选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂与5-HT、NE再摄取双重抑制剂治疗围绝经期情绪障碍疗效

目的观察选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)与5-HT、NE再摄取双重抑制剂(SNRIs)治疗围绝经期情绪障碍的临床疗效。方法选择我院门诊就诊的围绝经期情绪障碍患者40例作为入组对象,随机分为SSRIs组和SNRIs组,疗程12周,自入组、治疗2、4、6、8、12周使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对两组患者症状进行组间、组内比较。结果与入组的比较治疗2、4、6、8、12周两组患者的情绪障碍均得到持续改善:SSRIs组HAMD躯体症状(t=2.05,2.82,3.28,6.60,10.34;P0.05或0.01),心境症状(t=2.03,2.14,3.38,5.05,8.96;P0.05或0.01);SSRIs组HAMA躯体症状(t=2.12,2.47,3.31,6.21,8.86;P0.05或0.01),心境症状(t=2.03,2.38,3.38,6.24,7.08;P0.05或0.01),SNRIs组HAMD躯体症状(t=3.92,4.68,5.67,7.22,10.94;P0.01),心境症状(t=3.55,5.42,7.41,9.14,12.31;P0.01),SNRIs组HAMA躯体症状(t=4.42,5.57,7.00,10.43,13.06;P0.01),心境症状(t=2.81,3.12,5.32,6.86,23.40;P0.01);治疗各周SNRI组HAMD躯体症状(t=2.76,2.71,2.44,6.15,18.00;P0.05或0.01),心境症状(t=2.06,2.15,3.14,5.35,7.22,10.75;P0.05或0.01),HAMA躯体症状(t=3.04,3.63,4.70,4.28,9.26;P0.01),心境症状(t=2.81,3.12,5.32,6.86,23.40;P0.01)改善程度明显优于SSRI治疗组。结论 SSRIs与SNRIs药物均能显著改善围绝经期患者的情绪障碍,两者比较SNRIs药物整体疗效明显优于SSRIs药物。     

Sub-miniature end-plate potentials at untreated frog neuromuscular junctions.

1. Some properties of unusually small spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (sub-min.e.p.p.s) at untreated end-plates of adult frogs have been examined. 2. These small potentials, which show a fast time course, add a highly skewed component to the normal Gaussian distribution of min.e.p.p. amplitudes. 3. Sub-min.e.p.p.s were not evoked by single nerve stimuli, though their frequency could be raised by tetanic nerve stimulation. 4. When min.e.p.p. rate was raised by addition of lanthanum, submin.e.p.p. frequency was also increased, though by a smaller factor than normal min.e.p.p.s. In contrast, sub-min.e.p.p. frequency was unchanged when min.e.p.p. rates were raised by either ethanol or hypertonic solutions.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Down's Anomaly. By L. S. P enrose and G. F. S mith .
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behaviour. Ed. by J. M. T hoday and A. S. P arkes .
'New Aspects of Human Genetics.' Ed. C. E. F ord and H arry H arris .
Eugenics and the Progressives. By D. K. P ickens .
Population Genetics. By W. J. E wens .
An Enquiry Concerning Growth, Disease and Ageing. By P hilip R. J. B urch .     

Die Insulinbehandlung des Toxischen Exsiccationssyndroms bei Akuten Ernährungsstörungen

Zusammenfassung Zur symptomatischen Behandlung der Exsiccation bei der alimentären Intoxikation der Säuglinge wird kombinierte Traubenzucker- und Insulinbehandlung empfohlen. Der Zucker wird als 10 proz. Lösung intravenös gegeben; auf je 5 g Zucker entfällt eine klinische Einheit Insulin.Vgl. die Demonstrationen in d. Gesellsch. f. innere Mediz. u. Kinderheilk. (pädiatr. Sektion) in Wien v. 22. X. 1924, Wien. med. Wochenschr. Nr. 48, S. 2560. 1924 und in der Gesellsch. d. Ärzte in Wien vom 12. XII. 1924, Wien. klin. Wochenschr. Nr.51,S.1319. 1924. Vgl. auch die Diskussion zum Vortrag von R. WAGNER: Diabetes mellitus im Kindesalter und Insulinbehandlung. Deutsch. Gesellsch. f. Kinderheilk. 18.–20. IX. 1924 zu Innsbruck.     

