细胞间黏附分子-1基因多态性与疾病易感性

细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)属于免疫球蛋白超家族成员之一，是一种细胞表面单链糖蛋白，它表达于多种细胞表面，通过识别其受体LFA-1、MAC-1、P150、P95介导细胞-细胞间的黏附，参与多种炎症反应及免疫过程。不同种族和地区研究证实ICAM-1基因多态性与人类多种疾病相关。     

细胞间黏附分子1与糖尿病肾病

细胞间黏附分子 - 1(ICAM 1)又名CD5 4 ,是广泛表达于各种细胞表面的可诱导的单链跨膜糖蛋白 ,属黏附分子中免疫球蛋白超家族成员。ICAM 1在生理情况下呈低水平表达 ,受到高糖、氧化应激、多种细胞因子等各种刺激因素影响后表达则明显上调。ICAM 1在糖尿病的肾脏中表达显著增加 ,可促进细胞的黏附和浸润 ,在糖尿病肾病和肾小球硬化的进展中起重要作用。     

细胞间黏附分子-1基因多态性与疾病易感性

细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)属于免疫球蛋白超家族成员之一,是一种细胞表面单链糖蛋白,它表达于多种细胞表面,通过识别其受体LFA-1、MAC-1、P150、P95介导细胞-细胞间的黏附,参与多种炎症反应及免疫过程。不同种族和地区研究证实ICAM-1基因多态性与人类多种疾病相关。     

白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体家族及其与免疫相关疾病的关系

当病原体感染时,机体天然免疫系统依赖于不同受体分子介导的免疫反应。天然免疫细胞的免疫反应程度可能是通过细胞多种激活和抑制性受体分子介导的信号通路来整合调控的。免疫球蛋白超家族在免疫反应中作为抗原受体、共刺激蛋白、黏附分子、免疫调节分子发挥重要作用。其中一组被称作白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体[leukocyteimmunoglobulin（Ig）-likereceptors,LILRs]或免疫球蛋白样转录物（ILTs）的分子家族既参与先天性免疫,     

抗ICAM-1单克隆抗体在治疗方面的研究进展

细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1;CD54)属于免疫球蛋白超家族成员,是一种跨膜的单链糖蛋白,相对分子质量(Mr)为80 000 ～110 000,在细胞膜上分为细胞外段,疏水的跨膜段和短的细胞内区段.其细胞外区有5个免疫球蛋白样结构区,其中第1个与白细胞整合素亚家族淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LAT-1)互为配基,第3个与补体受体3(Mac-l)互为配基.ICAM-1分布广泛,如血管内皮细胞、外周血淋巴细胞、白细胞、多种肿瘤细胞及甲状腺上皮细胞等均有表达.     

免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子在淋巴管和不同血管内皮细胞的表达

目的比较免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子在淋巴管、大血管和微血管内皮细胞的表达特点,探讨免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子在淋巴管内皮细胞表达的意义。方法从狗的胸导管、颈总动脉、颈内静脉、肺微血管分离内皮细胞,利用免疫荧光标记法检测PECAM-1、ICAM-1、ICAM-3、VCAM-1和CD44在各种内皮细胞的表达,在荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜下观察,并用图像分析仪分析表达强度。结果动脉、静脉和肺微血管内皮细胞表达PECAM—1、ICAM—1、ICAM-3、VCAM—1和CD44。其中,ICAM-1和ICAM-3的表达较弱。VCAM—1在动脉和肺微血管内皮细胞的表达比静脉强。淋巴管内皮细胞表达PECAM—1、ICAM—1、ICAM-3和CD44,未观察到VCAM—1的表达。ICAM-3和CD44的表达比血管内皮细胞强。结论与动脉、静脉和微血管内皮细胞比较,淋巴管内皮细胞不表达VCAM—1,而ICAM-3和CD44表达较强,这有助于解释淋巴细胞和肿瘤细胞与淋巴管内皮的黏附以及淋巴管新生的机制。     

SLE、RA患者血清sICAM-1和PTM水平的变化及其临床意义

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)和类风湿性关节炎(RA)是多系统受累的自身免疫性疾病(aut oimmune diseases,AID),其免疫特征是,T细胞活化增加,B细胞多克隆活化并产生多种自身抗体,但其发病机制尚不清楚.可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(soluble intercellular ad hesion molecules-1,sICAM-1),是表达于内皮细胞和其他抗原递呈细胞上的ICAM-1脱落于血液中的可溶性形式,属于免疫球蛋白超家族中的成员,为一种表面跨膜蛋白抗原.内皮细胞表面细胞黏附分子的异常表达是内皮细胞损伤的早期变化[1].     

