大学生网络游戏成瘾与学习倦怠的关系

目的:探讨大学生网络游戏成瘾与学习倦怠之间的关系,以及网络游戏成瘾者与其他类型网络成瘾者在学习倦怠各因子上的差异。方法:采用大学生学习倦怠量表、网络成瘾量表和大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷对420名大学生进行问卷调查,对大学生网络游戏成瘾与学习倦怠各因素进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果:大学生网络游戏成瘾者、其他类型网络成瘾者与非网络成瘾者在性别(χ2=21.855,P<0.01)、年级(χ2=23.650,P<0.01)和专业(χ2=21.991,P<0.05)上均存在显著差异,表现为男生比女生、大四学生比其他年级学生、理工类学生比其他专业学生更易网络游戏成瘾;网络游戏成瘾者情绪低落、行为不当和成就感低得分均大于非网络成瘾者(23.6±5.7/21.6±5.8,20.1±3.4/18.1±4.3,18.8±3.9/17.3±4.1,P=0.045、0.006、0.046);网络游戏成瘾者网络成瘾倾向的不同侧面与学习倦怠的各个层面存在正相关(r=0.026～0.442);回归分析表明,学习倦怠的各个层面对网络成瘾倾向的不同侧面具有有效的预测作用(β=0.150～0.398,P<0.01、0.05)。结论:大学生网络游戏成瘾者网络成瘾倾向与学习倦怠有密切的关系。     

大学生学习倦怠现状与人格特征的关系研究

目的探讨大学生学习倦怠现状及其与人格特征之间的关系。方法采用大学生学习倦怠量表和大五人格简式量表对360名大学生进行调查。通过方差分析、相关分析及逐步回归分析得出数据结果。结果大学生学习倦怠在性别、年级上均有显著差异,人格因素中的神经质与情绪低落、行为不当呈显著正相关(r=0.350,0.108,P<0.05),与低成就感呈显著负相关(r=-0.162,P<0.05);外倾性与情绪低落因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.169,P<0.05),与低成就感呈显著正相关(r=0.389,P<0.05);开放性与情绪低落、低成就感成显著正相关(r=0.142,0.291,P<0.05);宜人性与情绪低落成显著正相关(r=0.319,P<0.05);严谨性与情绪低落成显著负相关(r=-0.115,P<0.05),与低成就感呈显著正相关(r=0.252,P<0.05)。结论人格各变量对学习倦怠有显著的预测效果。     

医学院校应用心理学专业本科生学习倦怠特点及其与自我效能感、社会支持的关系

目的:了解医学院校应用心理学专业本科生学习倦怠现状,探讨其自我效能感、社会支持与学习倦怠间的关系。方法:采用大学生学习倦怠量表、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和社会支持评定量表(SSQ),对山东省内两所医学院校应用心理学专业4个年级共计268名本科生进行问卷调查研究,将所得数据应用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果:(1)医学院校应用心理学专业本科生总体上存在一定程度的学习倦怠,突出表现是行为不当;(2)医学院校应用心理学专业本科生在情绪低落和行为不当维度上存在性别差异,男生情绪低落得分显著低于女生(t=-2.39,P0.05),而行为不当维度得分显著高于女生(t=2.63,P0.01)。情绪低落、行为不当和学习倦怠总分在年级上的差别具有统计学意义,大一、大三和大四学生情绪低落得分显著高于大二学生(F=2.63,P0.05),大一和大三学生行为不当和学习倦怠得分显著高于大二学生(F=3.84,3.34,P0.05);(3)自我效能感与学习倦怠及各维度间呈显著负相关(P0.01);除支持利用度与成就感低相关不显著外,学习倦怠及其3维度与社会支持及其3维度间均存在显著负相关(P0.01)。社会支持、主观支持得分与自我效能感呈显著正相关(P0.01),客观支持与自我效能感呈显著正相关(P0.05);(4)自我效能感在社会支持与学习倦怠间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的22.43%。结论:医学院校应用心理学本科生存在中等程度的学习倦怠,其社会支持不仅能直接影响其学习倦怠,还能通过自我效能感间接影响其学习倦怠。     