New Books

The Antigens , Volume II. Edited by M. Sela Methods in Cancer Research , Volume 10. Edited by H. Busch Cell Membrane Receptors for Viruses, Antigens and Antibodies, Polypeptide Hormones, and Small Molecules. Ninth Miles International Symposium, Edited by R. F. Beers Jr . and E. G. Bassett Lymphocyte Stimulation. By N. R. Ling and J. E. Kay Cyclic AMP, Cell Growth, and the Immune Response. Edited by W. Braun , L. M. Lichtenstein and Ch . W. Parker Histocompatibility. By G. D. Snell , J. Dausset and S. Nathenson The Immune System. Genes, Receptors, Signals. Edited by E. E. Sercarz , A. R. Williamson and C. F. Fox The Biology of Human Fetal Growth. Edited by D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson     

Transmitter release by mammalian motor nerve terminals in response to focal polarization

1. A method is described by which mammalian motor nerve terminals may be uniformly polarized by focally applied current, and the extra-cellular potential in the synaptic cleft, corresponding to any current, estimated.2. The relationship between log m.e.p.p. frequency and local extra-cellular field is flat for hyperpolarization and ascends linearly with depolarization. With depolarization, m.e.p.p. frequency is multiplied about tenfold for every - 18 mV. This characteristic becomes steeper the closer the polarizing electrode to the nerve terminal with a limiting value of ten-fold per - 15 mV.3. There exists a population of small m.e.p.p.s which are generated at the same end-plate as normal m.e.p.p.s.4. Following a prolonged depolarizing pulse there is an increase of m.e.p.p. frequency which continues for periods of up to several minutes.5. With hyperpolarizing pulses m.e.p.p. frequency may increase in a characteristic ;bursty' manner. Similar bursts of m.e.p.p.s also occur spontaneously, but far less frequently, without polarization.6. During a depolarizing pulse, m.e.p.p. frequency becomes maximal or near maximal within 2 sec. There is little subsequent alteration of m.e.p.p. frequency. Numbers of m.e.p.p.s occurring during depolarizing pulses follow the Poisson distribution.7. Following a depolarizing pulse, numbers of m.e.p.p.s released by a subsequent pulse may be either increased or diminished.8. Comparison of the response of m.e.p.p. frequency to raised [K] and to extrinsic presynaptic polarization leads to the conclusion that the presynaptic transmembrane potential change corresponding to any focal current pulse is about two thirds of the local extracellular potential field. Hence the slope of the linear portion of the presynaptic transfer function is about tenfold per 10 mV presynaptic depolarization.     

Drinking behaviour in the cat induced by renin, angiotensin I, II and isoprenaline.

1. Angiotensin I, II and hog renin, infused into the lateral cerebral ventricles (I.C.V.) of water replete cats, each induced water drinking behaviour. 2. Intravenous infusion of high doses of angiotensin I or II also elicited a drinking response. The dipsogenic effect of I.V. renin was not marked. 3. Drinking in response to I.C.V. angiotensin II was abolished after autonomic ganglion blockade with I.V. hexamethonium or pempidine and was significantly reduced after I.V. atropine methonitrate. 4. The dipsogenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II was unaffected by either peripheral adrenergic neurone blockade with I.V. bethanidine, alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine or beta-adrenoceptor blockade with sotalol. 5. Atropine, atropine methonitrate, hexamethonium and pempidine given I.C.V did not inhibit the diposgenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II. 6. Bethanidine I.C.V. produced a dose related reduction in the dipsogenic response to I.C.V. angiotensin II. 7. The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents tolazoline and phenoxybenzamine given I.C.V did not affect angiotensin induced drinking but the response was regularly inhibited by phentolamine I.C.V. 8. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents propranolol and practolol given I.C.V. each inhibited angiotensin induced drinking. The L-isomer of propranolol was a more effective blocker than the D-isomer. 9. Isoprenaline given I.C.V induced drinking in ten of sixteen cats. Subcutaneous administration of isoprenaline also elicited drinking but the onset of the response was delayed and the amount consumed slightly less than after I.C.V infusion.     