SLE、RA患者血清sICAM—1和FTM水平的变化及其临床意义

系统性红斑狼疮 (ＳＬＥ)和类风湿性关节炎 (ＲＡ)是多系统受累的自身免疫性疾病 (ａｕｔｏｉｍｍｕｎｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ,ＡＩＤ) ,其免疫特征是 ,Ｔ细胞活化增加 ,Ｂ细胞多克隆活化并产生多种自身抗体 ,但其发病机制尚不清楚。可溶性细胞间黏附分子 1(ｓｏｌｕｂｌｅｉｎｔｅｒｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓ 1,ｓＩＣＡＭ 1) ,是表达于内皮细胞和其他抗原递呈细胞上的ＩＣＡＭ 1脱落于血液中的可溶性形式 ,属于免疫球蛋白超家族中的成员 ,为一种表面跨膜蛋白抗原。内皮细胞表面细胞黏附分子的异常表达是内皮细胞损…     

MAd CAM-1分子的研究进展

MAdCAM－1分子（MucosalVascularaddressin）也称为粘膜血管定居因子，是在肠道粘膜淋巴组织和固有层的血管内皮细胞上表达的一种粘附分子，属于免疫球蛋白超家族。它可以同向派伊尔小结（peryer’spatches，PPS）归巢的淋巴细胞上的归巢受体分子整合素α457及选择素LSeleetin结合，在引导淋巴细胞向粘膜部位的定向归巢中起重要作用。这里仅就其分子结构、基因结构及其受体作简要概述。     

面神经损伤后面神经核中神经型钙黏附分子及胎盘型钙黏附分子的表达

背景：面神经周围性损伤后,首先涉及其中枢神经元轴突的逆行性反应,神经能否再生则取决于神经元胞体的存活及功能状态。目的：检测面神经损伤后,面神经核中神经型钙黏附分子和胎盘型钙黏附分子的表达变化。方法：将新西兰大白兔随机分为模型组(n=48)和对照组(n=8)。模型组兔建立右侧面神经压榨损伤模型。模型组分别于损伤后1,4,7,14,21,28 d各取8只兔进行检测。运用免疫组织化学SP法及实时定量PCR法检测兔右侧面神经核运动神经元中神经型钙黏附分子和胎盘型钙黏附分子蛋白及mRNA的表达水平。结果与结论：对照组兔右侧面神经核运动神经元中无神经型钙黏附分子或胎盘型钙黏附分子标记的阳性神经元。模型组兔右侧面神经核运动神经元中存在神经型钙黏附分子和胎盘型钙黏附分子阳性神经元,2种阳性神经元数量均在第14天时达到峰值。与对照组相比,模型组损伤后4-28 d兔面神经核中神经型钙黏附分子mRNA的表达水平明显增加,损伤后1 d时兔面神经核中胎盘型钙黏附分子mRNA的表达水平明显下降,损伤后7-28 d时兔面神经核中胎盘型钙黏附分子mRNA的表达水平明显增加。提示面神经损伤的早期即出现2种分子的阳性表达,其中胎盘型钙黏附分子的表达自神经损伤后一直存在,而神经型钙黏附分子表达时间相对较短。在面神经损伤时,面神经核中神经型钙黏附分子和胎盘型钙黏附分子均表达增加,说明面神经再生可能与黏附分子的高表达有关。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Synaptic formation in subsets of glutamatergic terminals in the mouse hippocampal formation is affected by a deficiency in the neural cell recognition molecule NB-3

The neural cell recognition molecule NB-3, which is also referred to as contactin-6, is a member of the contactin subgroup molecules that are expressed prominently in the developing nervous system after birth. In mice, an NB-3 deficiency impairs motor coordination and reduces the synaptic density between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Here, we studied the role of NB-3 in the formation of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal formation. At postnatal day 5, NB-3 immunoreactivity was detected in the subiculum, the stratum lacunosum–moleculare of the CA1 region and the hilus of the dentate gyrus. NB-3 expression in the strata radiatum and oriens was weak, and it was very weak in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, the pyramidal cell layer of regions CA3 to CA1 and the stratum lucidum. NB-3-positive puncta partially overlapped with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and 2 (VGLUT2), excitatory presynaptic markers, but not with vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), an inhibitory presynaptic marker. The density of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 puncta in the regions where NB-3 was strongly expressed in wild-type mice was reduced by ∼20–30% in NB-3 knockout mice relative to wild-type mice, whereas that of VGAT puncta was not affected by NB-3 deficiency. Thus, NB-3 has key roles in the formation of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, synapses during postnatal development of the hippocampal formation as well as the cerebellum.     

