Results:  A total of 209 studies were identified and ten fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All included studies analyzed claims data and 70% were based on non-Medicaid and non-Medicare databases. Low medication possession ratios were associated with higher costs. Important differences were found in the ICD-9/ICD-9 CM codes used to identify patients and their diagnoses, data sources, analytic window period, definitions of adherence measures, skewness in cost data and associated statistical issues, adjustment of costs for inflation, adjustment for confounders, clinical outcomes and costs.
Conclusions:  Important variation among cost estimates was evident, even within studies of the same population. Readers should be cautious when comparing estimated coefficients from various studies because methodological issues might explain differences in the results of costs of nonadherence in diabetes. This is particularly important when estimates are used as inputs to pharmacoeconomic models.     

The “Sandwich Mom”: In the Throes of a Medication Safety “Perfect Storm”

America is entering into a proverbial “perfect storm” of medication errors. Medications are more complex and their use is increasing, consumers are more involved in their healthcare decisions, and the population is aging and with it comes diminished cognitive skills. “Sandwich moms” are likely to bear the brunt of the ravages of this storm. These are the women who serve multiple roles as caregivers for their children, spouses, and, increasingly, their parents. This study explores how concerned these caregivers are about potential harm from medication use and how likely they would be to become more involved in medication management activities.     

Medication use and knowledge in a sample of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous prisoners

Objective : To (a) characterise medication use and knowledge, according to Indigenous status, and (b) identify independent correlates of medication knowledge in a sample of adult prisoners. Methods : Cross‐sectional survey of 1,231 adult prisoners in Queensland, interviewed within six weeks of release. Measures included self‐reported demographic and health‐related characteristics, self‐reported use of medications, the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36). Objective medication data were abstracted from prison medical records. A medication knowledge score was calculated to reflect the agreement between self‐reported and objective medication use. Results : 46% of participants were taking at least one medication. The most common class of medication was Central Nervous System (30% of participants). Medication knowledge was generally poor, with one quarter of prisoners unable to accurately identify any of their medications. Independent correlates of poor medication knowledge included not taking Central Nervous System medications, identifying as Indigenous and age >54. Conclusions and Implications : Around half prisoners are taking medications in prison, but most have poor knowledge of what these medications are. Medication knowledge is associated with better adherence and may contribute to improved health outcomes post‐release. Changes to prescribing and dispensing practices in prison may improve medication knowledge and health outcomes in this profoundly marginalised group.     

南充市居民自主用药行为调查

目的 了解南充市居民自主用药行为现状,为在南充市居民中开展合理自主用药相关知识普及提供参考资料.方法 采用自编式结构问卷,对959名南充市居民进行问卷调查.结果 南充市居民自主用药行为率较高,达到79.7％.自主用药行为与年龄、学历、收入、是否参加医保等因素相关.自主用药人群的不良用药行为率达到63.0％,与从不自主用药人群的不良用药行为率相比差异无统计学意义.讨论 针对南充市居民的高自主用药行为率和不良用药行为率,有必要通过多种途径对南充市居民进行合理的自主用药相关知识的宣传.