Effects of salinity,heavy metals and pesticides on health and physiology of oysters in the Caloosahatchee Estuary,Florida

The Caloosahatchee Estuary has been exhibiting signs of impaired ecological health due to the extensive hydrological alteration, agricultural land use, and increasing watershed development. This project investigated the responses of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica at five locations in the Caloosahatchee River in relation to salinity changes, levels of heavy metals, pesticides, and PCBs in the water as well as in the oyster tissue. Individual heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in oysters varied significantly between sampling locations and sampling months. PCB concentrations in oyster tissues were below detection limits as were the metal, pesticide and PCB concentrations in water at all the sampling locations. Both heavy metal and pesticide concentrations decreased with increasing distance downstream indicating upstream source of contaminants. The highly pathogenic oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus infection intensity (level) and prevalence (% infected oysters), condition index, spat recruitment, and gonadal index showed a seasonal trend varying with spawning activity and increased downstream. However, juvenile oyster growth was higher at upstream estuarine locations. Oyster responses varied more with seasonal programming (salinity), rather than due to contaminant levels. While significant correlations were noted between some oyster responses and metal concentrations in oyster tissues, overall metal concentrations were low compared to national averages. It appears that oyster health in the Caloosahatchee River is influenced more by freshwater inflow and resulting salinity fluctuations, rather than due to the measured contaminants.     

Land use, genetic diversity and toxicant tolerance in natural populations of Daphnia magna

Provided that gene flow is not too high, selection by local environmental conditions in heterogeneous landscapes can lead to genetic adaptation of natural populations to their local habitat. Pollution with anthropogenic toxicants may create pronounced environmental gradients that impose strong local selection pressures. Toxic contaminants may also directly impact genetic structure in natural populations by exhibiting genotoxicity or by causing population declines resulting in genetic bottlenecks. Using populations of Daphnia magna established from the dormant egg banks of ponds located in a landscape dominated by anthropogenic impact, we aimed at detecting evidence for local adaptation to environmental contamination. We explored the relationship between land use around the 10 investigated ponds, population genetic diversity as measured by neutral genetic markers (polymorphic allozymes) and the tolerance of the populations originating from these ponds to acute lethal effects of two model toxicants, the pesticide carbaryl and the metal potassium dichromate. Genetic diversity of the populations as observed by neutral markers tended to be negatively impacted by agricultural land use intensity (Spearman rank correlation, R = −0.614, P = 0.059), indicating that genetic bottlenecks may have resulted from anthropogenic impact. We experimentally observed differences in susceptibility to both carbaryl and potassium dichromate among the studied pond populations of D. magna (analysis of deviance, P < 0.001). Because the experimental design excluded the possibility of physiological adaptation of the test animals to the toxicants, we conclude that the differences in susceptibility must have a genetic basis. Moreover, carbaryl tolerance levels of the populations tended to increase with increasing agricultural land use intensity as described by ranked percentage of land coverage with cereal and corn crop in the proximity of the ponds (Spearman rank correlation, R = 0.602, P = 0.066). Together, these two findings provide evidence for local adaptation of D. magna populations to pesticide contamination. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential selection pressure imposed by anthropogenic pollution and provide evidence that genetic erosion in natural Daphnia populations is related to anthropogenic impact.     

Homocysteinemia,hypertension, and family history of diabetes in a smoking male population in Saudi Arabia

Arabs have a lower incidence of atherosclerosis than other ethnicities, but few studies have examined homocysteine (HCYS) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in this population. Here, we investigated the association between serum HYCS levels and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (smoking, hypertension, and family history of diabetes) in Saudi males. A total of 50 smokers and 72 nonsmokers completed a general health questionnaire. In addition, their lipid profiles were measured using routine methods and HCYS levels by high-performance liquid chromatograph with electrochemical detection. Regression analysis showed negative associations between HCYS and glucose (r = −0.22; P < 0.05) as well as family history of diabetes (r = −0.21; P < 0.05). HCYS levels were similar between hypertensive and nonhypertensive smokers, but they were significantly elevated in hypertensive nonsmokers (P = 0.027) and lower in smokers with family history of diabetes (P = 0.01). Levels of HCYS among nonsmokers inversely correlated with history of diabetes and elevated glucose. Nonsmokers’ HCYS levels were significantly elevated in the presence of hypertension and correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Thus, HCYS may be a predictor of hypertension among nonsmokers. Until further trials are conducted, we recommend vitamin B6/folic acid supplementation for the Saudi hypertensive population as an adjuvant therapy.     

