华法林的基因组学研究进展

华法林是临床上广泛使用的香豆素类口服抗凝血药，其狭窄的抗凝治疗指数范围和抗凝不当所致的并发症一直困扰着临床医生，如何合理使用已经成为一个难题。近年来随着分子生物学的快速发展，研究发现药动学和药效学多个相关基因的多态性造成了个体差异，影响了华法林的使用剂量。本文综述了药物基因组学研究在华法林使用中的国内外最新进展，为华法林个体化使用提供参考依据。     

临床药师依据患者基因型参与其心脏换瓣的华法林抗凝实践

本文回顾临床药师参与1例应用药物基因组学调整华法林给药的成功案例,基于药物基因组学的华法林个体化给药,为调整华法林给药剂量提供科学依据,减少传统经验给药模式的盲目性和潜在风险,增加患者依从性,提高抗凝治疗的成功率.     

华法林药物基因组学研究及临床应用进展

华法林是临床上常用于治疗血栓性疾病的一种香豆素类口服抗凝药,具有抗凝和溶栓的双重作用.华法林血浆药物浓度和疗效存在明显的个体差异和种族差异,如何在临床安全、合理使用华法林长期以来是许多研究者关注的重点和难点.文中从药物基因组学角度阐述导致华法林维持剂量个体间差异的原因,综述CYP2C9和VKORC1等基因的遗传变异对华法林药物反应差异的影响,并介绍国内外基于药物基因组学研究结果结合临床数据构建华法林维持剂量模型的最新临床应用进展,为个体化治疗提供了新的视角.     

华法林抗凝个体化治疗研究进展

华法林是临床使用最多的口服抗凝药,其治疗窗窄,剂量个体差异大,容易发生出血或栓塞的风险,如何准确地调整华法林剂量一直是其抗凝治疗的关键及研究热点。多种因素均会影响华法林剂量,尤其是遗传因素（主要是CYP2C9、VKORC1及CYP4F2基因）。近十年来,基于药物基因组学的剂量预测模型和药代动力学药效学的快速发展,为华法林个体化治疗提供了新的契机。该文结合国内外各种华法林稳定剂量预测模型研究,总结影响华法林剂量相关因素的最新研究进展,旨在为华法林个体化治疗提供参考和指导依据。     

抗凝药物华法林的安全应用

华法林为临床上最常用的抗凝药物。本文综述了华法林的作用机制、药代动力学、治疗作用、不良反应及影响华法林抗凝效果的因素,以期能为临床安全使用华法林提供参考.     

CYP4F2基因多态性与华法林维持剂量关系的研究进展

华法林是目前临床上应用最广泛的口服抗凝药,其治疗安全范围窄,剂量个体差异大,临床应用中容易出现抗凝不当所致的并发症。近3年来,随着药物基因组学的快速发展,发现细胞色素P450酶4F2(CYP4F2)基因多态性(rs2108622)与华法林个体剂量差异相关。本文综述了近3年来在不同人种中进行的有关CYP4F2*3(rs2108622)与华法林的维持剂量关系的研究。大多数研究发现CYP4F2基因多态性与华法林维持剂量存在相关性,其中突变的T等位基因与华法林高剂量相关;CYP4F2*3可以解释1%～10%华法林剂量个体差异。     

华法林联合新型抗抑郁药应用研究进展

抗凝药华法林安全窗狭窄,最常见不良反应为各种出血。华法林与许多药物有相互作用,抗抑郁药可增强华法林抗凝作用,增加出血风险。临床使用华法林的患者如果合并抑郁障碍或焦虑障碍而需要使用抗抑郁药时,临床医生会面临两难的选择。本研究试图从药动学和遗传学变异角度解析两类药物的联合使用,为临床合理用药提供帮助。     

新型口服抗凝药物在房颤治疗及预后方面的研究进展

华法林是防治房颤卒中最有效抗凝药物。出血、频繁监测INR值等缺点限制了华法林临床使用率。新近一些新型口服抗凝药物的研究不断涌现,许多研究结果表明这些新型口服抗凝药物在预防卒中的作用中不劣于华法林,且出血风险可能较华法林低,故有望取代华法林这一传统抗凝药。本文系统回顾近年有关口服抗凝药的相关研究,并将这些研究进展综述如下。     

