食品卫生监测在食品安全监管中的作用

食品卫生监测数据是控制食源性疾病危害的基础性工作，是国家制定食品安全政策、法规、标准的重要依据，也是食品监管部门执法强有力的技术支撑；完善的食品卫生监测网络，能有效地收集有关食品的污染信息，有利于开展适合我国国情的危险性评估；创建食品安全预警系统，保护人民群众身体健康，提高我国食品的安全信誉度，提升我国在国际食品贸易中心地位。同时对确定我国食源性疾病监测的种类，分析食品污染水平与食源性疾病的关系，评估特定食品污染物及其对人群健康的危害程度，提高食源性疾病的快速诊断、溯源及处理能力；加强食源性疾病主动监测，公布食源性疾病监测信息，为政府和消费者提供食源性疾病监测及控制的科学依据有着重要的意义。     

危险性分析在食品安全领域的应用

危险性分析是实施危险性评估、危险性管理、危险性信息交流的过程，是保障公共人群食品安全的新理论和方法。危险性分析概念于２０世纪８０年代末出现在食品安全领域。１９９５、１９９７和１９９９年，ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ连续召开了有关“危险性分析在食品标准中的应用”、“危险性管理与食品安全”以及“危险性信息交流在食品标准和安全问题上的作用”的专家咨询会议，提出了危险性分析的定义、框架及三个要素的应用原则和应用模式，从而奠定了一套完整的危险性分析理论体系。 食品法典（ＣＡＣ）将有关危险性分析方法的内容列入《法典程序手…     

唐山市女性乳腺癌环境危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨乳腺癌发病的环境危险因素，为乳腺癌的病因研究及其一级预防提供理论依据。方法采用1：1配比的病例对照研究，调查2004年4月-2005年7月在唐山市各大医院就诊的新发女性乳腺癌患者和非乳腺癌对照各175例。采用面对面访谈式进行调查，应用配对X^2检验进行单因素分析，用条件Logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果单因素分析表明，室内杀虫剂使用年限长、有机溶剂暴露年限长、农药暴露年限长、居住区环境污染、被动吸烟年限长、放射线检查次数多为乳腺癌的危险因素；多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示，室内杀虫剂使用年限长、有机溶剂暴露年限长与女性乳腺癌的发生有关，即接触年限越长，患乳腺癌的危险性越高。豆类食品摄入、蔬菜摄入对女性乳腺癌的发生有保护作用，即摄入频率越高，患乳腺癌的危险性降低。结论室内杀虫剂使用年限长、有机溶剂等化学物接触年限长为乳腺癌的危险因素；蔬菜、豆类食品摄入量高为保护因素。     

淮安市居民食管癌发病因素病例对照研究

目的 探讨淮安市食管癌的发病原因,寻找发病的保护和危险因素,为开展食管癌防治工作提供决策依据.方法 采用1∶1配比的方式进行病例对照研究.选取食管癌患者200例和健康对照者200例进行问卷调查.结果 单因素条件logistic分析显示,长期吸烟、饮酒,经常食用腌晒食品、烫热食品,有消化道恶性肿瘤家族史等与食管癌发病有关联,可增加发病的危险性;经常饮茶、食用新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、肉蛋奶类等则为保护因素.多因素条件logistic分析显示,独立的危险因素是经常食用腌晒食品、吸烟和消化道恶性肿瘤家族史;饮茶是保护因素.结论 淮安市居民食管癌高发是多种因素反复作用的结果,宜采取综合防治措施,降低食管癌发病率.     

32届食品卫生法典委员会(CCFH)会议召开

经美国政府允许,食品卫生法典委员会(CCFH)于1999年11月29日～12月4日在美国华盛顿召开了第32届会议。 欧洲委员会卫生与消费维护协会会长Jouve,J.l.教授在开幕式上致辞,题目为“微生物危险性评价:科学基础与食源性微生物危险性管理”。他强调,改善并良好管理的专家组已建立了一新的有效方法来保证危险分析和国际食品贸易评价的科学合理。同时指出:WHO/FAO在日内瓦召开     

农村社区单纯收缩性高血压危险因素的巢式病例对照研究

目的应用巢式病例对照研究，探讨单纯收缩性高血压（isolated systolic hypertension，ISH）的危险因素。方法在湖北省宜昌市某区收集以队列为基础的病例对照资料，对照根据性别、民族、年龄（±2岁）与病例进行1：1配对，应用SPSS13．0软件进行单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析。结果经多因素条件logistic回归分析，发现正常的婚姻生活、较高文化程度和饮茶是ISH发病的保护因素；而多食腌制食品和动物油则是ISH发病的危险因素。结论ISH受多因素影响，尤其是生活方式和家庭环境与ISH发病密切相关，应开展健康宣教，通过健康的生活方式和良好的家庭环境来防治ISH的发生。     