2012—2020年泰达国际心血管病医院心血管疾病患者血流感染病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 分析泰达国际心血管病医院心血管疾病患者发生血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药特征,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对2012年1月—2020年12月泰达国际心血管病医院血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 共检出病原菌234株,其中革兰阴性菌133株,构成比为56.8％,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和...     

Off-Premise Alcohol Outlets and Substance Use in Young and Emerging Adults

This investigation examined the association between alcohol outlets and substance use during young adulthood in Baltimore, MD. Geospatial methods were used to determine the number of outlets within walking distance of the participant's home and distance to nearest outlet. Logistic regression models found that distance to the nearest alcohol outlet was associated with past year marijuana use after adjusting for community disadvantage and sociodemographic characteristics (OR = 0.77, p = .03); specifically, as distance to the nearest outlet increased the likelihood of marijuana use decreased. Findings suggest that distance to the nearest alcohol outlet was a better predictor of marijuana use than the density of alcohol outlets.     

Identification of major aroma compounds in the leaf of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Morinda citrifolia</Emphasis> Linn.

Morinda citrifolia, commonly named noni, has been used as food and as a folk medicine throughout the tropics. The use of the leaves to make hot water beverages is increasing in popularity, especially in Japan and the United States. To better understand the effects of processing on the content of the major aroma compounds, volatile oils were collected from samples of frozen, dried and roasted leaves by steam distillation and then analyzed by GC-MS. Drying of the leaves reduces the quantity of aroma compounds by more than half. Palmitic acid and E-phytol were identified as the major components of the volatile oil. With the exception of E-phytol, all of the known volatile compounds identified in the leaf samples were done so for the first time.     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间并发肺孢子菌感染：两例病例报道并文献复习

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）在临床中广泛应用,给肿瘤患者带来了比放疗、化疗更进一步的生存获益。然而,在免疫抑制剂增强细胞免疫抗肿瘤的同时,也有可能增强机体正常的免疫反应,导致机体免疫耐受紊乱,引起相应器官出现不适症状,称之为免疫相关不良反应。其中,免疫相关性肺炎往往较难诊断,严重者可致命。肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）作为一种机会性真菌感染性疾病,常发生于免疫力低下人群。鉴于ICIs对免疫功能的促进作用,目前的主要观点认为,肿瘤免疫治疗并不会增加肺孢子菌感染的机会。本文报道了两例免疫治疗期间发生肺孢子菌感染的病例,以期进一步加深人们对免疫相关性肺炎及PCP的认识。     

The effects of psychotropic drugs on exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of rats studied on a hole-board

Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperidol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased.It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.     

Toxicity of soybean rust fungicides to freshwater algae and Daphnia magna

Soybeans are intensively grown over large swaths of land in the Midwestern US. Introduction of the pathogenic fungus responsible for Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) will likely result in a significant increase in the environmental load of strobilurin and conazole fungicides. We determined the toxicity of six such fungicides to the unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna. We found that levels of concern of some fungicides were lower than annual average runoff concentrations predicted for Indiana. Our results suggest that pyraclostrobin and propiconazole, and to a lesser extent tebuconazole, may cause impacts to algae and daphnids in areas where soybeans are intensively grown. More studies are needed to describe the ecological effects of sublethal exposures to these fungicides, as well as monitoring environmental concentrations in watersheds where these fungicides are applied to soybeans.     

