脂肪酸合成酶在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

背景与目的：脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase,FAS）是一种新的肿瘤标志物,高表达常提示肿瘤的预后不良,由此本文旨在研究膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法：对65例随访5年的膀胱移行细胞癌手术患者的石蜡标本进行FAS的免疫组织化学染色分析,并与15例正常膀胱粘膜组织进行对照.结果：与正常组织相比,FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中高表达,阳性表达率58.5%（38/65）,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.FAS的表达与肿瘤分级、初发、复发有关（P＜0.05）,但与临床分期及肿瘤数目无关.FAS阳性表达患者的5年生存率远低于阴性患者（18% vs.44%）,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论：FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中表达增高,酶活性增强;FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中表达增高有提示不良预后的作用.     

膀胱移行细胞癌组织中脂肪酸合成酶表达及其预后相关性分析

目的:脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)是一种新的肿瘤标志物,高表达常常提示肿瘤的预后不良,本文研究其在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:对65名随访5年膀胱移行细胞癌手术患者的石蜡标本进行FAS的免疫组织化学染色分析,并与15例正常膀胱粘膜组织进行对照。结果:与正常组织相比,FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中高表达,阳性表达率58.5%(38/65),有显著性的差异(P<0.05)。FAS的表达与肿瘤分级,初发复发有关(P<0.05)。但与临床分期及肿瘤数目无关。FAS阳性表达患者的5年生存率远低于阴性患者(18%vs44%),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中表达增高,酶活性增强;FAS在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中表达增高有提示不良预后的作用。     

Ezrin、CD44在膀胱移行细胞癌的表达与意义

目的：探讨ezrin、CD44在膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）中的表达与意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学检测60例膀胱移行细胞癌与14例正常膀胱组织中ezrin、CD44的蛋白表达。结果：ezrin、CD44在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的蛋白表达明显高于正常膀胱组织（P〈0.05）,ezrin、CD44的蛋白表达与膀胱移行细胞癌组织的病理分级、临床分期密切相关,ezrin、CD44蛋白表达的阳性表达随着膀胱肿瘤病理分级、临床分期的增高而增高（P〈0.05）。ezrin、CD44的蛋白表达在膀胱移形细胞癌中有相关性。结论：ezrin、CD44在BTCC发生、发展过程中起重要作用。Ezrin、CD44在膀胱移形细胞癌的发生、进展中可能有协同性。ezrin可作为诊断、判断预后、指导治疗、随访检测的指标。     

膀胱移行细胞癌中survivin基因和血管内皮生长因子的表达和意义

目的：探讨survivin基因和血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF）在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达和意义。方法：用免疫组化二步法检测58例膀胱移行细胞癌组织及20例正常膀胱粘膜组织中VEGF和survivin的表达。结果：20例正常膀胱粘膜组织中VEGF、survivin表达均为阴性;survivin、VEGF在膀胱移行细胞癌阳性表达分别为33例（56．9％）、30例（51．7％）。肿瘤不同分级中随恶性程度的增高,表达增高,Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级比较,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。不同临床分期中随分期的增高,表达增高,Tis—T1与T2-T4比较,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。survivin、VEGF在膀胱移行细胞癌表达呈正相关（r=0．385,P〈0．01）。结论：VEGF和survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用。survivin基因可能参与了肿瘤血管的形成。     

NY-ESO-1在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究膀胱移行细胞癌组织中NY—ESO-1的表达并探讨其临床意义。方法：收集70例膀胱移行细胞癌患者癌组织（Ta-T,期48例,T2-T。期22例;G。级30例,G：级22例,G,级18例）及其中10例患者癌旁正常组织,采用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）技术检测NY—ESO-1mRNA的表达;采用West—ernblot技术检测上述组织中NY—ESO-1蛋白的表达。结果：NY—ESO-1mRNA在70例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中28例（40．O％）表达阳性,10例癌旁组织表达均阴性;NY—ESO-1蛋白在22例（31．4％）中表达阳性,10例癌旁组织表达均阴性。NY—ESO-1mRNA和蛋白的表达均和膀胱癌的病理分级相关,有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,其表达率随着肿瘤分级的增高而升高。NY—ESO-1mRNA和蛋白在不同膀胱癌分期中的表达无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：NY～ESO-1在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中有较高表达,其表达率随着肿瘤分级的增高而升高,而在癌旁组织无表达,从而有望成为膀胱移行细胞癌特异性免疫治疗的靶分子及判断预后的指标。     

