血浆同型半胱氨酸与2型糖尿病微血管病变的关系

目的了解血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与2型糖尿病微血管病变间的关系,并分析影响糖尿病患者Hcy代谢的因素。方法将122例糖尿病患者分为无微血管并发症（NDC）组、糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）组和糖尿病肾病（DN）组3组。酶免疫分析法测定血浆Hcy和血浆血栓调节蛋白（sTM）浓度;发光免疫法测定血清叶酸和VitB12水平。结果DR组和DN组的空腹血浆Hcy浓度明显高于NDC组和对照组（P〈0．01）;高Hcy血症的糖尿病患者DR、DN发生率明显高于无高Hcy血症糖尿病患者（P〈0．01）;相关分析表明,糖尿病患者Hcy水平与sTM、肌酐（Scr）水平呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）,与叶酸、VitB12水平呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。Logistic回归分析显示空腹Hcy、甘油三酯、VitB12、叶酸、sTM与DN的发生有关;Hcy、FPG、Scr、甘油三酯均为DR的独立危险因素。结论血清叶酸、VitB12、Scr以及代谢紊乱程度影响Hcy的浓度;空腹高Hcy血症是糖尿病微血管病变发生、发展的危险因素之一。     

风湿性疾病中高同型半胱氨酸血症的临床研究

目的　分析多种风湿性疾病患者血浆中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平及其相关因素。方法脊柱关节病(uSpA)患者和 62例正常对照的Hcy、VitB12、叶酸的水平和亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因 677位的多态性。结果　(1)各疾病组Hcy水平分别为:SLE组 (19 04±6 86)μmol/L,RA组(19 07±7 43)μmol/L,AS组(16 47±6 50)μmol/L,uSpA组(16 59±6 72)μmol/L,对照组(12 24±3 58)μmol/L,各疾病组Hcy水平明显较对照组高,其差异有统计学意义 (P<0 01 ); ( 2 )Hcy与VitB12、叶酸呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0 701和-0 443,P<0 01; (3)MTHFR基因 677位C→T的突变使Hcy水平升高, CC型 ( 13 41±5 78 )μmol/L,CT型 ( 16 81±4 22 )μmol/L,TT型(20 88±6 60)μmol/L,P<0 01;TT基因型是高Hcy血症的易感基因 (OR=84 46,P<0 05);TT基因型还是SLE的易感基因(OR=7 56,P<0 05)。结论　(1)SLE、RA、AS、uSpA4种疾病患者普遍存在高Hcy血症。(2)导致高Hcy血症的原因可能有叶酸、VitB12的水平降低和MTHFR基因的突变。(3)TT型基因是Hcy异常升高的易感基因,也是SLE的易感基因。     

血清25(OH)D、HbA1c、Hcy水平与糖尿病患者颅内动脉狭窄程度的相关性

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与颅内动脉狭窄(ICAS)严重程度的相关性。方法:选择120例T2DM患者,其ICAS均被经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测。根据TCD检查,患者被分为狭窄组(45例)与非狭窄组(75例),检测并比较两组血糖、血脂、血清25(OH)D、Hb A1c和Hcy水平。分析血清25(OH)D、Hb A1c和Hcy水平与ICAS严重程度的相关性及其对ICAS的预测价值。结果:与非狭窄组比较,狭窄组年龄60岁(40.0%比60.0%)、病程5年(36.0%比62.2%)、吸烟史(26.7%比46.7%)、饮酒史(36.0%比62.2%)、冠心病(25.3%比46.7%)和高血压(26.7%比44.4%)比例显著升高,P0.05或0.01。与非狭窄组比较,狭窄组血清高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇[(1.80±0.31)mmol/L比(1.02±0.23)mmol/L]和25(OH)D[(68.37±15.29)nmol/L比(34.32±8.63)nmol/L]水平显著降低,低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇[(3.02±0.75)mmol/L比(3.79±0.82)mmol/L]、HbA1c[(6.35±2.36)%比(7.60±2.90)%]和Hcy[(10.24±3.98)μmol/L比(15.91±4.26)μmol/L]水平显著升高(P0.05或0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,ICAS严重程度与血清25(OH)D水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.840,P=0.001),与血清HbA1c、Hcy水平呈显著正相关(r=0.454,0.812,P=0.023,0.001)。ROC曲线显示血清25(OH)D水平预测ICAS的敏感度和特异度分别为79.4%、100%;血清HbA1c水平预测ICAS的敏感度和特异度分别为40.3%、67.6%;血清Hcy水平预测ICAS的敏感度和特异度分别为70.3%、79.4%。结论:2型糖尿病颅内动脉狭窄患者血清25(OH)D、HbA1c、Hcy水平与颅内动脉狭窄显著相关,可预测颅内动脉狭窄风险。     