神经黏附分子NB-3在转基因小鼠脑的发育表达

目的 检测NB-3在小鼠大脑组织中不同时期的表达情况. 方法采用带Lac Z基因的NB-3基因敲除的杂合子小鼠,分别取E12、E14、E16、E18、P0、P7、P14及成年小鼠的脑组织固定,采用X=gal染色方法检测Lac Z基因产物β-半乳糖苷酶的表达以显示NB-3的表达及定位.结果 1.NB-3在胚胎发育期间从E14开始有微弱的表达,后逐渐在侧脑室周围、皮层、丘脑、下丘脑及海马等部位表达.其中在皮层中的表达主要集中在Ⅱ,Ⅲ、Ⅴ层.2.NB-3在出生后小鼠大脑中的表达明显升高,在P7时表达最高,此后稍有下降直至成年.3.NB-3在成年小鼠大脑组织中的表达分布广泛.表达最强的部位分别是大脑皮层的Ⅱ/Ⅲ、Ⅴ层、梨状皮层、杏仁核周皮质、丘脑、下丘脑以及海马的CA1区等.结论 NB-3在发育和成体小鼠中枢神经系统中均有表达,且不同时期的表达量有所不同.提示NB-3在神经系统的发育过程中可能具有重要的作用.     

Synaptic adhesion molecules and PSD-95

Synaptic adhesion molecules are known to participate in various steps of synapse development including initial contacts between dendrites and axons, formation of early synapses, and their maturation and plastic changes. Notably, a significant subset of synaptic adhesion molecules associates with synaptic scaffolding proteins, suggesting that they may act in concert to couple trans-synaptic adhesion to molecular organization of synaptic proteins. Here, we describe an emerging group of synaptic adhesion molecules that directly interact with the abundant postsynaptic scaffold PSD-95, which include neuroligins, NGLs, SALMs, and ADAM22, and discuss how these proteins and PSD-95 act together to regulate synaptic development. PSD-95 may be one of the central organizers of synaptic adhesion that recruits diverse proteins to sites of synaptic adhesion, promotes trans-synaptic signaling, and couples neuronal activity with changes in synaptic adhesion.     

A neural cell adhesion molecule-derived fibroblast growth factor receptor agonist, the FGL-peptide, promotes early postnatal sensorimotor development and enhances social memory retention

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is composed extracellularly of five Ig-like and two fibronectin type III (F3) modules. It plays a pivotal role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. NCAM signals via a direct interaction with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). A 15-amino-acid long peptide, the FG loop (FGL) peptide, that is derived from the second F3 module of NCAM has been found to activate FGFR1. We here report that the FGL peptide, when administered intranasally to newborn rats, accelerated early postnatal development of coordination skills. In adult animals s.c. administration of FGL resulted in a prolonged retention of social memory. We found that FGL rapidly penetrated into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid after both intranasal and s.c. administration and remained detectable in the fluids for up to 5 hours.     

Neural recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily: signaling transducers of axon guidance and neuronal migration

Recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily have important roles in neuronal interactions during ontogeny, including migration, survival, axon guidance and synaptic targeting. Their downstream signal transduction events specify whether a cell changes its place of residence or projects axons and dendrites to targets in the brain, allowing the construction of a dynamic neural network. A wealth of recent discoveries shows that cell adhesion molecules interact with attractant and repellent guidance receptors to control growth cone and cell motility in a coordinate fashion. We focus on the best-studied subclasses, the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and the L1 family of adhesion molecules, which share important structural and functional features. We have chosen these paradigmatic molecules and their interactions with other recognition molecules as instructive for elucidating the mechanisms by which other recognition molecules may guide cell interactions during development or modify their function as a result of injury, learning and memory.     