HER-2和MMP-2在膀胱移行上皮癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨膀胱移行细胞癌（bladder transitional cell carcinoma,BTCC）组织中HER-2和MMP-2蛋白的表达、相关性及意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学链酶卵白素-过氧化物酶复合物（SP）方法,检测82例BTCC组织标本中HER-2和MMP-2蛋白的表达,并与10例正常膀胱组织进行对照研究。结果：82例BTCC组织中,HER-2蛋白的阳性表达率为51.2%,MMP-2阳性率70.7%;正常膀胱组织中未见HER-2和MMP-2蛋白阳性表达。HER-2和MMP-2蛋白的阳性表达随着BTCC的病理分级和临床分期的增高而增加（P〈0.05）;HER-2和MMP-2两者在BTCC组织的表达存在正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：HER-2与MMP-2在膀胱移行上皮癌组织中高表达,两者的表达密切相关,与促进癌浸润和转移有关,可能提示预后较差。     

FHIT、p21^waf1/cip1基因在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达与意义

目的：通过测定脆性组氨酸三联体基因（FHIT）及p21waf1/cip1基因在膀胱移行细胞癌组织、正常膀胱组织中的表达,探讨FHIT基因以及p21waf1/cip1基因与膀胱癌的关系及其临床意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学SP法对43例膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）组织及14例正常膀胱组织中的FHIT基因及p21waf1/cip1基因的蛋白表达进行检测。结果：FHIT蛋白表达与肿瘤的分期、分级无相关性（P〉0.05）而p21waf1/cip1蛋白的表达与之有相关性（P〈0.05）;FHIT蛋白的表达在GI肿瘤、浅表性肿瘤中明显低于在正常膀胱组织中的表达（P〈0.05）而p21waf1/cip1蛋白的表达在上述组织比较中无差别（P〉0.05）;FHIT蛋白的表达在初发肿瘤中与复发肿瘤中无明显差别（P〉0.05）而p21waf1/cip1蛋白的表达在上述两种组织比较有明显差别（P〈0.05）。FHIT蛋白与p21waf1/cip1蛋白的表达没有相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：FHIT基因可能成为早期诊断膀胱移行细胞癌的指标。p21waf1/cip1基因可能成为估计膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性程度及肿瘤侵袭性、预后的指标。FHIT基因在膀胱移行细胞癌中的作用机制可能与p21waf1/cip1基因没有关系。     

P33ING1、p53在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及与细胞凋亡的相关性

目的：探讨抑癌基因P33ING1在膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）中的表达及其与p53蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的相关性。方法：利用免疫组化S-P法和TUNEL法检测83例BTCC及11例正常膀胱黏膜组织P33ING1、p53的表达及细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果：83例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中,P33ING1蛋白的阳性表达率为59.03%,而正常膀胱黏膜组织中P33ING1蛋白阳性表达率为90.9%。P33ING1蛋白表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的WHO肿瘤分级有相关性。Spearman相关分析表明P33ING1蛋白表达与p53蛋白表达正相关（P〈0.05）。AI与P33ING1及p53蛋白表达无相关性。结论：P33ING1在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达下降可能在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,P33ING1与p53基因具有协同作用,同时检测p53的状态和P33ING1表达水平,对于膀胱癌的诊断、治疗和预后判断可能具有积极意义。     

