距舟关节在体运动与足内侧纵弓变化的相关性

目的通过数字化技术探讨距舟关节的在体运动特点及其对足内侧纵弓变化的影响。方法采集5名健康志愿者(4男1女)9例足部在进行内翻内收背伸运动时初始体位(中立位)和终末体位(最大内翻内收背伸位)的足部CT影像,利用mimics和geomagic逆向工程软件,结合刚体运动学原理,计算出距舟关节在足部这一运动过程中的三维空间6个自由度的变化及其与足内侧纵弓变化之间关系。结果足内翻内收背伸运动时,距舟关节发生了内翻内收跖屈运动,其内翻幅度:(38.82±5.98)°,内收幅度:(19.71±6.33)°,跖屈幅度:(-5.09±6.89)°;距舟关节运动中足舟骨向内侧移位与足内弓顶角变化具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论数字化技术解决了距舟关节在体三维运动测量的难题,通过这一技术的测量与分析发现:距舟关节虽然是一个杵臼状关节,但其主要进行绕矢状轴旋转,距舟关节的运动是引起足内侧纵弓变化的主要因素之一。     

Use of the longitudinal arch angle to predict dynamic foot posture in walking

To determine whether differences exist in the longitudinal arch angle based on sex or extremity, the longitudinal arch angle was assessed in 21 men and 21 women using a digital image of the medial aspect of each subject's feet. The image was obtained with the subject in relaxed standing posture and in maximum internal rotation of the lower leg. To determine whether the longitudinal arch angle could be used to predict dynamic foot posture during walking, 50 different subjects were asked to walk across a 6-m walkway while the medial aspect of each foot was videotaped. The longitudinal arch angle was digitized from digital images obtained at midstance for three walking trials. No differences in the longitudinal arch angle were found based on sex or extremity. The longitudinal arch angles obtained in the static positions of relaxed standing posture and maximum internal rotation were highly predictive of dynamic foot posture at midstance during walking. Relaxed standing posture and maximum internal rotation significantly contributed to explaining more than 90% of the variance associated with the longitudinal arch angle position at midstance during walking. These results validate use of the longitudinal arch angle as part of the foot and ankle physical examination.     

中国伞兵着陆时足底动力学指标的变化特征

摘要：目的观察伞兵着陆过程中左、右足底动力学指标变化规律。方法利用德国Pedar-X足底压力检测系统检测12名现役八一跳伞大队的跳伞运动员模拟伞兵从1．5米跳台跳下着陆时足底最大应力、最大压力、接触面积、压力时间积分值等动力学指标。将左、右足底按照常规标准分为10区,分别记录各区的动力学指标值,观察各区指标的变化规律,同时比较左、右足底相应各区的动力学指标值。结果左足底最大压力值（kPa）分布规律：9区足跟内侧（7．86±1．68）kPa,10区足跟外侧（7．47±1．88）kPa,8区中足（4．68±0．71）kPa,1区第一足趾（3．96±1．56）kPa,3区第一跖骨区（3．72±1．43）kPa,4区第二跖骨区（2．87±1．05）kPa,5区第三跖骨区（2．72±1．08）kPa,2区第2-4趾（2．64±1．25）kPa,6区第四跖骨区（2．42±0．68）kPa,7区第五跖骨区（2．13±0．87）。左足底最大应力值、最大压力时间积分值与最大压力值分布规律一致。右足最大应力值、最大压力值、最大压力时间积分值分布规律基本与左足一致。结论半蹲式着陆足底受力左右足一致;足底足跟部受力最大;足底内侧受力大于外侧,易导致足内外踝骨折。     

A comparison of footprint indexes calculated from ink and electronic footprints

Pressure platforms offer the potential to measure and record electronic footprints rapidly; however, the accuracy of geometric indexes derived from these prints has not been investigated. A comparison of conventional ink footprints with simultaneously acquired electronic prints revealed significant differences in several geometric indexes. The contact area was consistently underestimated by the electronic prints and resulted in a significant change in the arch index. The long plantar angle was poorly correlated between techniques. This study demonstrated that electronic footprints, derived from a pressure platform, are not representative of the equivalent ink footprints and, consequently, should not be interpreted with reference to literature on conventional footprints.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行和倒走时的足底压力变化