2型糖尿病微血管病变患者血浆同型半胱氨酸的变化及其机制的探讨

目的 了解血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy)与2型糖尿病微血管病变（DMAP）间的关系，并分析影响糖尿病（DM）患者Hcy代谢的因素。方法 157例DM患者分为三组：无微血管并发症组（NDC）、糖尿病视网膜病变组（DR）和糖尿病肾病（DN）组；正常对照组（CON）组28例。测定血浆Hcy、叶酸、维生素B12浓度，并以PCR－RFLP技术检测亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）C667T突变和蛋氨酸合成酶还原酶（MSR）A66G突变率。结果 DM各组血Hcy浓度及空腹高Hcy血症发生率高于CON组，DN组又高于NDC组（P＜0．05）。DM患者血Hcy浓度与MTHFR BB基因型、BMI、HbAlc、FBG、PBG、二甲双胍的使用呈正相关，与血浆叶酸和VitB12呈明显负相关，与MSR基因型无关。多元逐渐回归分析结果显示，VitB12、HbA1c、MTHFR基因型和叶酸是DM患者血Hcy浓度的影响因素。结论 空腹高Hcy因症是DMAP的危险因子；2型DM中MTHFR基因型、VitB12、叶酸以及代谢紊乱的程度影响Hcy的浓度。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的关系

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平与慢性并发症的关系。　方法　应用高效液相色谱仪和荧光检测仪测定 2 16例 2型糖尿病患者和 89名正常对照者的血浆总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)水平 ,分析患者组血浆tHcy水平与慢性并发症之间的关系。 　结果　 (1)患者组血浆tHcy水平高于正常对照组 [(16 .0± 6 .3) μmol/Lvs (11.7± 2 .2 ) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 1];患者组中35 %存在高Hcy血症 (tHcy >16 .2 μmol/L) ,而正常对照组仅 7% (P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )患者组中的高Hcy组 [n =75 ,tHcy为 (2 3.7± 7.4 ) μmol/L]其慢性并发症的发生率为 6 7% ,而正常Hcy组 [n =14 1,tHcy为 (11.6± 2 .5 ) μmol/L]为 4 0 % (P <0 .0 1)。高Hcy组中高血压、冠心病、脑血管病变、下肢血管病变及肾病的发生率均高于正常Hcy组 ,其中以冠心病发生率差异尤为显著 (43%vs 2 3% ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而视网膜病变及神经病变的发生率则无明显差异。 (3)相关分析显示 ,2型糖尿病患者血浆tHcy水平与年龄、尿白蛋白排泄率呈正相关 (r =0 .36 ,P =0 .0 0 0 9;r =0 .2 7,P =0 .0 184 ) ,与肌酐清除率、血叶酸水平呈负相关 (r =- 0 .5 3,P =0 .0 0 0 3;r =- 0 .2 5 ,P =0 .0 137)。　结论　高Hcy血症与 2型糖尿病的大血管病变及肾脏病变     

2型糖尿病并发抑郁症患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平升高

目的 探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发抑郁症的关系.方法 338例T2DM患者中,根据临床表现和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)诊断抑郁症患者101例,根据HRSD评分评定其抑郁程度,分为轻、中、重三组.测定血清Hcy、FPG、HbA1c.结果 T2DM患者Hcy水平显著高于对照组;糖尿病并发抑郁症患者血清Hcy水平显著高于非抑郁症组,抑郁症组有更高的HbA1c(P＜0.01),两组FPG水平无统计学差异.糖尿病并发抑郁症的轻、中、重三组比较, HRSD评分与Hcy、HbA1c水平呈显著正相关.结论 高Hcy血症可能是糖尿病患者抑郁症发病的重要危险因素.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与糖尿病周围神经病变的关系