2014—2018年解放军第三一六医院妊娠期女性人型支原体和解脲支原体感染状况及耐药性分析

目的 分析2014-2018年解放军第三一六医院妊娠期女性人型支原体和解脲支原体感染状况及耐药性。方法 采用回顾性分析的方法,对2014年1月-2018年12月解放军三一六医院的1 171例妊娠期女性泌尿生殖道支原体感染状况及耐药情况进行分析。结果 1 171例妊娠期女性中,644例感染了解脲支原体和/或人型支原体,其中1人感染了人型支原体,590例感染了解脲支原体,53例共同感染了两种支原体。解脲支原体在17~20岁年龄段感染率最高,解脲支原体和人型支原体双阳性在41~50年龄段感染率最高。解脲支原体和/或人型支原体对喹诺酮类抗生素、阿奇霉素和红霉素的敏感性较低,对交沙霉素、克拉霉素、美满霉素、强力霉素和四环素的敏感性较高。结论 妊娠期女性泌尿生殖道支原体的感染率高,耐药严重,一定要根据培养鉴定和药敏试验选用敏感抗生素进行治疗。     

2020—2022年清镇市第一人民医院妊娠期妇女尿路感染病原菌构成特点及耐药性分析

目的 探讨清镇市第一人民医院妊娠期妇女尿路感染病原菌的构成特点及耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法 收集2020年1月—2022年12月清镇市第一人民医院疑为尿路感染妊娠期妇女清洁中段尿标本,使用法国梅里埃VITEK-2Compact或VITEK MS质谱仪进行病原菌鉴定和抗生素最低抑菌浓度（MIC）检测,根据美国临床试验室标准化研究所（CLSI）的标准判断药敏结果,采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件进行数据统计。结果 共检出384株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌占84.9%(326株);革兰阳性菌占13.3%(51株),念珠菌占1.8%(7株),病原菌以大肠埃希菌（297株,占77.3%）和无乳链球菌（30株,占7.8%）最为常见。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲噁唑、头孢唑啉、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率高于70.0%,对呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢替坦的耐药率低于10.0%,多重耐药菌株占42.1%;无乳链球菌对四环素和克林霉素的耐药率高于65.0%,对青霉素、氨苄西林、喹努普汀/达福普汀、替加环素、利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率为0。结论 妊娠...     

Observations on pathological and histochemical changes in piglet livers infected with Taenia saginata asiatica

To study the pathological and histochemical characteristics of lesions in piglet livers infected with Taenia saginata asiatica (T. saginata asiatica) throughout the different stages, piglets were fed with eggs of T. saginata asiatica and raised in isolation in an animal center to establish the T. saginata asiatica infection model with normal piglets as control. The pathological changes in the piglet livers were observed after the infection using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histochemical methods were used to check the changes in lipid, glycogen and protein content in the liver. The data collected by image analysis were analyzed statistically with Statistical Package for the Social Science. The results show that T. saginata asiatica-exposed piglets were indeed infected. Inflammatory reactions began on the fourth day and progressed rapidly. Kupffer cell hyperplasia, hepatic hydropic degeneration and ballooning degeneration were found in the 10th–20th days after infection. Hepatic central veins and hepatic sinusoids were dilated and congested. Spotty necrosis occurred in some local liver tissues. In the 40th–60th days, granulomatous reactions and mild hepatocirrhosis were the main lesions. In the 70th–80th days, hepatocirrhosis and bile duct proliferation were observed in the liver. In the different stages, lipid drops were increased while glycogen and protein levels were decreased to some degree. There was a significant difference in metabolism between the infected group and the control group (P < 0.01). It is concluded that pigs are the favorable intermediate host of T. saginata asiatica and its infection can result in serious pathological and histochemical lesions in host organs. Translated from Journal of Guiyang Medical College, 2006, 31(4): 296–300 [译自: 贵阳医学院学报]     