目的 探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行与倒走时的足底压力与足部知识及自护行为的情况,为临床寻求减少糖尿病足发生率的方法提供依据.方法 对医院收治的105例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者设为观察组,同期选择在医院进行健康体检的105名正常人为对照组,检测两组足底压力及压力中心轨迹变化,并对观察组进行足部知识自护问卷调查.结果 与对照组相比,观察组在第2～5趾、第2跖骨区的峰值压力显著降低,差异具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而在第3跖骨、第1跖骨、足跟内侧这三个区域双足底的压力均增大（P＜0.05）;与前行时相比,观察组患者倒走时在第1趾、第2～5趾、第1跖骨、足中部或足弓、足跟内侧、足跟外侧等各个区域的双足足底峰值压力均有不同程度的增加（P＜0.05）;但在第3跖骨区域倒走时双足压力却较前行时显著降低（P＜0.05）;观察组倒走时的足底压力中心轨迹在X轴上的位移相比于前行时显著增大（P＜0.05）,但在Y轴上的位移则明显减小（P＜0.05）,双足在位移上差异不大;Ⅱ型糖尿病患者问卷总分为（20.64±3.47）分.结论 糖尿病患者前行时足底压力分布与正常人存在差异;倒走时较前行时足底压力区域分布更为均匀,前足掌压力减轻,缓解了该区疲劳损伤,能起到预防糖尿病的作用;应加强对糖尿病患者足部保护知识及自护行为的教育指导,减少糖尿病足的发生率.     

Variations in the origin of the medial calcaneal nerve

Previous anatomic studies of the medial heel region were done on embalmed human cadavers. Here, the innervation of the medial heel region was studied by dissecting living tissue with the use of 3.5-power loupe magnification during decompression of the medial ankle for tarsal tunnel syndrome in 85 feet. The medial heel was found to be innervated by just one medial calcaneal nerve in 37% of the feet, by two medial calcaneal nerves in 41%, by three medial calcaneal nerves in 19%, and by four medial calcaneal nerves in 3%. An origin for a medial calcaneal nerve from the medial plantar nerve was found in 46% of the feet. This nerve most often innervates the skin of the posteromedial arch, where it is at risk for injury during calcaneal spur removal or plantar fasciotomy. Knowledge of the variations in location of the medial calcaneal nerves may prevent neuroma formation during surgery and provide insight into the variability of heel symptoms associated with tarsal tunnel syndrome.     

Can static plantar pressures of prepubertal children be predicted by inked footprints?

A study was conducted to determine whether a pedograph could be used as a field-based screening tool to predict pressures generated on the plantar surfaces of the feet of prepubertal children during single-limb weightbearing stance. Plantar pressures were collected in 51 primary school-aged children using a pressure distribution measurement system. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between footprint angle and both peak force (r = -0.453) and peak area (r = -0.539), and statistically significant positive correlations were found between the Chippaux-Smirak Index and both peak force (rho= 0.285) and peak area (rho = 0.559). Although statistically significant, the weak relationships precluded foot structure variables from being used to predict the plantar pressures of children during static weightbearing. It is therefore recommended that an alternative field-based tool that directly measures plantar pressures be used to screen children in the public school system to identify those at risk of excessive plantar pressures.     

Do clinical examination variables predict high plantar pressures in the diabetic foot?

Elevated plantar pressures are an important predictor of diabetic foot ulceration. The objective of this study was to determine which clinical examination variables predict high plantar pressures in diabetic feet. In a cross-sectional study of 152 male veterans with diabetes mellitus, data were collected on demographics, comorbid conditions, disease severity, neuropathy status, vascular disease, and orthopedic and gait examinations. Univariate predictors included height, weight, body surface area, body weight per square inch of foot surface area, bunion deformity, hammer toe, Romberg's sign, insensitivity to monofilament, absent joint position sense, decreased ankle dorsiflexion, and fat pad atrophy. Variables that remained significantly associated with high plantar pressures (>/=4 kg/cm(2)) in multivariate analysis included height, body weight per square inch of foot surface area, Romberg's sign, and insensitivity to monofilament. These results may be useful in identifying patients who would benefit from interventions designed to decrease plantar foot pressures.     

