三价脊髓灰质炎活疫苗糖丸与液体疫苗的免疫效果比较

三价脊髓灰质炎活疫苗糖丸与液体疫苗的免疫效果比较张思敏，于梅，楼丽波，符展明宁波市卫生防疫站（３１５０１０浙江宁波）本文报道了三价脊髓灰质炎活疫苗（ＴＯＰＶ）糖丸对１岁以下儿童服苗后的效果观察及同国外液体型ＴＯＰＶ的免疫效果比较。采用两种不同剂型疫苗...     

高邮市脊髓灰质炎三价疫苗免疫效果观察

高邮市自1991年开展脊髓灰质炎（以下简称“脊灰”）强化免疫工作以来,已连续多年未发现野毒株流行。为了解疫苗免疫的效果,我市于2004年进行了人群免疫成功率监测,现将2004年度监测结果报告如下。     

两种脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫效果比较观察

我省于１９９３年首次接受外援脊髓灰质炎液体疫苗（下称液体疫苗），为了评价其免疫效果，给使用提供科学依据，我站于１９９３年在本省部分地（市）抽取１７４名２～１２月龄未接种过脊髓灰质炎疫苗的健康婴儿，用液体疫苗和脊髓灰质炎糖丸疫苗（下称糖丸疫苗）进行基础...     

两种剂型脊髓灰质炎疫苗的免疫效果观察

为了解国产糖丸剂型和法国产液体剂型３价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的免疫效果，在本市农村进行了观察。对１２６名≥２月龄婴儿分２组，分别以一种剂型疫苗免疫，免疫前和每次免疫后１个月采血，用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测脊灰ＩｇＧ抗体。结果表明，两种剂型疫苗免疫后，３个型ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率均在９６％以上；几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）糖丸疫苗Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为１：３８２５．１、１：２９５４．４和１：２７６３．３，液体疫苗则为１：４４６７．６、１：３１４１．４和１：２７５３．３。两种剂型疫苗免疫后的抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ的差异均无显著的统计学意义     

国产脊髓灰质炎糖丸与进口液体疫苗免疫后的血清学效果观察

为比较脊髓灰质炎国产糖丸疫苗与进口液体疫苗基础免疫血清学效果，对102名2～12月龄婴儿，随机分为两组分别全程接种两种疫苗后，检测血清中和抗体的阳性率和几何平均滴度（GMRT）．结果显示两种疫苗和各型别中和抗体阳性率均达80％以上，且两苗型间无显著差别，但免疫后Ⅲ型抗体GMRT水平，糖丸疫苗组显著高于液体疫苗组，说明两种疫苗虽均能获得良好的免疫效果，但国产糖丸疫苗更优于进口液体疫苗。     

国产脊髓质炎糖丸与进口液体疫苗免疫后的血清学效果观察

为比较脊髓灰质炎国产糖丸疫苗与进口液体疫苗基础免疫血甭学效果，对１０２名２－１２月龄婴儿，随机分为两组分别全组接种两种疫苗后，检测血清和抗体的阳性率和几何平均滴度（ＧＭＲＴ）。结果显示两种疫苗和各型别中和抗体性率达８０％以上，且两苗型间无显著差别，但免疫后Ⅱ型抗体ＧＭＲＴ水平，糖丸疫苗组显著高于液体疫苗组，说明现任上疫苗虽均能获得良好的免疫效果，但国产糖丸疫苗更优于进口液体疫苗。     

两种剂型的脊髓灰质炎疫苗基础免疫的血清学效果观察

比较了脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）糖丸疫苗和液体疫苗基础免疫的血清学效果。观察对象为近５年无脊灰流行的农村．共１０２名２～６月龄未服过脊灰疫苗的婴儿，按月龄和性别均衡地分为糖丸疫苗组和液体疫苗组。两组都有部份婴儿有母传抗体，服苗前各型脊灰中和抗体的阳性率为１１．７６％～１９．１５％。几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）１：１．１８～１：２．４５。全程３次服苗后，抗体阳转率和４倍增长率均达到１００％，两组之间差异无显著的统计学意义；ＧＭＴ亦达到１：７８．７６～１：１１５．３６，两组之间也无显著性差异。这表明两种剂型的脊灰疫苗均有良好的免疫效果。液体疫苗因服用方便，更适合于０～８月龄婴儿。     

