36例解甘露醇罗尔斯顿菌所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎的临床分析

目的探讨解甘露醇罗尔斯顿菌所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析36例解甘露醇罗尔斯顿菌所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎病例。结果解甘露醇罗尔斯顿菌所致肺炎多发生于接受机械通气治疗的患者,25.0%无发热,白细胞计数升高者仅占50.0%,而中性粒细胞百分比升高者为97.2%;胸部影像学主要表现为支气管肺炎;分离菌对氨曲南耐药率为100.0%,对美罗培南、头孢哌酮耐药率分别为97.5%、95.0%;对分离菌较为敏感的抗菌药物分别为复方新诺明(100.0%)、头孢吡肟(100.0%)、左氧氟沙星(97.5%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(95.0%)。初始治疗应用的抗菌药物主要为三代头孢菌素类/酶抑制药(55.6%)、碳青霉烯类(50.0%)、喹诺酮类(30.6%)、哌拉西林/酶抑制药(30.6%)。治疗终点,治愈好转26例(72.2%),30d病死率为25.0%。结论对于解甘露醇罗尔斯顿菌所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎,应用β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺酶抑制药有一定疗效。     

皮氏罗尔斯顿菌医院感染的临床分析

目的探讨皮氏罗尔斯顿菌所致医院感染的临床易感因素、防治措施及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床防治提供依据。方法对医院20株皮氏罗尔斯顿菌所致医院感染进行回顾性调查分析;采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定仪进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,结果判断参照美国临床实验室标准化研究所标准;采用WHONET软件进行统计分析。结果皮氏罗尔斯顿菌所致医院感染与患者的年龄、伴有基础疾病、接受呼吸机治疗、使用大量广谱强效抗菌药物密切相关;皮氏罗尔斯顿菌对氨苄西林、头孢替坦、氨曲南、呋喃妥因耐药率达100.0%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、环丙沙星较敏感等,耐药率≤15.0%。结论对于皮氏罗尔斯顿菌所致医院感染,治疗上可考虑β-内酰胺酶类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂、第三、四代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶等抗菌药物。     

木糖氧化无色杆菌所致患者医院获得性肺炎28例

目的探讨木糖氧化无色杆菌所致患者医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的临床特点及抗菌药物治疗方法。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院老年病房28例木糖氧化无色杆菌所致老年患者HAP的临床资料。结果木糖氧化无色杆菌所致老年患者HAP均发生在有基础疾病的患者,其中20例(71.4%)接受机械通气治疗;发热17例(60.7%),呼吸困难20例(71.4%),肺部啰音或实变体征20例(71.4%)。9例(32.1%)出现白细胞升高,但是中性粒细胞百分比升高者却有25例(89.3%),C-反应蛋白升高者有24例(85.7%);分离菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素的耐药率高达100.0%,氨曲南的耐药率为89.3%。对复方新诺明、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦较为敏感,药物敏感率分别为82.1%、83.3%、89.3%。初始治疗药物主要为β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺酶抑制药(42.8%)、碳青霉烯类(46.4%)、喹诺酮类(42.9%),治疗终点好转率85.7%,30 d死亡4例,病死率为14.3%。结论对于木糖氧化无色杆菌所致老年患者HAP,β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺酶抑制药有一定疗效。     

老年患者医院获得性肺炎的病原菌及耐药性探讨

目的 调查鄂西山区医院老年患者医院获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药性,为内科病区预防、控制医院获得性肺炎及合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据.方法 根据卫生部制定的《医院感染诊断标准》筛选年龄≥60岁的医院获得性肺炎患者,感染病原菌培养鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行;药敏试验采用CLSI推荐的K-B法和最新规则进行操作与评价;采用WHONET 5.4-5.5版本分析数据.结果 共分离247株病原菌,分离率居前6位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌占25.9％、肺炎克雷伯菌占16.6％、金黄色葡萄球菌占15.0％、鲍氏不动杆菌占14.6％、白色假丝酵母菌占8.1％、大肠埃希菌占7.3％;主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物均产生了较为严重的耐药性,耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌分别达10.9％、13.9％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为40.7％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为48.6％;但肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物100.0％敏感;革兰阳性球菌对糖肽类抗菌药物100.0％敏感.结论 鄂西山区老年医院获得性肺炎的病原菌耐药性呈上升趋势,应采取干预措施,延缓和控制细菌耐药率快速增长的不利局面.     