华法林的药物基因组学及其合理应用

华法林为香豆素类抗凝血药,广泛用于防治血栓栓塞性疾病。华法林治疗窗窄,剂量个体差异大,临床应用中易出现出血合并症。近年研究表明,华法林个体剂量差异与影响华法林代谢和作用的多个基因多态性如CYP2C9、VKORC等有关。本文回顾华法林的药物基因组学研究进展,为临床合理应用华法林提供参考。     

香豆素类抗凝药的临床评价与合理应用

目的：对香豆素类抗凝药的临床应用现状进行评价和研究。方法：查阅国内外近年来的相关文献,对香豆素类抗凝药的代表药物华法林的药学基础、临床应用及研究进展进行总结和分析。结果及结论：随着医生和患者对华法林的认识不断加深,华法林将在口服抗凝治疗中发挥更加积极的作用;国内对华法林的使用有待更加规范化。     

华法林药物基因组学和个体化用药

华法林是临床使用最广泛的口服抗凝药,其治疗窗窄,剂量个体差异大,容易发生出血或栓塞的风险。CYP2C9和VKORC1基因多态性明显影响华法林剂量。其他参与维生素摄入和循环,华法林转运的基因变异,以及microRNA也可能影响华法林剂量。该文结合国内外各种华法林稳定剂量预测模型研究,总结影响华法林剂量相关基因的最新研究进展,旨在为华法林个体化治疗提供参考和指导依据。     

Pharmacogenetics of target genes across the warfarin pharmacological pathway

Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant for thromboembolic disorders and exhibits wide inter-individual differences in its pharmacodynamic effects. Warfarin exerts its anticoagulant effect by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 (VKORC1) which regenerates reduced vitamin K as an essential cofactor for the post-translational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C, S and Z. Recent studies have shown polymorphisms in genes involved in the uptake of vitamin K (apolipoprotein E [ApoE]), reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide (VKORC1), metabolism of warfarin (cytochrome P450 2C9 [CYP2C9]), and gamma carboxylation (gamma-glutamyl carboxylase [GGCX]) to influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients from different ethnic backgrounds, resulting in variable warfarin dose requirements. Understanding the causal relationship of these polygenic influences on warfarin dose requirements in patients of different ethnicity may be vital in reducing inter-patient variability and optimising anticoagulant therapy.     

华法林临床应用及出血不良反应介绍

华法林（Warfarin）是香豆素类口服抗凝血药,因狭窄的抗凝治疗指数范围和抗凝不当所致的出血并发症一直妨碍其临床抗凝治疗。本文汇总近年来国内外华法林临床治疗使用情况及其安全性评价,探讨华法林治疗中致出血的机制,优化其治疗方案,为临床医师提供参考,保障临床用药安全。     

Role of pharmacogenomics in the management of traditional and novel oral anticoagulants

Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant. However, it remains a difficult drug to manage mostly because of its narrow therapeutic index and wide interpatient variability in anticoagulant effects. Over the past decade, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of genetic contributions to variable warfarin response, particularly with regard to warfarin dose requirements. The genes encoding for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) are the major genetic determinants of warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, respectively. Numerous studies have demonstrated significant contributions of these genes to warfarin dose requirements. The CYP2C9 gene has also been associated with bleeding risk with warfarin. The CYP4F2 gene influences vitamin K availability and makes minor contributions to warfarin dose requirements. Less is known about genes influencing warfarin response in African-American patients compared with other racial groups, but this is the focus of ongoing research. Several warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms and United States Food and Drug Administration-cleared genotyping tests are available for clinical use. Clinical trials are ongoing to determine the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of genotypeguided warfarin dosing. Results from these trials will likely influence clinical uptake and third party payer reimbursement for genotype-guided warfarin therapy. There is still a lack of pharmacogenetic data for the newly approved oral anticoagulants, dabigatran and rivaroxaban, and with other oral anticoagulants in the research and development pipeline. These data, once known, could be of great importance as routine monitoring parameters for these agents are not available.     