Casting methods and plantar pressure: effects of custom-made foot orthoses on dynamic plantar pressure distribution

Foot orthoses are widely used to treat various foot problems. A literature search revealed no publications on differences in plantar pressure distribution resulting from casting methods for foot orthoses. Four casting methods were used for construction of orthoses. Two foam box techniques were used: accommodative full weightbearing method (A) and functional semiweightbearing method (B). Also, two suspension plaster casting techniques were used: accommodative casting (C) and functional subtalar joint neutral position (Root) method (D). Their effects on contact area, plantar pressure, and walking convenience were evaluated. All orthoses increased the total contact area (mean, 17.4%) compared with shoes without orthoses. Differences in contact areas between orthoses for total plantar surface were statistically significant. Peak pressures for the total plantar surface were lower with orthoses than without orthoses (mean, 22.8%). Among orthoses, only the difference between orthoses A and B was statistically significant. Differences between orthoses for the forefoot were small and not statistically significant. The gait lines of the shoe without an insole and of the accommodative orthoses are more medially located than those of functional orthoses. Walking convenience in the shoe was better rated than that with orthoses. There were no differences in perception of walking convenience between orthoses A, B, and C. Orthosis D had the lowest convenience rating. The four casting methods resulted in differences between orthoses with respect to contact areas and walking convenience but only slight differences in peak pressures.     

慢性踝关节不稳患者足底压力特征及相关因素分析

目的: 探讨慢性踝关节不稳(chronic ankle instability,CAI)患者在步行与单足支撑时的足底压力分布特点及其相关因素。方法: 纳入75例CAI患者及40例正常人,对步行及单足站立时的足底压力参数进行对比分析,测量指标为足底每个区域的压强峰值、达峰时间、边界时间(time to boundary,TTB)和压力中心(center of pressure,COP)偏移速度等系列指标。评估CAI患、健侧差异以及与正常对照组的差异,并分析存在差异的足底压力指标与患者年龄、性别、侧别、体重指数、Beighton评分的相关性。结果: CAI患者患、健侧步行时均化峰值压力差异无统计学意义,但是与正常人相比,患侧的第一跖骨(t=2.99,P=0.02)和第二跖骨(t=2.09,P=0.01)、双侧的足跟内侧(患侧t=2.33,P=0.01;健侧t=3.74,P=0.02)和足趾区峰值压力(患侧t=2.23,P=0.01;健侧t=3.28,P=0.02)较小,患侧的第五跖骨区域(t=-3.86,P=0.03)的均化峰值压力较大,且患侧第四跖骨达峰时间较晚(t=3.33,P=0.01)。患侧的内外侧TTB最小值(t=-2.67,P=0.03)、极小值的平均值(t=-3.54,P=0.02)和标准差(t=-2.86,P=0.04)均明显小于健侧,与正常人相比,TTB系列与压力中心系列指标提示患、健侧在内外向和前后向均存在明显的稳定性缺陷(P<0.05)。女性、Beighton评分高的CAI患者内外向稳定性缺陷更明显(P<0.05)。结论: CAI患者在平地步行时患、健侧的足底压力分布特征与正常人存在明显差异,患侧足底COP明显向足外侧偏移。单足支撑时,患侧前后向及双侧的内外向姿势控制稳定性均明显弱于正常人,女性及伴有全身韧带松弛症的CAI患者内外向稳定性缺陷更明显。     

Static stance response to different types of foot orthoses

Many different types of foot orthoses are used to treat biomechanical dysfunction of the foot. Little evidence is available to guide clinicians in the selection of foot orthoses. The aim of this project was to determine whether resistance of the foot to supination or the Foot Posture Index could predict the static stance response to different types of prefabricated foot orthoses. The Foot Posture Index score was determined and resistance to supination was measured in 18 subjects (36 feet). Changes in the frontal plane calcaneal angle and navicular height were then measured as the subjects stood on six different types of foot orthoses. All orthoses resulted in an increase in navicular height, but only three orthoses changed the calcaneal angle in the frontal plane. Resistance to supination did not predict the response to the different types of orthoses, but the Foot Posture Index score was associated with changes from using some of the orthoses.     