大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物用量相关性分析

目的分析大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物用量的相关性,指导临床合理选用抗菌药物。方法采用Excel软件按季度统计2011年1月-2012年6月大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率和抗菌药物使用量(DDDs),采用SPSS16.0SPEARMAN相关分析方法对抗菌药物DDDs与细菌耐药率进行相关性分析。结果 2011年1月-2012年6月住院患者的抗菌药物使用主要集中在头孢菌素类、青霉素类和喹诺酮类;住院患者送检标本中共分离出革兰阴性菌6 096株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌1 122株占18.40%,大肠埃希菌1 022株占16.76%,二者中产ESBLs菌1 219株占56.85%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率与头孢菌素类和单环β-内酰胺类的用量正相关,对头孢替坦的耐药率与大环内酯类和喹诺酮类的用量正相关,大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药率与单环β-内酰胺类的用量正相关,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶和头孢替坦的耐药率与糖肽类的用量正相关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物用量存在一定相关性,应合理选择抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株产生。     

105例小儿肺炎克雷伯菌性肺炎临床分析

目的 探讨小儿肺炎产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌感染发生率及耐药特点,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对医院2009年1月-2011年12月收治的476例细菌性感染肺炎住院患儿痰标本中分离出的105株肺炎克雷伯菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果 检出肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株33株,检出率为31.4％;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南敏感率为100.0％;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为77.1％、81.9％,显著高于其他β-内酰胺类抗菌药物;病程初次使用抗菌药物患儿产ESBLs检出率仅为17.1％,而非初次使用抗菌药物产ESBLs检出率高达38.6％,两者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=4.97,P＜0.05).结论 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可作为小儿克雷伯菌肺炎的首选药物,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物作为产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌严重感染者尤其是合并有基础疾病患儿治疗的首选药物.     

耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎分析

目的分析耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌(CRAB)所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎的临床特点。方法对2008年1月-2011年3月,CRAB所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎63例进行回顾性分析。结果 CRAB所致老年患者医院获得性肺炎多发生在有基础疾病患者,经头孢哌酮/舒巴坦或含有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦抗菌药物组合治疗的患者,30d存活率为94.44%,显著高于经其他抗菌药物治疗患者的70.37%(P<0.05);死亡患者APACHEⅡ评分为(24.78±4.35)分,显著高于存活患者的(18.32±6.92)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗老年患者CRAB医院获得性肺炎有一定疗效,APACHEⅡ评分与老年患者CRAB医院获得性肺炎预后有关。     

老年慢性心力衰竭合并医院获得性肺炎的临床特点观察

目的 探讨老年慢性心力衰竭患者合并医院获得性肺炎的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1100例老年慢性心力衰竭患者的临床资料.结果 1100例患者合并医院获得性肺炎130例,发生率11.82％,临床表现咳嗽、咳痰70例,单纯发热20例,无发热及呼吸系统症状者40例;白细胞计数≥10×109/L和(或)中性粒细胞比例＞0.70％的75例;痰培养分离出病原菌98株,铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高,占30.61％,其次肺炎克雷伯菌,占22.45％,真菌占10.21％;年龄大、住院时间长、心功能差、存在侵入性操作、预防应用抗菌药物等均是医院感染的危险因素;医院获得性肺炎组死亡率为10.77％,高于无医院获得性肺炎组的2.06％.结论 老年慢性心力衰竭医院获得性肺炎发生率高,感染症状部分不典型,造成病情加重,因此胸部X线检查应作为检查常规;规范性使用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、缩短住院时间以减少或避免医院获得性肺炎的发生.     

脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对医院2007年1月-2009年12月神经内、外科脑卒中住院患者3408例进行医院感染监测,将发生医院获得性肺炎的102例患者痰液或下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌鉴定和体外药敏试验,并进行分析。结果医院获得性肺炎发生率为2.99%,在102例医院获得性肺炎患者中,共检出病原菌159株,其中革兰阳性球菌40株(25.16%),以金黄色葡萄球菌最多见,其次为粪肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌;革兰阴性杆菌101株(63.52%),主要为鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等;真菌18株(11.32%),主要为白色假丝酵母菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素高度耐药,对万古霉素、多西环素、美罗培南敏感,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌8株,对所有β-内酰胺类抗菌药物呈高度耐药;革兰阴性菌对美罗培南敏感度较高,对三代头孢菌素及喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率50.00%。结论脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎的主要病原菌是革兰氏阴性杆菌,病原菌对抗菌药物存在多药耐药性,临床应根据药敏试验结果选择抗菌药物。     

耐β-内酰胺类肺炎克雷伯菌常见耐药元件与菌株亲缘性研究

目的调查耐β-内酰胺类肺炎克雷伯菌(DRKP)常见耐药元件的携带情况和菌株间的亲缘性。方法收集2014年1-12月医院住院患者痰液中分离到的30株DRKP,采用PCR分析17种β-内酰胺类、6种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因以及4种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,并对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 30株DRKP对β-内酰胺类(头孢唑林、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟等)、氨基糖苷类(庆大霉素、阿米卡星等)药物及环丙沙星均耐药,耐药率均为100.0%,对亚胺培南与美罗培南均敏感,耐药率均为0;每株DRKP均检出β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因及MGEs标记;样本聚类分析提示,30株DRKP有5组呈克隆传播,存在医院感染。结论β-内酰胺酶blaTEM、blaDHA基因,氨基糖苷类修饰酶aac(3)-Ⅱ、aph3′-Ⅰ基因,MGEs标记intⅠ1、IS903在DRKP中流行,是导致该组菌对多种抗菌药物耐药的重要原因,基于获得性耐药基因与可移动遗传元件标记检测结果的样本聚类分析是监控医院感染实用手段。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.