Development and serology based efficacy assessment of a trivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals throughout the world. The endemicity of this disease in Bangladesh has been causing high economic loss and an impediment to the full potential surge of livestock industries. In Bangladesh, vaccination using imported or locally produced FMD vaccines is the existing practice of controlling the disease, although vaccine failure cases are very common. Hence, to address the problem, the present study was envisaged to develop an effective FMD vaccine tailored to the circulating indigenous foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains. Three local circulating FMDVs O/BAN/TA/Dh-301/2016 (MK088170.1), A/BAN/CH/Sa-304/2016 (MK088171.1) and Asia1/BAN/DH/Sa-318/2018 (MH457186.1) isolates were selected as vaccine strains based on recent epidemiology, genetic and antigenic analyses. These serotype O, A and Asia1 vaccine strains showed strong antigenic relationship (r1 > 0.3) with 100% to 75% of the respective circulating viruses. The candidate viruses were successfully inactivated by 3.0 mM binary ethylenimine within 7–10 h after the onset of inactivation. Extrapolation of inactivation kinetics confirmed < 1 log₁₀ TCID₅₀ in a 10000-liter batch liquid preparation after 24 h inactivation cycle. The inactivated virus particles were significantly (p < 0.05) concentrated and the trivalent vaccine was formulated using 6 µg per dose per serotype antigen payload. The trivalent vaccine was administered in divided doses in different groups of cattle. All doses of the vaccine elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of antibodies as early as 14-day post-vaccination (dpv) and peak antibody titers were achieved in 28 dpv. The ‘full dose’ (6.0 µg per dose per serotype) vaccine elicited antibody titers expected to confer protection in 100% cattle of the respective group and maintained such level of antibodies beyond 180 dpv. Thus, the trivalent FMD vaccine prepared with 6.0 µg antigen per dose per serotype of the selected candidate viruses will confer protection against circulating FMDVs of Bangladesh and its neighboring countries.     

Immunization in India with trivalent and monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines of enhanced potency.

In an attempt to improve the serological response of infants in warm climates to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), the authors administered to 79 children between 6 and 41 weeks of age trivalent and monovalent OPV containing a virus dose 10 times as high as that found in the standard vaccine. The seroconversion rates following one dose of this trivalent OPV were 42% to type 1 poliovirus, 85% to type 2, and 31% to type 3. These rates are only slightly better than those previously reported after one dose of standard trivalent OPV and much lower than those achieved after 3 doses. The seroconversion rates following one dose of the monovalent OPV of enhanced potency were 89%, 93%, and 76%, respectively. These rates are comparable to those achieved after 5 doses of the standard trivalent OPV. Thus the refractoriness of host response was only partly overcome by enhancing the virus inoculum 10-fold.     

Protective efficacy of monovalent and trivalent recombinant MVA-based vaccines against three encephalitic alphaviruses

The three encephalitic alphaviruses, western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV) are potential biothreat agents due to high infectivity through aerosol exposure, ease of production in large amounts, and relative stability in the environment. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for human use to these three encephalitic alphaviruses, and efforts to move vaccine candidates forward into clinical trials have not been successful. In this study, the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN®) vaccine platform was used to construct and produce three monovalent recombinant MVA-BN-based encephalitic alphavirus vaccines, MVA-BN-W, MVA-BN-E, and MVA-BN-V. Additionally, a MVA-BN-based construct was designed to produce antigens against all three alphaviruses, the trivalent vaccine MVA-BN-WEV. The protective efficacy of these vaccines was evaluated in vivo. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with two doses of each monovalent MVA-BN-based alphavirus vaccine, a mixture of the three monovalent vaccines, MVA-BN-W + E + V, or the trivalent vaccine MVA-BN-WEV at a four-week interval. Two weeks after the booster immunization, the mice were instilled intranasally with 5 × 10³ to 1 × 10⁴ plaque forming units of WEEV, EEEV, or VEEV. All mice immunized with monovalent vaccines survived the respective virus challenge without any signs of illness or weight loss, while all the control mice died. The triple mixture of vaccines or the trivalent vaccine also provided 90 to 100% protection to the mice against WEEV and VEEV challenges, and 60% to 90% protection against EEEV challenge. These data suggest that each monovalent MVA-BN-W, MVA-BN-E, and MVA-BN-V is a potential vaccine candidate against respective encephalitic alphavirus and the three monovalent vaccines can be given in a mixture (MVA-BN-W + E + V) or the trivalent vaccine MVA-BN-WEV can serve as a true multivalent vaccine without significantly reducing efficacy against WEEV and VEEV despite slightly reduced efficacy against EEEV challenge.     

