肿瘤相关的胃结肠瘘的诊疗方式的探讨（附4例病例报告）

目的 探讨关于肿瘤相关胃结肠瘘的诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月-2014年2月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院普外科诊治的4例肿瘤相关胃结肠瘘患者的临床资料.其中3例患者为女性,1例患者为男性,平均年龄61岁,4例术后病理证实为腺癌所致的胃结肠瘘.主要临床症状有腹泻3例、粪样呕吐3例、体重下降4例、腹痛4例.术前诊断胃结肠瘘的方法包括胃镜3例、结肠镜1例、钡灌肠1例、上消化道造影2例.结果 4例患者均施行了肿瘤及胃结肠瘘切除手术,2例根治性切除,2例姑息性切除.术后病理均提示低分化腺癌,3例患者进行了CDX-2,CK20免疫组化检查辅助判断肿瘤来源.术后1例患者出现胃排空障碍,DIC,心功能衰竭并死亡,2例出现吻合口瘘,存活患者均接受卡培他滨、奥沙利铂联合化疗.结论 内镜检查及消化道造影是胃结肠瘘诊断主要依据,胃结肠瘘区域应完整切除,一期肠造口可能更加安全,但这一结论还需进一步研究.根据病理特点、免疫组化CDX-2 、CK20染色推断肿瘤来源,并进行辅助化疗.     

A case of a bleeding benign gastrocolic fistula in 2014

INTRODUCTION

In the era of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, the incidence of a gastrocolic fistula arising from unoperated gastric ulcers is extremely low.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We present the case of a 68-year old farmer who presented with melaena and was found to have a benign gastrocolic fistula in the setting of untreated peptic ulcer disease, chronic NSAID ingestion and heavy alcohol intake. The diagnosis was made by gastroscopy. En bloc surgery was undertaken due to the size of the fistula and concomitant significant bleeding of the ulcer which would not have made it amenable to medical management.

DISCUSSION

The symptoms of a gastrocolic fistula are undifferentiated and the diagnosis can easily be missed in the setting of other complications such as bleeding or perforation of a hollow viscus. Barium enamas are the most accurate for the diagnosis but gastroscopy with biopsy is usually performed to rule out malignancy. The mainstay of treatment is usually surgical, though patients can be medically managed if he/she is not a surgical candidate.

CONCLUSION

Benign gastrocolic fistulas are rare and its diagnosis is easily missed.     

Superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula: Report of a case and review of the literature

Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula of the superior mesenteric vessels is rare, with only 22 cases being documented. We report herein a case of a 63-year-old man with an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula which developed after a small bowel resection for intestinal tuberculosis. The patient was admitted to our hospital for a gastric ulcer, at which time an ultrasonogram demonstrated cystic dilatation of the superior mesenteric vein, proving to be an arteriovenous fistula of the mesenteric vessels. An angiogram of the superior mesenteric vessels subsequently confirmed this diagnosis and resection of the fistula was performed, followed by an uneventful recovery. Iatrogenic mesenteric arteriovenous fistula with no presenting symptoms, as in our case, is uncommon and surgery performed before the development of associated portal hypertension should achieve good results. A review of the literature follows the report of this case.     

Gastro-gastric Fistula between Pouch and Fundus following Gastric Banding and Bypass

A complication observed with revisional surgery involving a fistula between the former pouch after gastric banding and the fundus is described. A 59-yearold man with BMI 41 kg/m² presented for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). He had previously undergone an open gastric banding operation, with the band removed for obstruction 1 year later. He presented to our hospital with a third incisional hernia which was so large that he suffered from abdominal angina following meals. A RYGBP and a hernia repair with mesh were performed. The postoperative contrast xray study disclosed a fistula between the pouch and fundus. A procedure to close the fistula became necessary. The reason for the fistula may have been an erosion at the former connection between the pouch and the fundus after gastric banding, although a preoperative gastroscopy had not revealed this fistula.     