2015-2020年新郑市人民医院妇科肿瘤术后患者医院感染的病原菌分布和耐药情况分析

目的 探讨新郑市人民医院妇科肿瘤术后发生医院感染的病原菌情况。方法 选取2015年9月-2020年9月在新郑市人民医院接受妇科肿瘤手术的120例患者的治疗资料进行分析。结果 妇科肿瘤术120例患者总计检出病原菌208株,革兰阴性菌134株（64.42%）,革兰阳性菌60株（28.85%）,真菌14株（6.73%）。大肠埃希菌耐药性较高的药物依次为头孢曲松（59.09%）、复方新诺明（56.82%）、环丙沙星（54.55%）,对替加环素为0。肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性较高的药物依次为阿莫西林（71.42%）、头孢曲松（42.86%）、头孢噻肟（39.29%）,最低为替加环素（3.57%）。铜绿假单胞菌耐药性较高的药物依次为头孢曲松（81.25%）、复方新诺明（81.25%）、阿莫西林（68.75%）。鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性较高的药物依次为亚胺培南（100%）、哌拉西林（92.86%）、头孢吡肟（85.71%）。从主要革兰阳性菌对抗菌药物的耐药性来看,金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林（90.00%）、复方新诺明（90.00%）耐药率较高。表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素（81.82%）、四环素（81.82%）耐药率较高。结论 妇科肿瘤手术后感染的发生与多种病原菌有关,主要为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌的耐药性存在差异,临床治疗方案需要全面评估感染情况,保证用药方案的科学合理,并注重监测,结合病原学证据及时调整治疗方案。     

2018—2020年郑州市第七人民医院血流感染分离菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解血流感染分离菌的分布及耐药特征,为临床防治血流感染提供指导和依据。方法 收集2018年1月—2020年12月郑州市第七人民医院血培养分离的非重复菌株,采用WHONET5.6软件统计菌株的分布及耐药特征。结果 共分离546株菌株,革兰阴性菌302株（55.31%）,革兰阳性菌220株（40.29%）,真菌24株（4.40%）。前6位分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS,23.44%）、大肠埃希菌（18.68%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（14.84%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（6.04%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（4.21%）和铜绿假单胞菌（3.85%）。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类最敏感,肺炎克雷菌碳对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率分别为30.86%和35.80%,鲍曼不动杆菌耐药较严重,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别为72.66%、42.42%,未发现利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌。结论 革兰阴性菌是医院血流感染的主要致病菌,细菌耐药情况复杂,临床要根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

Serum and lung levels of thiamphenicol after administration of its glycinate N-acetylcysteinate ester in experimentally infected guinea pigs

Thiamphenicol is an analogue of chloramphenicol and is characterised by a broad spectrum of action. In this study, serum and lung levels of thiamphenicol (TAP) were studied in infected guinea pigs after the administration of thiamphenicol glycinate N-acetylcysteinate (TGA). Animals received a single dose of TGA (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously) immediately after intra-tracheal infection with Haemophilus influenzae (about 10⁷ CFU/animal). Serum and lung concentrations of TAP were determined at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after drug administration by means of HPLC. TAP serum levels were elevated at 1 h and remained detectable for 24 h after drug administration. Tissue lung levels were comparable to peak serum concentrations but remained higher and decreased more slowly than serum concentrations.     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及对策

目的:分析ICU感染的铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况.方法:收集2007.7～2008.12入住ICU患者的基本资料及各类标本,标本进行细菌培养及药敏试验,对患者耐药情况进行分析.结果:共分离出199株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,美洛培南敏感率为96.2%、阿米卡星敏感率为69.6%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率为65.4%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率为61.6%、亚胺培南敏感率为57.2%、头孢吡肟敏感率为32.4%、头孢他啶敏感率为28.3%;通过分析发现,住院时间长、使用抗菌药物、侵入治疗、呼吸衰竭、手术等均为铜绿假单胞菌耐药的危险因素.结论:ICU铜绿假单胞菌耐药现象已十分突出,对多重耐药菌株的感染应以预防为主,建立耐药监控体系,控制耐药的发展及扩散.     