武汉市大肠癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探索武汉市大肠癌危险因素。方法 对原发性大肠癌危险因素进行了1：1配比的病例对照研究。病例、对照各82例,用条件logistic回归模型分析各因素与疾病危险性的联系。结果 高频率摄入烟熏、腌制食品、大量吸烟,出生地为平原、大便性质不规律的OR值分别为3.194,1.450,2.575,21.191,9.593;体育锻炼、不食高温和重盐食物OR值分别为0.809,0.634,0.896。结论 高频率摄入烟熏、腌制食品、大量吸烟、出生地为平原、大便性质不规则为大肠癌发病的危险因素,体育锻炼、不良高温和重盐食物为保护因素。     

控制理化关键指标监测预防食物中毒危险初探

危害性分析关键控制点（ＨＡＣＣＰ）是指识别，评价和控制危害的一种系统方法［１］。它作为危险性分析应用于食品微生物方面，对预防和控制微生物学因素食物中毒起到了很好作用。但至今它应用于食品理化方面的例子所见报道甚少。为避免因不必要因素造成资源浪费又有效保...     

2016—2017年乌鲁木齐市肺癌流行病学特征分析*

目的 对乌鲁木齐市肺癌的流行病学特征进行分析，为肿瘤防治提供科学依据。方法 通过病例-对照研究，收集2016年1月—2017年12月新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院新发肺癌100例，按年龄、职业等进行匹配，选取100例全国城市癌症早诊早治项目乌鲁木齐市癌症筛查系统的健康人群作为对照。通过问卷调查和logistic 回归进行肺癌环境危险因素的单因素和多因素分析。结果logistic回归分析表明：喜爱新鲜蔬菜、喜爱新鲜水果、喜食粗粮和体育锻炼为肺癌保护因素；吸烟史、被动吸烟、高血压史、喜食腌制食品、喜食畜肉、家族史、患有肺部疾病和心理压抑为肺癌的危险因素。结论 应建立良好的生活习惯，才能有效的降低肺癌的发病风险。     

苏州市部分社区开展健康管理情况分析

健康量化管理服务模式的过程是通过健康信息收集，早期发现健康危险因素；健康评估，提供个性化的健康危险因素评价；健康危险因素干预，通过规范化的服务和个体化的督导，使健康计划变成服务对象的实际行动。核心是“能量平衡、有效运动、量化管理”^[1]，应用能量监测仪和饮食运动管理软件技术，对参与者进行个性化健康指导。     

中国食物中毒的现况分析

目的:通过我国食物中毒报告的分析,探讨我国食源性疾病的现状。方法:对卫生部2000～2006年间对我国食物中毒事件的报告进行综合分析。结果:2000～2006年间,我国平均每年约发生299起食物中毒,中毒人数为11946人/年,死亡207人/年。餐饮场所发生的食物中毒占45.91%,微生物性危害导致的食物中毒占31.90%。结论:食源性疾病仍旧是我国的一个重要公共卫生问题,餐饮场所是食源性疾病发生的主要场所,微生物性危害对食源性疾病控制的影响巨大。     

Food safety control strategies: A critical review of traditional approaches

The development of effective and efficient infrastructures for ensuring the production, processing, preparation and service of wholesome food is an indispensable element in the achievement of the goals of health for all. There is sufficient literature on microbiological hazards of food and the factors which influence their occurrence, growth and multiplication in foods. Similarly, risk of practices, procedures and processes which often lead to outbreaks of food‐borne diseases are known. Epidemiological evidence has shown that these factors are more or less the same in most countries of the world. But in spite of the availability of this wide range of information, food‐borne diseases continue to place a heavy strain on scarce economic resources in addition to causing significant morbidity and mortality in human populations. This calls for a profound rethink of the potential effectiveness and contribution of traditional approaches to food safety control, and a more enthusiastic acceptance and implementation of modern strategies of proven effectiveness in both developed and developing countries.     