Book reviews

Book reviews in this article
Reproductive Endocrinology Edited by S.S.C. Yen & R.B. Jaffe. W.B. Saunders, Eastbourne
Surgical Pathology Case Studies Volume 2. M.Ali, A.O.Fayemi & E.V.Braun. Medical Examination Publishing, New York
Recent Advances in Histopathology Number 10. Edited by P.P.Anthony and N.Woolf. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Gynecological Cytopathology M.L.Schneider & H.-J.Staemmler. Holt-Saunders, Eastbourne     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Soft Tissue Tumours Franz M. Enzinger & Sharon W. Weiss.
A Manual of Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology Edited by J.P.A. Baak & J. Oort.
Recent Advances in Histopathology 12th edition. Edited by Peter P. Anthony & Roderick N.M. MacSween.
Interpretation of Liver Biopsies Richard J. Stenger.
Muscle Pathology Edited by R.R. Heffner Jr. Vol. 3 in the series Contemporary Issues in Surgical Pathology.
The Breast Edited by R.W. McDivitt, H.A. Oberman, L. Ozzello & N. Kaufman.
Interpretation of Bladder Biopsies Biopsy Interpretation Series by P.N. Brawn.
Colour Atlas of Neuropathology R.O. Weller.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Advances in the Study of Birth Defects. Volumes 1 and 2. Edited by T. V. N. P ersaud
Genetic Mosaics and Chimeras in Mammals. Basic Life Sciences. Volume 12. Edited by L. B. R ussell .
Selection in One- and Two-locus Systems. By T. N. N agylaki .
Advances in Human Genetics. Volume 9. Edited by H. H arris and K. H irschhorn .
Genetic Aspects of Affective Illness. Edited by J. M endlewicz and B. S hopsin
Human Genetics. Problems and Approaches. Edited by F. V ogel and A. G. M otulsky .     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Population Systems. A General Introduction . By A. A. B erryman .
Recombinant DNA. Benchmark Papers in Microbiology, vol. 15. Edited by K. J. D enniston and L. W. E nquist .
Genetic Engineering. Principles and Methods. Vol. 3. Edited by J. K. S etlow and A. H ollaender .     

Book Reviews

PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION, edited by J. L. Fox, Z. Deyl and A. Blazej. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1976. 561 pp. ($45.00).

IMMUNOLOGY AND AGING, edited by T. Makinodan and E. Yunis. Vol. I in Comprehensive Immunology, Series Editors R. A. Good and S. B. Day. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York and London, 1977. 208 pp. ($22.50).

PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION, edited by J. L. Fox, Z. Deyl and A. Blazej. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1976. 561 pp. 45.00).

IMMUNOLOGY AND AGING, edited by T. Makinodan and E. Yunis. Vol. I in Comprehensive Immunology, Series Editors R. A. Good and S. B. Day. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York and London, 1977. 208 pp. ($22.50).

PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION, edited by J. L. Fox, Z. Deyl and A. Blazej. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1976. 561 pp. ($45.00).

IMMUNOLOGY AND AGING, edited by T. Makinodan and E. Yunis. Vol. I in Comprehensive Immunology, Series Editors R. A. Good and S. B. Day. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York and London, 1977. 208 pp. ($22.50).     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Nawotny, A. (ed.): Pathological membranes. Vol. 11.
Ball, G. N. (ed.): Allergy and clinical immunology.
Clark, T.J. H. (ed.): Steroids in asthma. A reappraisal in the light of inhalation therapy.
Hillary, I. B. & Hennessen, W. (eds.): Enteric infections in man and animals: standardization of immunological procedures. Developments in biological standardization. Vol. 53.
Axelsen, N. H. (ed.): Handbook of immunoprecipitation-in-gel techniques.
Inman, F. P. & Kindt, T. J. (ed.): Contemporary topics in molecular immunology.
Maurer, Th. : Contact and photo-contact allergens. A manual of predictive test methods. In: Dermatology Series, Vol. 3.     