Distinct morphological and immunohistochemical features and different growth rates among four human neuroblastomas heterotransplanted into nude mice

To elucidate more precisely the biological characteristics of neuroblastomas, we examined four human neuroblastomas heterotransplanted into athymic nude mice NB-39 (undifferentiated type), NB-45 (poorly differentiated type with undifferentiated component), NB-52 (poorly differentiated type), and NB-726 (differentiating type) by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and radioimmunoassay for the peptides in tumors. Ultrastructurally, NB-45, NB-52, and NB-726 contained more numerous and variously sized neurosecretory granules than did NB-39. Immunohistochemistry revealed neurofilament proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and chromogranin A-positive cells in the four tumors in the following order of frequency: NB-726, NB-45, NB-52, and NB-39. NB-726, NB-45, and NB-52, but not NB-39, contained galanin-positive tumor cells. NB-45 and NB-726 harbored a few positive cells for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Furthermore, NB-726 exhibited positivity to leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and serotonin. Radioimmunoassay substantiated the results of immunohistochemistry, showing NPY in all tumors and either galanin or VIP in three tumors, excepting NB-39. Average doubling time of the tumor was as follows: 2 days in NB-39, 10 days in NB-45, 22 days in NB-52, and 45 days in NB-726. These results indicate that human neuroblastoma cells have different biological characteristics and reduced growth rate with differentiation in terms of ultrastructure and of peptide production abilities.     

Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses of IgLON cell adhesion molecules,Kilon and OBCAM in the rat brain

Kilon (kindred of IgLON) and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule belong to the IgLON subgroup of immunoglobulin superfamily together with the limbic system-associated membrane protein and neurotrimin. In the present study, we have analyzed biochemical and ultrastructural characterization of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule such as regional and developmental expression patterns, light and electron microscopic localization, and intermolecular interactions. Western blotting revealed a widespread distribution pattern of Kilon with high expression levels in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, hippocampus, and cerebellum and low expression levels in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. In contrast, opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule showed a regionally restricted expression pattern with high levels only in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Expression of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule was increased gradually during postnatal development and maintained until adulthood. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the localization of opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule and Kilon coincided well with that of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, a synaptic marker protein, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult brain. In the cerebellum, Kilon-immunoreactive puncta were observed to colocalize well with that of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, while opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity was observed only at part of synaptic glomeruli in the granular layer and rare in the molecular layer. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity was observed mainly at postsynaptic sites of dendritic and somatic synapses in adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Only trace levels of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule were detected in the soluble fraction of a cortical homogenate, although a substantial amount of F3 was present in the soluble fraction. A binding analysis using a cross-linker and the immunoprecipitation technique demonstrated that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule interacted heterophilically and homophilically. These findings show that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule are clearly distinguishable from each other in regional expression and localization, and binding patterns. These differences possibly represent diverse functions of each IgLON molecule.     

An electron microscopic study of dendritic degeneration in the cerebral cortex resulting from laminar lesions

Summary The morphological characteristics of dendrites in layers of the cerebral cortex above laminar lesions induced by ionizing particle irradiation have been studied in the striate field of rat at various survival times. Within two weeks following irradiation an increasing number of dendrites display unusual alterations inferred to be signs of degeneration.Degenerating dendrites can be characterized by a dense cytoplasmic matrix, disruption of mitochondria, presence of dense bodies, irregular outline and a marked alteration of the plasmalemma in its dimensions and staining properties. Some degenerating dendrites possess a large accumulation of dense subsynaptic material and are contacted by synapses with enlarged and altered synaptic clefts. A few dendrites contain extensive membranous whorls. Engulfment by reactive astrocyte processes is a common feature and often includes the presynaptic axonal knob, but only the degenerating dendrite has been observed within glial cytoplasm. The inference that the majority of degenerating dendrites in this material are apical dendrites of pyramidal cells suggests that either shaft synapses are common for these cells, protuberances may retract during degeneration, or spines are lost due to loss of afferent terminals.Supported by research grants from the United States Public Health Service, NB-4578 and NB-6594.     

The role of L1cam in murine corticogenesis,and the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus

L1cam (L1), one of the cell adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays critical roles in neuronal migration, axon growth, guidance, fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system. A number of X‐linked forms of mental retardation have been associated with mutations in the L1 gene, including X‐linked hydrocephalus in humans. Although model mice with different sites of L1 mutation have been studied, the pathogenetic mechanisms of hydrocephalus and mental retardation still remain unsolved. We herein present an overview of the function of L1 in the central nervous system and describe a human case of L1 mutation and knock‐in mice that showed deleted sixth immunoglobulin of L1. Finally, we present experimental evidence showing that L1 is involved in murine neocortical histogenesis and propose a hypothetical mechanism of L1‐linked hydrocephalus, with reference to corticogenesis.