食品安全:一个遍及全球的公共卫生问题

食品安全是遍及全球的公共卫生问题,不仅直接关系到消费者的健康,而且影响经济和社会的发展。世界卫生组织已将食品安全确定为公共卫生的优先领域,并制定全球食品安全战略。各国政府也日益重视食品安全工作。作者对食品安全的重要性、食源性疾病流行的因素、食品安全管理的3次浪潮以及食品安全管理的全球战略进行了综述,以促进食品安全信息的交流,倡导科学地监督和管理食品安全。     

Consumer perceptions of the effectiveness of food risk management practices: A cross-cultural study

Consumer perceptions of food hazards and how the associated risks are managed are likely to be an important determinant of consumer confidence in food safety. While there is a body of research that examines public perceptions of various types of food hazards, less attention has been directed to understanding how the public perceives food risk management practices. Utilizing elements of the repertory grid approach in focus group discussions, this research explored public attitudes regarding the effectiveness of current food risk management practices in four European countries (Denmark, Germany, Greece and the UK). While the issue of food safety did not emerge as a key factor in everyday food choice, participants were concerned about health aspects of food. There were three main factors that participants considered to be evidence of ‘good’ food risk management: the existence of identifiable control systems that respond quickly to contain a risk, the instigation of preventive measures and the availability of information that offers individuals the ability to exercise informed choice. These evaluations were similar in each of the countries under consideration and were linked to ideas regarding the controllability of risks and to questions of who is responsible for managing the risks.     

Road traffic injuries: a major global public health crisis

Evidence suggests that the present and projected global burden of road traffic injuries is borne disproportionately by countries that can least afford to meet the health service, economic and societal challenges. Although the evidence base on which these estimates are made remains somewhat precarious in view of the limited data systems in most low- and middle-income countries, these projections highlight the essential need to address road traffic injuries as a public health priority. Most well-evaluated effective interventions do not focus directly on efforts to protect vulnerable road users, such as motorcyclists and pedestrians. However, these groups comprise the majority of road traffic victims in low- and middle-income countries, and consequently the majority of road traffic victims globally. Responding appropriately to the disparities in available evidence and prevention efforts is necessary in order to address this global public health crisis comprehensively.     

Foodborne diseases in developing countries: aetiology,epidemiology and strategies for prevention

Our knowledge of diseases caused by biologically and chemically contaminated food varies considerably between developing countries. While in Latin America and the Caribbean some information regarding foodborne hazards, high-risk foods and the extent of any resulting disease is available, in many other developing countries little is known about the nature and extent of such diseases. Systematic foodborne surveillance activities, including epidemiological studies, are rarely undertaken. Public health authorities and the public frequently learn about the more dramatic disease outbreaks from news media. A good indication of the importance of food contamination for health and well-being is the information available about infant diarrhoea, infant/child and adult malnutrition. Both conditions are closely related to contaminated food and drinking water, and are particularly important public health problems in most developing countries, as is cholera. With regard to chemicals, little information is available in developing countries on the occurrence of food contamination. Without such information, the health of hundreds of millions of people may be threatened. Improving the safety of the food supply and reducing foodborne diseases requires the concept of shared responsibility to be adopted. All of society needs to accept that food is not only an agricultural and trade commodity but a public health issue. Consequently, Ministries of Health in all countries must integrate food safety as an essential public health function into their work.     

兰州市自来水局部苯指标超标事件应急处置分析

目的 通过对兰州自来水局部苯指标超标事件的卫生应急处置工作进行分析,系统分析其应急处理方法、流程与效果,为政府、卫生和疾控等相关部门制定相应应急对策提供科学依据,对应急工作中采取的诸多应急处置措施进行归纳总结,分析应急处置工作取得的成效和存在的主要问题及建议.方法 收集兰州市政府、兰州威立雅水务集团公司及兰州市疾控中心统计数据、公告、报表和会议纪要等,采用描述分析应急处置措施、处置效果和存在问题及建议.结果 此次自来水局部苯指标超标事件,造成饮用水危机,兰州市政府采取了应急措施,及时公开信息、免费限量供应成品饮用水和治理污染,动态监测水质、实时公开检测结果,经过紧急处置,饮用水各项指标符合国家标准,解除应急状态.结论 有效的多部门联动机制和开展动态监测、信息实时公开和共享,多途径采取应急处置措施可有效、迅速控制饮用水污染事件.     

Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?

The Trans Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP), emblematic of the new generation of free trade agreements, is a regional agreement among 12 Pacific Rim countries. This paper reports on a study into how the food industry has framed issues in an effort to influence the TPP. We undertook a thematic analysis of the issues raised in publicly available submissions by the food industry to the trade negotiating bodies of four TPP countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America (USA). The food industry is an active player in trade negotiations, mainly through food industry associations and other business associations. The submissions assumed that trade liberalization would result in more exports and investment, as well as raise living standards and benefit the economy and country. There was little mention of food as anything other than a commodity, focusing on types and quantities of food traded and what this meant for revenue generation, with no connection to nutritional health. The TPP could affect food systems and population health in ways that are not readily apparent to governments, policy makers or the public. The written submissions mechanism is one way in which the food industry could have shaped the agreement by framing the issues, influencing the content and direction of the TPP negotiations and agreement itself. If coherence between trade and health goals is to be strengthened, the public health community needs to engage with industry arguments and build a strong counter-argument that gives more prominence to health concerns.