目的了解同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）在2型糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者血浆中的表达水平,干预Hcy表达观察其对DPN的影响。方法200名DPN患者（DPN＋组）和200名无DPN患者（DPN-组）,均检测血浆Hcy水平,将高水平Hcy患者随机分成两亚组。干预亚组给予叶酸、维生素B6,对照亚组不给予干预治疗,3个月后比较各组Hcy水平,并通过临床和电生理方法评估两组神经病变的改变。结果DPN＋组中高Hcy血症患者占40%,其Hcy水平明显高于DPN-组（P〈0.05）。经治疗后高Hcy患者Hcy水平明显下降（P〈0.01）,神经病变症状和神经传导速度与对照组比较也明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论高Hcy为DPN危险因素,有效干预高同型半胱氨酸血症有助于改善神经病变。     

糖尿病人群HbA1c控制水平对血清Hcy、hs-CRP水平的影响

目的 探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的控制水平与同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的浓度相关性,以便早期对糖尿病并发症进行预测、诊断.方法 选择24例正常体检者(正常对照组)和近2年内新确诊为糖尿病(DM)患者82例(实验组),对新确诊病例每3个月检测1次HbA1c,按照1年内HbA1c的平均控制水平将DM分为4个等级,分组后检测其血清中的Hcy、hs-CRP浓度.HbA1c检测采用亲和层析高压液相法,Hcy检测采用化学发光法,hs-CRP检测采用速率散射比浊法,生化检测使用日立7600全自动生化分析仪.结果 正常对照组与实验组的HbA1c、Hcy、hs-CRP的平均浓度分别为(5.38±0.53)％、(5.24±1.55) μmol/L、(1.28±0.29)mg/L和(8.52±2.53)％、(10.65±3.01) μmol/L、(3.55±1.77) mg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.005);按照HbA1c的平均控制水平将DM分为4组后各组间血清中的Hcy、hs-CRP水平差异具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 HbA1c控制水平直接影响DM体内Hcy、hs-CRP的浓度,同时检测hs-CRP及Hcy水平也可从一个侧面明确内皮炎症的存在和内皮功能障碍的程度,所以对DM患者不仅要检测血糖及其代谢产物,还要关注hs-CRP及Hcy水平,必要时可以通过干预hs-CRP及Hcy的水平,延缓血管损害的发生.     

老年痴呆患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平及临床意义

目的通过检测老年性痴呆患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)对老年性痴呆发生发展的临床意义。方法利用简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)等将受试对象分为两组,即轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)组,其中MCI组29例,AD组32例,30例选自体检中心的健康体检者作为正常对照组,比较各组之间血清Hcy、叶酸和维生素B12以及血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平有无差异。结果 MCI组Hcy(17.52±4.38)μmol/L与AD组Hcy(21.46±9.22)μmol/L明显高于对照组Hcy(15.06±4.39)μmol/L浓度(分别为P=0.035,P=0.001);AD组与MCI组Hcy浓度有显著差异(P=0.04);各组的叶酸、维生素B12、血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯无差异(P0.05)。结论 HHcy是老年性痴呆的危险因素之一,老年性痴呆患者的病情严重程度与血清Hcy浓度具有一定的相关性。     

2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与下肢动脉硬化的关系

目的 探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者下肢动脉硬化的关系,并分析影响2型糖尿病患者Hcy代谢的因素.方法 将118例2型糖尿病患者分为2组：无下肢动脉硬化并发症组（55例）和2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化病变组（63例）;60例体检正常者作为正常对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血浆Hcy浓度,发光免疫法测定叶酸、VitB12浓度;自动生化分析仪测定空腹血糖（FBS）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）.对各组不同指标的差异进行统计学分析.结果 2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化组患者血浆Hcy浓度较2型糖尿病无下肢动脉硬化组和对照组高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,血浆Hcy水平与叶酸、VitB12水平呈负相关.结论 Hcy参与了2型糖尿病下肢动脉硬化病变的发病过程,Hcy水平与叶酸、VitB12水平有关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.