Book review

Avian Botulism - An International Perspective. M.W. Eklund and V.R. Dowell, (Editors). Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, USA. 405 pp. 1987. ISBN 039805311-1. US $64.50. Avian Immunology. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research Volume 238. W.T. Weber and D.L. Ewert (Editors). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1987. 351 pp. ISBN 0-8451-5088-X. US $74.     

Reviews

Book Reviews in this article
The Use of Vital and Health Statistics for Genetic and Radiation Studies.
Genetic Selection in Man, ed. W illiam J. S ohull .
The Specificity of Serological Reactions. K arl L andsteiner .
The Molecular Basis of Evolution. By C hristian B. A nfinsen .
Elementary Genetics. By W. R. S ingleton .
The Chester Beatty Research Institute Serial Abridged Life Tables, England and Wales, 1841–1960. Part I. Tables, Preface and Notes . Compiled by R. A. M. C ase , C hristine C oghill , J oyce L. H arley and J oan T. P earson .
Evolution, Genetics, and Man. By T heodosius D obzhansky .
Genetics. By I rwin H. H erskowitz .
Medical Genetics. By W idukind L enz .
The Nature and Origin of X Chromosome Aberrations in Turner's Syndrome. A Cytogenetical and Clinical Study of 57 Patients. By J an L indsten .
The Haemoglobins in Genetics and Evolution. By V. M. I ngram .     

Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate by the cat choroid plexus.

1. The regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) bicarbonate concentration was studied using the cat choroid plexus isolated in a chamber in situ. 2. Decreases in plasma bicarbonate concentration caused relatively small changes in the c.s.f. bicarbonate concentration. 3. Alterations in c.s.f. bicarbonate concentration (c.s.f. HCO3-=9 or 28 m-equiv/l.) were countered by changes in the bicarbonate concentration of the fluid produced by the plexus or in the rate of bicarbonate transport which returned c.s.f. bicarbonate towards normal. 4. There was significant regulation of pH in the choroid plexus fluid during hypocapnia and hypercapnia. 5. Alterations of plasma acid-base status did not significantly alter the potential difference across the choroid plexus. However, the potential difference increased when c.s.f. bicarbonate was increased and decreased when c.s.f. bicarbonate was decreased. 6. The data indicate that the bicarbonate concentration in the c.s.f. is actively regulated by the choroid plexus during acid-base disturbances occurring either systemically or in the c.s.f.     

Construction of polyepitope fusion antigens of human cytomegalovirus ppUL32: reactivity with human antibodies.

We have previously shown that single linear epitopes of the major human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigens, expressed as fusion proteins or synthesized as oligopeptides, can be valuable diagnostic material in the serology of HCMV infection (M. P. Landini, M. X. Guan, G. Jahn, W. Lindenmaier, M. Mach, A. Ripalti, A. Necker, T. Lazzarotto, and B. Plachter, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1375-1379, 1990; M. P. Landini, T. Lazzarotto, A. Ripalti, M. X. Guan, and M. La Placa, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2324-2327, 1989; A. Ripalti, M. P. Landini, E. S. Mocarski, and M. La Placa, J. Gen. Virol. 70:1247-1251, 1989). In this work we addressed the question of whether the expression of more than one linear epitope on a single fusion protein could increase the reactivity of genetically engineered antigenic material with human antibody. To answer this question we fused sequences expressing two different epitopes contained in the basic phosphoprotein of 150 kDa encoded by UL32 (M. S. Chee, A. T. Bankier, S. Beck, R. Bohni, C. M. Brown, T. Cerny, T. Hornsel, C. A. Hutchinson, T. Kouzarides, J. A. Martignetti, and B. G. Barrell, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 154:125-169, 1990; G. Jahn, T. Kouzarides, M. Mach, B.-C. Scholl, B. Plachter, B. Traupe, E. Preddie, S. C. Satchwell, B. Fleckenstein, and B. G. Barrell, J. Virol. 61:1358-1367, 1987), ppUL32, which was repeatedly shown to be the strongest immunogen present in the viral particle. We also made fusions with sequences expressing a single epitope repeated once, twice, or three times. The different fusion proteins were tested with HCMV-positive human sera. We found that fusion proteins expressing different epitopes together were recognized by a larger number of serum specimens and with more intense reactions in Western blot (immunoblot) experiments. We also found evidence that expression on the same polypeptide of the two distinct epitopes produced a stronger antigen than the mere addition of two fusion proteins which each carried one copy of one of these epitopes. Furthermore, we found that while the same epitope expressed two or three times on the same fusion protein was not better recognized by immunoglobulin G than the single epitope, immunoglobulin M reactivities to the double and triple epitopes were enhanced.     