膝骨性关节炎患者膝关节疼痛指数与足底压力变化的相关性研究

目的：探讨膝骨性关节炎患者足底压力改变及疼痛对足底压力的影响。方法运用足底压力测试系统对28例单侧膝骨性关节炎疼痛患者自然行走时的步态进行测试,观察受试者单足支撑分期时段参数、足角及膝关节疼痛指数,对健、患侧足底压力各指标进行统计学分析并分析膝关节疼痛指数与各指标相关性。结果膝骨性关节炎患者患侧前足着地阶段时间百分比为（57.90±32.93）、全足支撑阶段时间百分比为（57.93±2.93）低于健侧对应百分比（60.26±2.66,P =0.007;51.53±3.84,P <0.001）;患侧足角（16.24±4.50）明显高于健侧足角（14.67±4.09）,差异有统计学意义（P =0.014）;膝关节疼痛指数与患侧前足着地阶段时间百分比（r =-0.53,P =0.004）、全足支撑阶段时间百分比（r =-0.56,P =0.002）呈负相关;与患侧足角无明显相关性（r =0.245,P =0.193）。结论膝骨性关节炎患者足底压力具有特征性,前足着地时段、全足支撑时段明显缩短、足角变大,疼痛严重影响膝骨性关节炎患者步态。     

Plantar soft-tissue thickness predicts high peak plantar pressure in the diabetic foot

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether high plantar foot pressures can be predicted from measurements of plantar soft-tissue thickness in the forefoot of diabetic patients with neuropathy. A total of 157 diabetic patients with neuropathy and at least one palpable foot pulse but without a history of foot ulceration were invited to participate in the study. Plantar tissue thickness was measured bilaterally at each metatarsal head, with patients standing on the same standardized platform. Plantar pressures were measured during barefoot walking using the optical pedobarograph. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the plantar tissue thickness predictive of elevated peak plantar pressure. Tissue thickness cutoff values of 11.05, 7.85, 6.65, 6.55, and 5.05 mm for metatarsal heads 1 through 5, respectively, predict plantar pressure at each respective site greater than 700 kPa, with sensitivity between 73% and 97% and specificity between 52% and 84%. When tissue thickness was used to predict pressure greater than 1,000 kPa, similar results were observed, indicating that high pressure at different levels could be predicted from similar tissue thickness cutoff values. The results of the study indicate that high plantar pressure can be predicted from plantar tissue thickness with high sensitivity and specificity.     

Comparison of three types of postoperative management for endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. A retrospective study

This study compared three types of postoperative management of patients undergoing endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. Participating in the study were 38 patients (45 feet) who had undergone endoscopic plantar fasciotomy from 1995 to 1998. One group of patients wore a below-the-knee walking cast with a molded medial longitudinal arch for 2 weeks; another group was allowed immediate plantigrade weightbearing; the third group was nonweightbearing with crutch-assisted ambulation for 2 weeks. The results showed that the patients who wore the below-the-knee walking cast for 2 weeks required less time to obtain 80% pain relief, needed less time to return to full activities, and had fewer complications than those patients who were allowed immediate plantigrade weightbearing. Moreover, patients who wore the below-the-knee walking cast were more satisfied with their postoperative results than patients who were nonweightbearing for 2 weeks.     

带血管蒂跖内侧皮瓣移位修复足跟部软组织缺损方法的改进

对9例足跟部软组织缺损,采用带血管蒂跖内侧皮瓣移位移植修复,其中3例采用常规方法,6例采用皮瓣不切取跖筋膜的改进术式修复。术后皮瓣全部成活,改进的术式不切取跖筋膜,对供区损伤小,皮瓣较薄,修复后的外形较好。说明带蒂移位移植适宜修复足跟部软组织缺损。     

足外翻脑瘫患儿步行时的足底压力特征

目的了解有足外翻表现的脑瘫患儿步行时的足底压力特征。方法试验组有足外翻的脑瘫儿童20例,对照组为20例具有正常步行能力的健康儿童,应用JPD1600型足底压力测试仪对足底的5个区域进行数据采集,取得足底压力曲线及特征量参数,将正常组与对照组数据进行对比分析,得出足外翻患儿的足底压力特征。结果在自然行走时,正常足与外翻足足底各区域接触面积占全掌的百分比、着地时相、足底各区域所受冲量占全掌比例都存在显著差异。结论足外翻对患儿行走时的步态有不良影响,需尽早规范治疗以改善其行走功能的恢复。     

A comparative study between total contact casting and conventional dressings in the non-surgical management of diabetic plantar foot ulcers