Use of genetic and nongenetic factors in warfarin dosing algorithms

Despite the fact that warfarin has been used as an anticoagulant for many years, the safety profile for this drug has been poor. Inappropriate dosing continues to contribute to significant morbidity and mortality due to thrombotic disease and bleeding. Therefore, there is a need for the development, characterization and implementation of dosing algorithms using a patient's demographic information and genotype. Recently, polymorphisms in two genes, cytochrome P450 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1, have been shown to affect warfarin's pharmacogenomics and pharmacodynamics, respectively. Adding genotypes to a dosing algorithm may enable better prediction of initial warfarin dosing than use of demographic data alone. An advisory committee of the US FDA voted on November 14, 2005, to require manufacturers of warfarin to relabel their product, indicating that genotyping is recommended prior to drug administration. The exact date when this recommendation will be enacted remains to be determined. Successful implementation of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice requires genotyping results that can be translated directly into clinical decisions. The development of a warfarin dosing algorithm that includes genotyping may be the means to achieve this goal.     

Pharmacogenomics of warfarin in populations of African descent

Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant worldwide despite its narrow therapeutic index and the notorious inter- and intra-individual variability in dose required for the target clinical effect. Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms are major determinants of warfarin pharmacokinetic and dynamics and included in several warfarin dosing algorithms. This review focuses on warfarin pharmacogenomics in sub-Saharan peoples, African Americans and admixed Brazilians. These ‘Black’ populations differ in several aspects, notably their extent of recent admixture with Europeans, a factor which impacts on the frequency distribution of pharmacogenomic polymorphisms relevant to warfarin dose requirement for the target clinical effect. Whereas a small number of polymorphisms in VKORC1 (3673G > A, rs9923231), CYP2C9 (alleles *2 and *3, rs1799853 and rs1057910, respectively) and arguably CYP4F2 (rs2108622), may capture most of the pharmacogenomic influence on warfarin dose variance in White populations, additional polymorphisms in these, and in other, genes (e.g. CALU rs339097) increase the predictive power of pharmacogenetic warfarin dosing algorithms in the Black populations examined. A personalized strategy for initiation of warfarin therapy, allowing for improved safety and cost-effectiveness for populations of African descent must take into account their pharmacogenomic diversity, as well as socio-economical, cultural and medical factors. Accounting for this heterogeneity in algorithms that are ‘friendly’ enough to be adopted by warfarin prescribers worldwide requires gathering information from trials at different population levels, but demands also a critical appraisal of racial/ethnic labels that are commonly used in the clinical pharmacology literature but do not accurately reflect genetic ancestry and population diversity.     

Comparison of Two Methods for INR Determination in a Pharmacist-Based Oral Anticoagulation Clinic

Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant that is usually initiated after the definitive diagnosis of a certain thromboembolic disorder or disease. Warfarin therapy will usually be prescribed for 6–12 weeks or more, and some patients may continue therapy throughout life, depending on the type of thromboembolic disorder. Major problems associated with warfarin therapy include adverse effects such as bleeding complications and drug-drug or drug-food interactions. In addition, thromboembolic complications may occur due to subtherapeutic dosages of warfarin. The laboratory reference standards for monitoring warfarin therapy are the prothrombin time (PT) and the International Normalized Ratio (INR). While both the PT or INR will reflect the clinical response in the patient, results reported as INR values have been shown to be more accurate than those reported as PT values. Thirty-two patients were enrolled in this study. Our objectives were to compare INR values measured by both the Coumatrak and conventional laboratory method, and to demonstrate the effects of pharmacist intervention on managing patients receiving warfarin therapy. Results from our study reveal that INR monitoring by Coumatrak is similar to the conventional laboratory method. In addition, our study indicates that patients receiving warfarin therapy can be monitored and managed effectively by pharmacists.     

Monitoring the Distribution of Warfarin in Blood Plasma

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