钙离子结合蛋白A4和上皮型钙黏附蛋白在膀胱癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨钙离子结合蛋白A4（S100A4）及上皮性钙黏附蛋白（E—cadherin）在膀胱癌中的表达和临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化S—P法检测64例膀胱移行细胞癌组织及10例正常人膀胱组织中S100A4蛋白及E—cad,herin的表达。结果：正常膀胱组织S100A4蛋白表达阴性，E—cadherin表达阳性。64例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中46例（71．9％）s100A4蛋白阳性表达，36例（56．3％）E—cadherin蛋白阳性表达。正常对照膀胱组织与膀胱移行细胞癌组织之间S100A4蛋白及E—cadherin表达差异有统计学意义（均为P〈0．05）S100A4蛋白及E—cadherin在肿瘤组织中表达明显增高，与膀胱移行细胞癌的组织学分级、临床（T）分期和淋巴结转移有关，而与年龄、性别和肿瘤大小无关。结论：在膀胱移行细胞癌中，S100A4蛋白及E—cadherin的表达变化与肿瘤的进展密切相关，是判断其生物学行为，预测转移趋势极具价值的指标。     

凋亡相关蛋白Fas及caspase-3在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达及临床意义

目的：探讨凋亡相关蛋白Fas及caspase-3在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法：应用SP免疫组织化学法检测45例膀胱移行细胞癌及10例正常膀胱黏膜组织石蜡切片中Fas和caspase-3表达的情况，并结合临床资料进行分析。结果：Fas在膀胱移行细胞癌标本中的表达阳性率为46．7％（21／45），而在正常对照组中阳性表达率为100％；caspase-3在膀胱移行细胞癌标本中的表达阳性率为37．8％（17／45），与对照组阳性率为90％（9／10）相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Fas的表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的组织学分级，初发和复发及肿瘤数目之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但与临床病理分期无关；Caspase-3的表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的初发和复发相关（P〈0．05），但与组织学分级，肿瘤数目，临床分期均无关。相关性分析表明，膀胱移行细胞癌中Fas的表达与caspase-3表达呈正相关。结论：Fas在膀胱癌组织中选择性表达降低且与膀胱移行细胞癌的分化程度密切相关的，caspase-3蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达下降，因此Fas及caspase-3蛋白对于判断膀胱移行细胞癌预后有重要临床指导意义。     

Oncogénétique et psycho-oncologie, une collaboration recommandée...

Résumé: La possibilité depuis 1994, de connaître la probabilité individuelle de développer certains cancers a permis de proposer de nouvelles modalités de prévention, de traitements et contribué au développement actuel de loncogénétique. Une meilleure connaissance des répercussions psychologiques tant pour les patients que pour les apparentés est désormais possible et limplication des psycho-oncologues dans ce cadre de la réalisation des tests prédictifs, recommandée. La mission de «messager» qui incombe au «cas-index» doit faire lobjet dune attention particulière. La complexité de linformation et la dimension paradoxale que peut avoir parfois la communication à propos des choix, rend difficile lévaluation de la qualité du consentement. La situation particulièrement délicate dune aide à la décision à légard de la chirurgie prophylactique, exige une collaboration étroite des généticiens et des psycho-oncologues.Les soins de support en oncologie     

The role of papillomaviruses in human cancers

This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.     

Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis

A mouse model of localized candidosis in air-filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5-FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5-FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5-FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5-FC-resistance. A significant reduction in 5-FC-resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.     

Les génériques en cancérologie: à molécule identique, médicaments identiques? Les biosimilaires, des super-génériques?

Résumé: Les biosimilaires vont bientôt voir leur apparition en Europe. Comment un laboratoire peut-il aborder le développement de son dossier dAMM? Quelles sont les bases légales et les recommandations officielles? Comment la similarité et/ou le caractère générique peuvent-ils être démontrés? Les règles sont-elles identiques à celles des produits chimiques conventionnels pour lesquels, notamment en cancérologie, il existe des médicaments génériques? Comment faire pour que la sécurité et lefficacité des médicaments biosimilaires soient assurées pour les patients?     