Protective efficacy in mice of monovalent and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines in the background of cold-adapted A/X-31 and B/Lee/40 donor strains

Influenza virus continues to take a heavy toll on human health and vaccination remains the mainstay of efforts to reduce the clinical impact imposed by viral infections. Proven successful for establishing live attenuated vaccine donor strains, cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccines (CAIVs) have become an attractive modality for controlling the virus infection. Previously, we developed the cold-adapted strains A/X-31 and B/Lee/40 as novel donor strains of CAIVs against influenza A and B viruses. In this study, we investigated the protective immune responses of both mono- and trivalent vaccine formulations in the mouse model. Two type A vaccines and one type B vaccine against A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), and B/Shangdong/7/97 in the background of the A/X-31 ca or B/Lee/40 ca were generated by a reassortment procedure and evaluated for their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Each monovalent vaccine elicited high levels of serum antibodies and conferred complete protection against homologous wild type virus infection. As compared to the monovalent vaccines, trivalent formulation induced higher levels of type A-specific serum antibodies and slightly lower levels of type B-specific antibodies, suggesting an immunological synergism within type A viruses and an interference in the replication of type B virus. Relatively lower type B-specific immunogenicity in trivalent vaccine formulation could be effectively implemented by increasing the vaccine dose of influenza B virus. These results of immunogenicity, protection efficacy, and immunological synergism between type A vaccines provide an experimental basis for optimal composition of trivalent vaccines for subsequent developments of multivalent CAIVs against seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.     

脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫的研究 Ⅱ.不同剂型的脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫应答的比较

在江苏武进县农村对2~6月龄未服过脊髓灰质炎疫苗易感儿中,比较液体Ⅰ型,糖丸Ⅰ型和三价糖丸疫苗免疫应答。3种疫苗3次免疫后,抗体阳转率均达到95~100%,无统计学显著性差异,抗体几何平均滴度以液体Ⅰ型最高,液体Ⅰ型与糖丸Ⅰ型、Ⅰ型糖丸与三价糖丸无显著性差异,但三价糖丸与液体Ⅰ型相比有显著性差异。鉴于2~4月龄婴幼儿服用糖丸十分不便,且不易保证服苗效果,建议生产厂家克服困难创造条件尽快将脊灰糖丸剂型改为液体剂型。     

Provider knowledge of trivalent inactivated and high-dose influenza vaccines

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess provider knowledge about trivalent inactivated and high dose influenza vaccines. Hence, a 20-item survey was distributed to providers within the Internal Medicine department at an urban academic medical center.

Results

Two hundred and eighty-one (24.5%) providers responded. The correct response rate was 63.2%. The highest performing subspecialties were infectious diseases (80.5%), endocrinology (69.2%), and pulmonary (68%). Those who received an influenza vaccine during the most recent season scored significantly higher than those who did not (63.6% vs. 43.6%, p = .001). Areas where respondents did poorly included questions pertaining to contraindications to immunizations (27.4%), common adverse events after immunization (29.2%), target antigen (73.5%), number of strains in the trivalent inactivated vaccine (62.9%), and time to immunity (61.4%). High dose vaccine knowledge was poor, with 37% of providers unaware of its existence.

Conclusion

Significant gaps in provider knowledge exist regarding both trivalent inactivated and high dose influenza vaccines.     

Early immunization of neonates with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine.

Described is the evaluation in Brazil of the immune response of early immunization with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (TOPV). A total of 85 normal neonates from São Paulo were assigned one of the following immunization schedules: group A--one dose of TOPV at birth and subsequent doses at 2, 4, and 9 months of age; or group B--one dose of TOPV at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Blood samples were collected sequentially from the mother at delivery, from the umbilical cord, and from the child at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of age for assay of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. Administration of TOPV at birth, in addition to establishing immunity against poliomyelitis at an earlier stage, produced a superior immune response to poliovirus type 3. At the end of the first year, the proportion of susceptible individuals was 3.7% in group A and 25.9% in group B. When immunization against poliomyelitis is started at birth, excellent seroconversion rates are obtained from the third dose onward.     

Interference of oral poliovirus vaccine on RIT 4237 oral rotavirus vaccine

A vaccination trial, performed on 86 3-month-old infants, has shown that the ability of the RIT 4237 live attenuated rotavirus strain to induce seroconversion is dramatically reduced when administered with live poliovirus vaccine. In a subsequent trial performed on 93 infants the attempt to overcome the poliovirus interference by administering two doses of associated vaccines was unsuccessful. No interference by the RIT 4237 strain on live attenuated polioviruses was observed.