A Study of 22 Anti-HLA-Aw33 Sera

Sera were donated by J. Dausset, C. P. Engelfriet, G. B. Ferrara, A. Govaerts, S. Hunter, V. C. Joysey, H. A. Perkins, P. Reekers, J. Vives and R. L. Walford.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Outline of Human Genetics. By L. S. P enrose
The Molecular Basis of Neoplasia
Genetics and Dental Health. By C arl J. W itkop , Jr., ed.
Tròubles de l'Appareil Auditif et Manifestations Ophthalmologiques Associés. By R. G rimaud , P. M ounier -K uhn , M. G ignoux and H. M artin (with the collaboration of L. P aufique , G. B onamour , J. C ordier and J. B. D ureux )
An Introduction to Genetics. By A. H. S turtevant and G. W. B eadle
Changing Perspectives on the Genetic Effects of Radiation. By J. V. N eel
Birth Dejects. Edited by M orris F ishbein
Approaches to the Genetic Analysis of Mammalian Cells. Edited by D. J. M erchant and J. V. N eel
Studies in Genetics. By H. J. Müller
The Genetics of Migrant and Isolate Populations. Proceedings of a conference on human population genetics in Israel, held at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Edited by Elisabeth Goldschmidt     

Excitatory, inhibitory and biphasic synaptic potentials mediated by an identified dopamine-containing neurone.

1. A giant dopamine-containing cell, situated in the left pedal ganglion of the water snail Planorbis corneus, was identified in isolated living preparations of the central nervous system. Spectrophotofluorimetric analysis confirms that the cell contains dopamine, whereas noradrenaline appears to be absent. The cell is unique in being a repeatedly identifiable dopamine-containing neurone. 2. Stimulation of the giant dopamine-containing cell resulted in excitatory, inhibitory or biphasic (depolarizing-hyperpolarizing) synaptic potentials in a number of follower neurones. The duration of the e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s was 0-3-5 sec; they ranged from barely detectable responses to ones 7 mV in amplitude in different cells. The depolarizing phase of a biphasic synaptic potential (b.p.s.p.) was usually less than 1 mV in amplitude (max. 3mV) and lasted 40-400 msec. The latency of i.p.s.p.s was long (70-120 msec) compared with that of e.p.s.p.s and b.p.s.p.s (20 msec). Abolition of the depolarizing phase of b.p.s.ps. by tubocurarine left a long-latency (70-120 msec) i.p.s.p. All responses showed summation and marked facilitation. 3. Evidence is presented that the post-synaptic potentials are produced by direct connections from the giant cell and result from a release of dopamine. Of eight putative transmitter substances tested on these different groups of neurones, only dopamine produced a potential change which in each case was of the same polarity as the post-synaptic potential when this was monophasic. However, generally applied dopamine produced only a hyperpolarization in follower cells showing b.p.s.p.s. This result is probably partly due to rapid desensitization of the receptors mediating the depolarization and also to a masking of the depolarization by the more effective hyperpolarizing response. 4. Erogometrine and 6-hydroxydopamine specifically antagonized the i.p.s.p.s and dopamine receptors mediating inhibition. Neither the e.p.s.p.s nor the excitatory dopamine response were blocked by high concentrations of hexamethonium. Hexamethonium was also ineffective in blocking the depolarizing phase of a b.p.s.p., which was, however, selectively eliminated by tubocurarine. 5. It is suggested that dopamine is the transmitter released from the giant cell and that it can mediate excitatory, inhibitory or biphasic responses in different follower neurones.