2015—2020年兰州大学第一医院血流感染中鲍曼不动杆菌流行特征、耐药性及其感染危险因素分析

目的 分析2015—2020年兰州大学第一医院血流感染中鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布特征、抗菌药物耐药性变迁及感染的危险因素,为医院感染的控制和临床合理治疗提供参考。方法 对2015—2020年兰州大学第一医院住院感染患者血培养阳性标本中分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株的科室分布、抗菌药物耐药性特点及危险因素进行分析。结果 2015—2020年兰州大学第一医院住院感染患者血培养阳性标本中共分离到104株鲍曼不动杆菌,主要来源于重症监护病房（ICU）、老年病科、血液科。鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率超过90%以上。基础疾病、入住ICU、侵袭性操作及使用抗生素成为影响鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染的危险因素。结论 血流感染中分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对常见抗菌药物普遍耐药,应加强医院感染控制,防止耐药菌播散性。     

Cytochrome b sequences in black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from heronries exposed to genotoxic contaminants

DNA sequence analysis of a 215 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used to examine genetic variation and search for evidence of an increased mutation rate in black-crowned night-herons. We examined five populations exposed to environmental contamination (primarily PAHs and PCBs) and one reference population from the eastern U.S. There was no evidence of a high mutation rate even within populations previously shown to exhibit increased variation in DNA content among somatic cells as a result of petroleum exposure. Three haplotypes were observed among 99 individuals. The low level of variability could be evidence for a genetic bottleneck, or that cytochrome b is too conservative for use in population genetic studies of this species. With the exception of one population from Louisiana, pair-wise Phi_st estimates were very low, indicative of little population structure and potentially high rates of effective migration among populations.     

Clinical characteristics of infections caused by Tsukamurella spp. and antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates

To investigate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of infections caused by Tsukamurella spp., the computerised database of the Bacteriology Laboratory at National Taiwan University Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan) was reviewed retrospectively to identify patients with infections caused by this species during the period January 1997 to December 2008. All of the isolates had been initially misidentified as Rhodococcus spp. Identification of Tsukamurella isolates to species level was carried out by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the heat shock protein gene (hsp65) as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. During the study period, a total of eight patients with Tsukamurella infection and two patients with Tsukamurella colonisation were identified. Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens (n = 6) was the most prevalent species, followed by Tsukamurella spumae (n = 3) and Tsukamurella pulmonis (n = 1). Keratitis was the most common type of infection (n = 3), followed by catheter-related bloodstream infection (n = 2). One of the patients with Tsukamurella infection died due to bacteraemia; the other seven patients with Tsukamurella infection had favourable outcomes. The three species had different drug susceptibility patterns; T. pulmonis was the most resistant pathogen, with higher minimum inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin (>2 mg/L), erythromycin (2 mg/L) and tetracycline (8 mg/L) than those for the other Tsukamurella spp. In conclusion, strains of Tsukamurella spp., including T. spumae, are uncommon causative agents of ocular infections and bacteraemia in cancer patients. Molecular diagnostic methods are essential to distinguish species in the Tsukamurella genus from species in other phylogenetically related genera such as Rhodococcus.     

2008-2016年陕西省杨凌示范区医院小儿下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的：分析陕西省杨凌示范区医院小儿下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性。方法选取2008年1月—2016年1月陕西省杨凌示范区医院下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患儿300例,对肺炎链球菌感染的患儿年龄分布、耐药性及多重耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患儿的年龄集中于20 d～1岁,构成比为52.0%。肺炎链球菌对克林霉素的耐药率高达97.0%,其次为阿奇霉素（93.0%）、红霉素（91.0%）,对甲氧苄啶、四环素、奎奴普丁、头孢呋辛的耐药率均高于50.0%。肺炎链球菌对头孢曲松、阿莫西林、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率均低于5.0%。300例下呼吸道肺炎链球菌中仅有21例对上述抗菌药物均敏感,对4种及以上抗菌药物耐药的占57.0%。抗菌药物的使用原因中,预防性使用例数最少,占3.00%,针对性使用和经验性使用分别为173、118例,构成比分别为57.67%、39.33%。结论临床医生根据药敏试验结果进行抗菌药物的选择,在保证治疗效果的同时避免抗生素的过度使用。