应对方式通过学习倦怠影响学习成绩的探究

目的:探讨医学生应对方式改善学习倦怠进而提高学习成绩的现象,并分析其原因。方法:以"基于问题学习"(Problem-based learning,PBL)为例,以北京大学2016级临床医学专业三年级学生为研究对象,课程前后应用"大学生学习倦怠调查量表"评估学习倦怠情况,课程结束后以"简易应对方式问卷"调查应对倾向,统计PBL课程结束后的考试成绩。PBL学习前后完成学习倦怠量表和应对方式问卷的学生共201人(78.82%),其中男生114人(56.7%),女生87人(43.3%)。结果:相关性分析显示应对方式中的积极应对维度与PBL之后学习倦怠(r=-0.400,P0.001)及情绪低落(r=-0.366,P0.001)、行为不当(r=-0.312,P0.001)和成就感低(r=-0.351,P0.001)3个因子呈显著负相关,与学习成绩得分(r=0.180,P0.01)呈显著正相关;消极应对维度与学习倦怠(r=0.223,P0.01)及情绪低落(r=0.224,P0.01)、行为不当(r=0.204,P0.01)2个因子呈显著正相关,与成就感低和学习成绩无显著相关性。中介效应分析显示,积极应对维度对学习成绩的影响完全是通过学习倦怠发挥的作用,中介效应占比为62.01%。积极应对维度高分组学生,在PBL学习之后,学习倦怠尤其情绪低落因子显著减轻。结论:学生积极应对维度,可以通过减轻学习倦怠发挥提高学习成绩的作用。     

高职生学习倦怠及内部影响因素

目的探究目前高职生的学习倦怠状况及其内部影响因素。方法采用学业自我效能问卷、学习动机量表和大学生学习倦怠调查量表对400名在校高职生进行问卷调查。结果①学习倦怠中的成就感低因子在性别上有显著差异,男生显著高于女生(t=3.071,P0.001),学习倦怠总分、情绪低落和成就感低因子在独生与否上存在显著差异,都是独生子女高于非独生子女(t=2.291~3.027,P0.05);②学习动机与学习倦怠中的成就感低呈正相关(r=0.117,P0.05),与情绪低落呈负相关(r=-0.264,P0.01)。学习动机中的内生动机与学习倦怠及其行为不当、情绪低落两个维度均呈显著负相关(r=-0.413~-0.164,P0.01);外生动机与学习倦怠及其成就感低这一维度均呈显著正相关(r=0.121~0.211,P0.01);③除成就感低与自我效能感中学习行为自我效能感一维度的相关不显著外,学业自我效能感及各因子与学习倦怠总分及各因子呈现显著负相关(r=-0.462~-0.171,P0.01);④内部动机在自我效能与学习倦怠之间起部分中介作用(t=-8.446,P0.01)。结论①独生子女的学习倦怠程度高于非独生,男生"成就感低"程度高于女生。②学业自我效能感越高的人,学习倦怠水平越低。③学业自我效能直接影响学习倦怠,还通过学生学习动机间接影响学习倦怠。     

地方院校大学生手机成瘾与学习倦怠的关系

目的:探讨地方院校大学生手机成瘾与学习倦怠的关系。方法:采用大学生智能手机成瘾量表和大学生学习倦怠量表对山西省某地方院校193名大学生进行测量。结果:(1)地方院校大学生手机成瘾人数占被调查总人数的25.39%,有51.81%大学生由于手机使用过度造成学习和工作效率明显下降。地方院校大学生手机成瘾存在显著年级差异(F=3.196,P0.05),二年级得分明显高于其它年级;手机成瘾在专业方面也存在显著差异,文科大学生得分明显高于理科大学生(t=-2.419,P0.05);(2)地方院校大学生学习倦怠人数占被调查总人数的27.46%,学习倦怠及其因子在性别、年级和专业方面的差异没有达到显著水平;(3)地方院校大学生手机成瘾与学习倦怠之间的正相关达到显著水平(r=0.348,P0.01)。结论:手机成瘾是造成地方院校大学生学习倦怠的重要因素,手机成瘾越严重,学习倦怠程度越高。     