Of all non-traumatic amputations 50% occur in Diabetics, mostly as a final outcome of foot ulcers. A major biomechanical factor in the causation of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes mellitus is elevated peak plantar pressure. Offloading the ulcer area in the form of equalisation of pressure across the plantar surface can accelerate healing of the ulcer. Total contact casting is one such method of offloading, and this study attempts to investigate the advantages of the above method as compared to conventional dressings in the physiatric management of the depth--ischaemia grades 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B neuropathic plantar ulcers in a diabetic patient. The outcome measure was the time taken for complete resolution of the ulcers. Of the 29 patients in Category A treated with total contact casting involving a total of 39 foot ulcers, 36 healed, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to 25 out of the 33 ulcers healing in Category B consisting of 26 patients treated by conventional dressings alone. Total contact casting is an effective, rapid, economical, ambulatory and outpatient--based method for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.     

Effect of the low-Dye strap on pronation-sensitive mechanical attributes of the foot

The low-Dye strap is used routinely to temporarily control pronation of the foot and, thereby, to diagnose and treat pronatory sequelae. However, the exact biomechanical effects of this strapping technique on the foot are not well documented. The main purpose of this study was to establish the specific mechanical effects of the low-Dye strap on the pronatory foot. Within this context, the specific aim was to assess the effect of the low-Dye strap on three distinct pronation-sensitive mechanical attributes of the foot in the weightbearing state: 1) calcaneal eversion, 2) first metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion, and 3) medial longitudinal arch height. Weightbearing measurements of these three attributes were made before and after application of a low-Dye strap, and statistical comparisons were made. The results of this study indicate that the low-Dye strap is effective in reducing calcaneal eversion, increasing first metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion, and increasing medial longitudinal arch height in the weightbearing state. Knowledge of the exact mechanisms of action of the low-Dye strap will provide practitioners with greater confidence in the use of this modality.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of plantar fascia bands. A retrospective study of 211 symptomatic feet

The authors measured the thickness of the medial, central, and lateral bands of the plantar fascia using ultrasonographic techniques in 109 symptomatic patients with 211 painful heels. Plantar fasciitis was diagnosed by the presence of plantar heel pain and tenderness of the plantar fascia on palpation and was correlated with plantar fascia thickness. All of the symptomatic feet had medial band tenderness, with an average thickness of 5.9 mm, 68% had central band tenderness, with an average thickness of 5.3 mm, and 26% had lateral band tenderness, with an average thickness of 4.4 mm. The average thickness of all symptomatic bands was 5.35 mm, which was significantly greater than that for all asymptomatic bands, which was 2.70 mm. There were also significant differences in the thickness of the three plantar fascia bands in symptomatic patients. A plantar fascia index was established consisting of the ratio of the mean thickness of symptomatic medial, central, and lateral plantar fascia bands to that of asymptomatic bands; for this study, the index value is 1.98 (5.35/2.70 mm).     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯的冠状位平衡与足底压力的相关性

目的 分析青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)患者的足底压力指标,总结其特征,评价其脊柱冠状位平衡与足底压力参数之间的相关性。 方法 选取2018年9月—2019年3月在上海市儿童医院脊柱外科门诊就诊的44名AIS患者为研究对象。影像学检查包括Cobb角、骶骨中垂线(CSVL)和第7颈椎中垂线(C7PL)之间的偏移(也称为颈7侧方偏移)、主弯顶点侧方偏移(AT)和冠状位骨盆倾斜度(LPT)。对研究对象进行静态的足底压力测试,对双足接触面积和负荷比(相对双足的整体负荷)等生物力学指标进行检测,分析AIS患者的足底压力分布特征。 结果 前足接触面积明显大于后足(均P<0.05),前足的负荷比明显小于后足(均P<0.05)。主弯侧颈7侧方偏移与前足接触面积(r=0.357,P=0.019)和负荷比(r=0.400,P=0.008)均呈正相关,主弯侧主弯顶点侧方偏移与前足的负荷比也呈正相关(r=0.331,P=0.030),但与接触面积无相关性。 结论 在脊柱侧弯中,冠状位平衡与足底压力分布相关。颈7侧方偏移代表了总体冠状位平衡(GCB),主弯顶点侧方偏移(AT)代表局部冠状位平衡,这2个指标最能反应冠状位平衡状态。在主弯侧,颈7侧方偏移与前足接触面积和负荷比均呈正相关,主弯顶点侧方偏移与前足的负荷比也呈正相关。这表明,2个冠状位平衡特征均与足底压力相关。