Gastrojejunocolic fistula after gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction: report of a case

We herein report the case of a 65-year old man with gastrojejunocolic fistula. The patient was admitted to our hospital because of edema of the lower limbs, diarrhea, and weight loss. His history included a distal gastric resection and Billroth II reconstruction for a duodenal ulcer 20 years previously. The laboratory data on admission revealed hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. An upper gastrointestinal X-ray series revealed a fistula between the transverse colon and upper jejunum. After improving his state of malnutrition, a partial resection of the remnant stomach, transverse colon, and jejunum, which were involved in the fistula, was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 26th postoperative day. Gastrojejunocolic fistula is one of the severe complications of a stomal ulcer after a gastric resection with Billroth II reconstruction, which is considered to be induced by an inadequate resection of the stomach. As a result of the recent development of improved agents for the treatment of peptic ulcers, the occurrence of gastrojejunocolic fistula has decreased remarkably. However, gastrojejunocolic fistula should be recognized as one of the late severe complications observed after a gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction, since this disease may occur even 20 years after the first operation for peptic ulcer. Received: January 11, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

Gastrocolic fistula originating from transverse colon cancer: Report of a case and review of the Japanese Literature

A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of loss of weight, general fatigue, and upper abdominal pain. Barium studies suggested that a fistula was present between the proximal transverse colon and the stomach which originated from a carcinoma of the colon. A plain computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a gastrocolic fistula. A two-thirds distal gastrectomy and right hemicolectomy with a resection of a bulky tumor in the mesocolon were performed en bloc. Histological examination revealed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon which was involved with the wall of the stomach. We were able to obtain information on 14 previous cases of gastrocolic fistula originating from transverse colon cancer in the Japanese literature, including the present case. The most common symptom was abdominal pain (64%). A preoperative diagnosis of fistula was confirmed in 10 of the 11 cases examined by barium studies. A plain CT and a CT scan after the barium studies may also be helpful in detecting fistula formation. A fistula between the carcinoma of the middle or distal transverse colon and the stomach was found in 13 of 14 cases, but not in our case. Only one case lived longer than 9 years, even though a surgical resection was possible in 9 of 11 cases.     

Gastrocolic fistula as a complication of benign gastric ulcer: report of four cases and update of the literature

Four cases of gastrocolic fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer are described, bringing the total number of individually reviewed cases in the English language literature to 108. A review of 30 cases reported in the past 10 years reveals a surprisingly high percentage of young, female patients. Three-quarters of these patients used steroidal or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The presence of such fistulae is suspected in patients complaining of weight loss, diarrhoea and faecal vomiting. Small fistulae may not be suspected when overshadowed by other complications of ulcer disease such as bleeding or perforated viscus. Medical management of benign gastrocolic fistulae may be indicated in some circumstances. Surgical treatment involves en bloc resection, including the fistula, and surrounding colon and gastric segments.     

Treatment of Gastrogastric Fistula after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Surgery Combined with Gastroscopy

A 53-year-old male who had previously undergone an open gastric bypass (Capella-Fobi) developed a gastrogastric fistula during the late postoperative course. Because he regained weight and had a stomal ulcer difficult to control, it was decided to submit him to revisional surgery. At laparotomy, a retrogastric approach plus gastroscopy permitted easy identification and closure of the fistula. The patient is doing well and losing weight after this reoperation.     