大学生无聊倾向、抵制效能感与新媒介依赖行为的关系

目的:考察大学生新媒介依赖(包括网络和手机依赖)的状况,以及与无聊倾向、抵制效能感的关系。方法:方便抽取北京市3所高校的992名大学生作为被试,完成大学生无聊倾向问卷、抵制效能感量表、中文网络成瘾量表修订版和问题性手机使用问卷。结果:①大学生网络成瘾的检出率为6.2%,边缘网络成瘾比率40.4%;手机依赖的检出率为26.7%;男生的网络成瘾率、手机依赖率均高于女生(χ~2=11.16,7.82;P0.01);②无聊倾向与网络成瘾、手机依赖均呈显著正相关(r=0.27,0.30;P0.01),抵制效能感与无聊倾向、网络成瘾、手机依赖均呈显著负相关(r=-0.25,-0.35,-0.28;P0.01),网络成瘾与手机依赖呈显著正相关(r=0.29,P0.01);③抵制效能感在无聊倾向预测新媒介依赖行为间起部分中介作用(χ~2/df=4.13,CFI=0.90,GFI=0.92,NFI=0.91,NNFI=0.90,RMSEA=0.05,SRMr=0.04),中介效应占比42.41%。结论:无聊倾向既能直接影响大学生新媒介依赖行为,同时也可通过抵制效能感影响新媒介依赖行为。     

大学生学业压力对学业倦怠的影响核心自我评价的调节作用

目的考察大学生的核心自我评价在学业压力与学业倦怠关系中的调节作用。方法采用《大学生学业压力量表》、《大学生学业倦怠量表》和《核心自我评价量表》对942名大学生进行测查。结果积差相关分析结果表明核心自我评价与学业压力、学业倦怠呈显著负相关(r=-0.21~-0.46,P0.01),学业压力与学业倦怠呈显著正相关(r=0.07~0.23,P0.05)。层次回归分析结果显示核心自我评价负向预测学业倦怠各因子(β=-0.16~-0.46,P0.01);学业压力正向预测情绪低落和行为不当(β=0.18~0.22,P0.01);核心自我评价在学业压力与行为不当、学业压力与成就感低两者中存在显著的调节作用(β=-0.09,P0.01)。结论大学生的学业压力促进学业倦怠的产生,但核心自我评价能够缓解学业压力对学业倦怠的影响。     

大学生学习倦怠特点及其与社会支持、自我价值感的关系

目的探讨大学生学习倦怠特点及其与社会支持、自我价值感的关系。方法抽取514名大学生为研究对象,以学习倦怠问卷、社会支持评定量表、青少年自我价值感量表为研究工具。结果 1学习倦怠总分、行为不当、成就感低在性别上的差异有统计学意义(t=3.495,2.872,3.103;P0.01),情绪低落在是否独生子女上的差异有统计学意义(t=2.686,P0.01);2学习倦怠总分、情绪低落、行为不当与自我价值感、社会支持呈显著负相关(r=-0.371~-0.116;P0.05);3个人取向的一般自我价值感和主观支持对学习倦怠有显著的预测作用(β1=-0.201,β2=-0.164;P=0.00),Y(学习倦怠)=79.18-0.52X1(个人取向的一般自我价值感)-0.33X2(主观支持)。结论大学生自我价值感越高,社会支持越高,其学习倦怠水平越低。     

大学生成就动机与学习倦怠的关系:希望的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生的希望水平在成就动机和学习倦怠之间的中介作用。方法:采用成就动机量表(AMS)、心理资本量表和大学生学习倦怠调查量表对318名在校大学生进行测量,收集相关数据。结果:①大学生学习倦怠现象普遍存在;②学习倦怠与希望显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01),学习倦怠与成就动机显著负相关(r=-0.450,P0.01),成就动机和希望显著正相关(r=0.304,P0.01);③中介效应检验表明,希望在追求成功和学习倦怠之间起部分中介作用(χ~2/df=1.850,RMSEA=0.076,GFI、CFI、NFI、IFI0.9),希望在避免失败和学习倦怠之间起部分中介作用(χ~2/df=1.385,RMSEA=0.075,GFI、CFI、NFI、IFI0.9)。结论:大学生学习倦怠现象普遍存在,成就动机、学习倦怠、希望三者关系密切且希望在成就动机和学习倦怠之间起部分中介作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.