HPLC法测定人血浆中百草枯的血药浓度

目的:建立高效、灵敏、快速的人血浆中百草枯的HPLC血药浓度测定方法。方法:以5-溴脲嘧啶为内标物,血浆经10%三氯乙酸甲醇去蛋白。采用XBridge-C18柱,流动相为乙腈-缓冲盐(V∶V,5∶95),缓冲盐为25.0 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠,含1.0 mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠,pH 2.6,流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长258 nm,柱温35℃。结果:百草枯和内标的出峰时间分别为6.0 min和3.5 min,百草枯在0.05μg/ml～10μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9998)。低、中、高3种浓度的日内、日间精密度RSD均<6%,相对回收率100.623±5.443%,平均绝对回收率88.374±5.669%。结论:本方法操作简便易行,准确率高,可作为快速、准确测定人血浆中百草枯血药浓度的有效方法,为临床诊断提供依据。     

二极管阵列检测离子色谱法测定水中NO2^-、Br^-、NO3^-

目的:建立直接紫外检测离子色谱法测定水中NO2-、Br-、NO-3的方法,并用于水中NO2-、Br-、NO3-的检测.方法:采用IonPae ASl4-2mm型阴离子分离柱,以3.5 mmol/L Na2CO3 1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3为淋洗液,二极管阵列检测法,NO2-、Br-、NO3-的检测波长分别为210、199、205 nm.结果:直接紫外检测法不受多种共存离子的干扰,可选择每一种组分的最佳吸收波长进行分析.于分离柱与检测池之间添加抑制器可降低背景吸收,消除氯离子和硫酸根离子的负峰.各阴离子的线性好(r>0.9990),相对标准偏差均小于5%(n=7),平均加标回收率均在97.7%～101.5%之间,NO2-、Br-、NO3-的检出限分别为0.20、0.26、0.21μg/L.结论:本文所用方法灵敏、快速,适用于所有的饮用水分析.     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中阿立哌唑、氯氮平浓度

目的建立一种简单、快速的同时测定氯氮平、阿立哌唑血药浓度的高效液相色谱方法。方法以地西泮为内标,经乙酸乙酯-二氯甲烷（80：20）提取血浆中被测药物。色谱条件：色谱柱为DiamonsilTMC18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为30 mmol/L醋酸铵-甲醇（23：77）;流速为0.8 ml/min;柱温40℃;检测波长254 nm。结果氯氮平、阿立哌唑线性范围分别为20.0～1 280.0μg/L（r=0.9991）和25.0～1 600.0μg/L（r=0.9994）,分析方法检测限为10.0μg/L。低、中、高浓度的回收率、稳定性、日内及日间精密度均符合方法学要求。结论该方法精密、简便、快速,可用于临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

过硫酸钾消解-离子色谱法测定水和废水中总磷

目的:建立离子色谱法测定水中总磷的方法。方法:采用MetrosepASupp5 -250分离柱,Na2CO3 /NaHCO3 =3. 2 /1 .0mmol/L淋洗液,抑制型电导检测器。结果:检测器量程为50μs/cm时,线性范围为0. 05 ~5 .0mg/L,相关系数大于0. 999(n=5),检出限1 3μg/L(以P计),样品加标回收率在94 .65% ~104. 8% 之间,RSD<5. 0 %。结论:方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于水和废水中总磷的分析。     

用离子色谱-标准加入法测定净水剂中的硫酸根

目的　研究应用离子色谱法测定净水剂中硫酸根的方法 ,探索该方法的实用意义。方法　离子色谱法 ,电导检测器 ,Altech阴离子分析柱。流动相 :pH1 0 ,1mmol/LNa2 CO3 及 1mmol/LNaHCO3 。流量 1 .2ml/min。结果　灵敏度 2 1 873ns·ml/mg ,检出限为 0 .0 2 2mg/L ,精密度 <7% ,相关系数 >0 .999,回收率85 .5 %～ 1 1 3%。结论　本法适用于净水剂中硫酸盐的测定     