Successful management and outcome of a postoperative aortogastric fistula in a patient with recurrent gastric cancer: report of a case

The case of a 57-year-old patient is described, who presented with regional gastric cancer recurrence 1 year after a gastrectomy for a T3N1M0 (Stage IIIA) adenocarcinoma of the stomach. He underwent a radical resection with intraoperative radiation to the regional field. Two months postoperatively, massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. Operative management included a left thoracotomy, aortic cross-clamping, laparotomy, and suture repair of a fistula from the root of the celiac trunk to the gastric remnant, with a completion gastrectomy. The patient survived and underwent a delayed reconstruction and closure. Subsequently, several repeat bleeding episodes took place, from sources including the celiac, common hepatic, and proper hepatic arteries. Multiple angiographic coil embolization and surgical procedures became necessary, ultimately requiring an esophagostomy and cecostomy for intestinal diversion. A rectus abdominis flap coverage of the exposed large arteries was performed. Although two more bleeding episodes took place, the patient was ultimately managed successfully. He is currently free of disease 3 years after reexploration, able to take oral nutrition, with intermittent jejunostomy feeding supplements. The discussion highlights aspects relevant to this case: the importance of a complete regional resection during a gastric cancer resection, the management strategy for an acute catastrophic intra-abdominal bleeding, and possible mechanisms that could contribute to such bleeding, including intraoperative radiation and postoperative infection. Received: June 29, 2001 / Accepted: January 8, 2002     

Persistent hypoglycemia in a child with a gastrocolic fistula—an unexpected presentation of leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia

Leucine-hypersensitive hypoglycemia is a rare clinical entity that is usually diagnosed after an exhaustive search for other causes of hypoglycemia. In nonsurgical patients, an imbalance between metabolic demands and gluconeogenesis are most frequently responsible for recurrent symptomatic hypoglycemia. In the postoperative patient, hypoglycemia more commonly results from inadequate energy intake or malabsorption from functional or anatomical abnormalities. Presented here is an unusual case of a child who was initially diagnosed with postoperative gastrocolic fistula and dumping syndrome as the cause of hypoglycemia but later found to have leucine-hypersensitive hypoglycemia.     

Gastrocolic fistulas

Sixteen patients were treated for gastrocolic fistula arising as a complication of peptic ulcer (11 cases), colonic perforation (2), gastric cancer (1), colonic cancer (1) or pancreatitis (1). The predominant symptoms were diarrhoea, weight loss and abdominal pain. Barium meal and barium enema were the most reliable means of diagnosis, and no fistula was gastroscopically demonstrable. A one-stage en bloc resection of the involved gastrocolic region was performed in eight cases. Other operations were simple excision (3), gastric resection with closure of the colonic wall (2) and colectomy with closure of the gastric wall (2). In one case cure was achieved with cimetidine, without surgical intervention. Four patients died postoperatively and two had recurrence of fistula.     

Gastro-Broncho-Pleural Fistula after Laparoscopic Gastric Band Placement

Laparoscopic gastric band placement is a common procedure for morbid obesity. Common complications include gastric perforation, band erosion, and band slippage. We present the first report in the literature of gastro-bronchial-pleural fistula after laparoscopic gastric band placement.     

The anesthetic management of a case of tracheogastric fistula

IMPLICATIONS: A 68-yr-old man developed a tracheogastric fistula after esophageal resection with gastric interposition. We report the anesthetic management of this patient undergoing tracheal repair and fistula closure.     

Gastric tube-to-tracheal fistula closed with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.

A gastric tube-to-airway fistula is a very rare complication after esophageal reconstruction. A patient with a gastric tube-to-tracheal fistula that developed more than 9 years after surgery for cancer of the cervical esophagus was treated with transposition of a pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Careful perioperative respiratory management helped save the patient's life.     

Gastro-colo-diaphragmatic fistula after sleeve gastrectomy

IntroductionPostsleeve gastrectomy fistula is a serious complication, and its management remains quite challenging. The clinical presentation of chronic fistula after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) varies widely and depends on the type of fistula. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach and patient cooperation.Case presentationWe present a case of a 41-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 46 kg/m² who initially underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in our hospital. Later, she developed a gastro-colo-diaphragmatic fistula (GCD), which was successfully treated using an endolaparoscopic approach. Follow-up imaging and endoscopy showed complete healing of the fistula, as well as a marked clinical improvement of the patient.DiscussionGastro-colo-diaphragmatic fistula following sleeve gastrectomy is an extremely rare complication. This is the first case of a GCD fistula after sleeve gastrectomy that has been reported in the literature.ConclusionOne staged endolaparoscopic management was successful approach in our case and can be considered for complex gastric fistula following sleeve gastrectomy.     