Cancer immunotherapy

Unprecedented progress has seen made in the last decade in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recent approval of nivolumab （Opdivo）, the first anti-programmed cell death-1 （PD-1） antibody, for metastatic melanoma in Japan, marked a milestone in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Nivolumab together with ipilimumab （Yervoy）, the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 （CTLA-4） antibody, are the first 2 drugs in the class of ＂immune checkpoint inhibitors＂ that have delivered impressive responses in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer （RCC） as well as a variety of solid tumors.     

Effect of tumor therapeutic irradiation on the mechanical properties of teeth tissue

Tumor irradiation of the head-neck area is accompanied by the development of a so-called radiation caries in the treated patients. In spite of conservative therapeutic measures, the process results in tooth destruction. The present study investigated the effects of irradiation on the demineralization and remineralization of the dental tissue. For this purpose, retained third molars were prepared and assigned either to a test group, which was exposed to fractional irradiation up to 60 Gy, or to a non-irradiated control group. Irradiated and non-irradiated teeth were then demineralized using acidic hydroxyl-cellulose gel; afterwards the teeth were remineralized using either Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee. The nanoindentation technique was used to measure the mechanical properties, hardness and elasticity, of the teeth in each of the conditions. The values were compared to the non-irradiated control group. Irradiation decreased dramatically the mechanical parameters of enamel and dentine. In nonirradiated teeth, demineralization had nearly the same effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties. In irradiated teeth, the effects of demineralization were negligible in comparison to non-irradiated teeth. Remineralization with Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee led to a partial improvement of the mechanical properties of the teeth. The enamel was more positively affected by remineralization than the dentine.     

Consultation multidisciplinaire pour les patients atteints d’une pathologie tumorale (carcinome infiltrant ou lésion précancéreuse) liée à HPV : la consultation multidisciplinaire papillomavirus

Given the recent increase in the number of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers in other locations than gynaecological, the number of patients with two cancers at distinct sites, and because of the lack of exhaustive data, we decided to create a multidisciplinary network around an HPV consultation at the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP). This network aims to set up the best tools for detecting HPV-associated “multisite” precancerous lesions in order to determine the possible impact of dedicated care for this at-risk population. This monthly consultation was created at the HEGP in June 2014. It is currently organized around five consultations: gynaecological, ENT, urological, digestive and immunological. Every patient who has been diagnosed with HPV-related cancer and whose care is provided at the HEGP is offered this particular follow-up: systematically, once the initial lesion has been treated, the patient is convened annually for a day during which it benefits from the consultations mentioned above. A consultation with a psychologist is systematically proposed. Local samples are taken at each site: a cytological examination, the analysis of known predictive and prognostic virological markers are carried out. This study fits more broadly in a theme of clinical and fundamental research around cancers related to HPV.     

Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines

Summary Eighteen breast cancer cell lines were examined for expression of markers of epithelial and fibroblastic differentiation: E-cadherin, desmoplakins, ZO-1, vimentin, keratin and ₁ and ₄ integrins. The cell lines were distributed along a spectrum of differentiation from epithelial to fibroblastic phenotypes. The most well-differentiated, epithelioid cell lines contained proteins characteristic of desmosomal, adherens and tight junctions, were adherent to one another on plastic and in the basement membrane matrix Matrigel and were keratin-positive and vimentin-negative. These cell lines were all weakly invasive in anin vitro chemoinvasion assay. The most poorly-differentiated, fibroblastic cell lines were E-cadherin-, desmoplakin- and ZO-1-negative and formed branching structures in Matrigel. They were vimentin-positive, contained only low levels of keratins and were highly invasive in thein vitro chemoinvasion assay. Of all of the markers analyzed, vimentin expression correlated best within vitro invasive ability and fibroblastic differentiation. In a cell line with unstable expression of vimentin, T47D_CO, the cells that were invasive were of the fibroblastic type. The differentiation markers described here may be useful for analysis of clinical specimens and could potentially provide a more precise measure of differentiation grade yielding more power for predicting prognosis.