高效液相色谱法测定去屑香波中水杨酸、吡啶硫酮锌吡啶酮乙醇胺、甘宝素和酮康唑5种去屑剂

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定去屑香波中的水杨酸、吡啶硫酮锌(ZPT)、吡啶酮乙醇胺、甘宝素和酮康唑5种去屑剂。在C18(5μm,4·6mm×l50mm)色谱柱上,以乙腈∶甲醇∶水(10mmol/L磷酸二氢钾和0·5mmol/LEDTANa2,磷酸调pH4·0)=50∶10∶40为流动相,流速为1·0ml/min;二极管陈列检测器检测波长为230nm,柱温为25℃下检测。该方法各组分变异系数小于3·8%,加标回收率在92·7%~104·9%之间,具有操作简便、准确、快速等特点。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定动物组织中3种抗生素残留量

目的　为精确测定四环素族抗生素在动物食品中的残留量 ,建立同时测定土霉素、四环素、金霉素高效液相色谱测定法的最佳工作条件。方法　色谱柱为SpherigelC18(5 μm2 5 0× 4 6mmid)柱 ,以 0 0 1mol/L磷酸二氢钠∶乙腈 =70∶30 (pH =2 0 )为流动相 ,流速 1ml/min ,UV检测波长 2 6 8 0nm ,灵敏度 0 0 0 2AUFS ,样品用高氯酸沉淀蛋白质 ,超声波提取 ,然后同时测定其中的抗生素浓度。结果　实验所得回收率和相对标准偏差均较理想。结论　与现行国标方法比较 ,该方法在UV检测波长 2 6 8 0nm下 ,通过优化了的色谱条件 ,提高了测定灵敏度及检出范围。     

离子色谱法测定血液透析用水中五种离子

目的:建立离子色谱同时测定血液透析用水中F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Cr(Ⅵ)五种离子含量的方法。方法:选用METROSEP A SUPP 4-250分离柱,METROSEP A SUPP 4/5 Guard保护柱,用1.8 mmol/L Na2CO3与1.7 mmol/L NaHCO3的混合液作为流动相淋洗液,流速为1.1 ml/min。结果:在0.01 mg/L～10.00 mg/L浓度范围内五种离子测定的线性良好,相关系数r>0.999。结论:该方法简便省时,准确度、精密度好,能满足国家血液透析用水行业标准、欧洲药典及美国AAMI的标准要求。     

离子色谱法测定牙膏中的锶

〔目的〕采用离子色谱法测定牙膏样品中的锶。〔方法〕选择 2 0mmol L甲磺酸作为淋洗液 ,流速 0 60ml min ,IonPacCS12阳离子分离柱分离和测定。本文还进行了钙离子及pH值的干扰试验。〔结果〕本法线性范围大于 0 .0 0 5～13 .0mg L ,相关系数大于 0 .9972 ,方法检出限为 0 .0 41mg L ,相对标准偏差小于 1.0 %,加标回收率为 82 %～ 10 9%。〔结论〕本法操作简单 ,灵敏度较高 ,线性范围宽 ,不失为一种较好的测定方法。     

超声萃取反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定食品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量

目的:建立应用超声萃取反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定食品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量的方法。方法:食品样品经温水浴,超声萃取,去脂肪和沉淀蛋白后,进样20μl,以甲醇-混合磷酸盐(1.25 mmol/L Na2HPO4和1.25 mmol/LKH2PO4及内含4 mmol/L四丁基溴化铵)(体积比为20:80)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml/min,经GeminiTMC18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5μm)柱分离,225 nm检测。结果:亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐完全分离,R>1.5,在0.20~100.00 mg/L范围内成线性,相关系数大于0.9995,检出下限分别为0.08,0.10 mg/L,回收率在97.4%~101.9%之间。结论:该方法准确、灵敏,操作简便,同时测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,适合于食品样品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.