Gastrocolic fistula as a complication of benign gastric ulcer

The symptoms, diagnosis, and management of three patients with gastrocolic fistula secondary to benign peptic ulcer disease are reviewed. To our knowledge, this brings the total of such cases reported in the literature to 50. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and vomiting followed by anemia, foul eructations, and fecal vomiting. Barium meal demonstrated the fistula in about 70% of the patients, whereas barium enema examination demonstrated the fistula in nearly all of them. The diagnostic workup should rule out the possibility of a malignant cause for the fistula. The surgical management of these patients consists of the one-stage, when possible, resection of the involved portion of the antrum and the fistula of the transverse colon with appropriate reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity. An increased awareness of the benign cause of some gastrocolic fistulas is necessary to avoid unduly extensive surgery in these cases.     

Successful treatment of enteroatmospheric fistulas in combination with negative pressure wound therapy: Experience on 3 cases and literature review

Enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAF) are rare but challenging and morbid complications of abdominal surgery and require time‐ as well as resource‐consuming management. Furthermore, they severely affect patients' quality of life. Several treatment modalities for EAF management are described in the literature. We describe 3 consecutive cases of EAF treatment by employing negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) along with either a special silicone fistula adapter or a Silo‐Vac‐like system in another case to isolate the fistula from the remaining abdominal wound. Spontaneous fistula closure was achieved in 2 of the 3 cases, and surgical resection of the small bowel segment harbouring EAF opening was possible in a third case after wound conditioning. The rate of fistula closure was 100% (n = 3/3). Compartmentalisation of the contaminated area using NPWT accelerated healing of the open abdominal wound remarkably. In summary, we present a useful tool for the challenging management of EAF and review the literature on different treatment options of EAF available today.     

直肠癌前切除吻合器吻合术后并发直肠阴道瘘的原因及对策

目的 研究和探讨直肠癌前切除术后并发直肠阴道瘘的原因及对策.方法 2004年3月至2006年8月,根据电话和门诊随访结果以及病历记录,回顾性总结多中心11例直肠癌前切除术后并发直肠阴道瘘的原因及治疗效果.采用直肠推移黏膜瓣修补结合经阴道修补1例,经肛推移皮瓣修补结合经阴道修补1例,单纯经阴道修补2例,经肛直接分层缝合5例,2例行横结肠造口和局部冲洗引流,3个月和6个月后分别行造口回纳.结果 平均随访13个月(3～20个月),失败1例,成功率90.9%,无手术死亡率和并发症.结论 采用经肛结合经阴道修补治疗直肠癌前切除引起的单纯性直肠阴道瘘是安全有效的,不需要切断会阴体和肛门括约肌,并发症少,无肛门失禁发生.     

Case Report—Complex Management of a Postoperative Bronchogastric Fistula After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a new restrictive bariatric procedure increasingly indicated in the treatment of morbid obesity. Postoperative complications are mainly represented by gastric fistula with an occurrence rate of 0% to 5.1% in the literature. This complication is difficult to manage and requires multiple radiological, endoscopic, and surgical procedures. We report herein the case of a 23-year-old woman who underwent LSG for morbid obesity. This patient was reoperated for peritonitis due to a gastric fistula located on the top of the staple line. Five months later, she complained of a cough with fever and expectoration. A methylene blue test and a computed tomography scan diagnosed a postoperative bronchogastric fistula. After failure of aggressive conservative management, radical surgery was performed with total gastrectomy, reconstruction of the diaphragm using the extended latissimus dorsi flap, and a pulmonary lobectomy. This case report highlights the possible issue of the complex management of gastric fistula after LSG.