腮腺前缘咬肌入路固定髁状突中低位骨折

目的：探讨腮腺前缘咬肌表面面神经间入路复位固定下颌骨髁突中低位骨折的方法。方法：37例43侧髁突中低位骨折患者随机分为两组,A组：16例19侧耳前切口穿腮腺入路复位固定骨折;B组：21例24侧髁状突中低位骨折患者采用绕下颌角皮肤切口,腮腺前缘、咬肌表面面神经间入路,直视下复位固定骨折。对两组的临床疗效进行比较。结果：B组术后第2d咬合关系恢复情况,涎瘘发生情况及术后1月下颌运动时关节局部牵拉不适感等方面均优于A组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;面神经功能障碍、术后CT三维重建骨折断端对位及术后1月患者主观满意度等方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论：腮腺前缘、咬肌表面面神经间入路可获得较为理想的术野,直视下保护面神经、复位固定骨折,不需分离腮腺,发生涎瘘和面神经损伤的危险性大大降低,并能用于下颌支粉碎性骨折等较为复杂的骨折的治疗,是安全有效的手术路径之一。     

耳下切口经腮腺入路治疗髁突低位骨折 21 例临床报道

目的：探讨耳下切口穿腮腺入路行髁突低位骨折坚固内固定术的临床效果。方法：通过耳下切13经腮腺入路,对21例22侧髁突低位骨折病例施行开放复位坚强内固定术。术后对患者开口度,咬合关系,面神经功能等进行临床疗效分析。结果：21例患者术后咬合关系均恢复良好,开口度最大4．7cm,最小3．3cm,无张13偏斜病例。有2例出现暂时陛面瘫,经过治疗后2月内恢复。手术3月后复查CT,显示所有病例髁突骨折均解剖复位。结论：耳下切口经过腮腺入路手术治疗髁突低位骨折,伤口隐蔽,术后瘢痕小,且能达到解剖复位和坚强内固定的求。     

经颌后切口入路治疗髁突骨折

目的:探讨经颌后切口入路治疗髁突中低位骨折的临床效果。方法 :对18例经颌后入路行髁突中低位骨折切开复位内固定术进行回顾分析,评价患者张口度、开口型、咬合关系、面部表情肌功能、涎瘘等临床指标。结果:18例患者术后咬合关系、张口度、开口型均可恢复正常,无面瘫、涎瘘病例出现。术后3个月复查CT片显示髁突解剖复位,骨折断端无成角或裂开。结论:经颌后切口入路治疗髁突中低位骨折,能充分保护面神经分支,最大程度减轻对腮腺腺体创伤,且能达到髁突解剖复位和坚固内固定的治疗效果。     

经颌后腮腺前缘入路治疗髁突低位骨折的临床体会

目的探讨下颌骨髁突低位骨折、下颌升支骨折内固定新入路的方法及治疗效果。方法对15例单侧髁突低位骨折及下颌升支骨折患者沿耳垂下后作3 cm小切口,翻开皮肤,在腮腺咬肌筋膜浅面向前方分离,在腮腺前缘将腮腺组织向后方掀起,咬肌内钝性分离暴露骨折线后,直视下对髁突骨折、升支骨折断端进行复位固定。结果所有患者解剖复位,咬合关系良好,术后关节三维活动正常,瘢痕隐蔽。结论颌后腮腺前缘入路是治疗髁突低位骨折、升支骨折的较好方法,值得在临床推广。     

穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部骨折

目的：探讨穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部的安全性及有效性。方法：对15例（21侧）髁颈及髁突基底部骨折患者选择穿腮腺入路切开复位内固定术。结果：15例患者,21例侧髁突骨折行手术治疗。19例侧髁突骨折选择2块接骨板固定,2例侧选择1块接骨板固定。所有患者伤口均一期愈合,术后复查全口曲面断层片或三维CT示骨折断端对位良好。除1例患侧后牙暂时性轻度开外,所有患者咬合关系恢复良好。术后1个月复查,张口度32～45mm（平均38mm）。3例侧出现面神经损伤症状,术后3个月内均恢复正常,无1例出现永久性面瘫。所有患者均未出现涎瘘、感染等并发症。结论：相对于髁突骨折的颌后及颌下入路,穿腮腺入路行髁突骨折切开复位内固定术,容易暴露,可直视下完成骨折复位固定,是治疗髁颈和髁突基底部骨折安全有效的手术入路。     

下颌下小切口入路行髁突颈部骨折复位固定术的疗效观察

目的：观察下颌下小切口入路用于髁突颈部骨折复位固定的疗效。方法：纳入研究病例26例,术前确诊为髁突颈部骨折并且具备手术适应证。于下颌角位置做小切口,分离并保护面神经下颌缘支,于该神经上横断咬肌后1/3,骨折断端暴露后,解剖复位并钛板固定。结果：26例患者均恢复正常咬合关系,开口度和开口型均正常,面部对称,无面神经损伤。结论：下颌下小切口入路利用面神经下颌缘支和下颊支之间的解剖间隙,在髁突颈部骨折治疗中效果良好。     

经腮腺边缘穿咬肌入路行髁突骨折坚固内固定的临床总结

目的:探讨经腮腺边缘穿咬肌入路行髁突骨折坚固内固定的临床效果。方法:回顾分析2014-05—2017-01收治的30例36侧髁突骨折患者的诊治经验。其中21侧髁突中低位骨折,通过颌后切口经腮腺前缘穿咬肌入路行坚固内固定术。15侧髁突高位骨折通过改良耳屏切口,经腮腺前、上缘穿咬肌入路行坚固内固定术,术后随访6个月,从患者的咬合关系、开口度、涎瘘及面神经功能等方面进行评估。结果:30例患者术后咬合关系和开口度均恢复良好,无涎瘘的病例出现,有4例出现暂时性面瘫,2月后内恢复。结论:经腮腺边缘穿咬肌入路手术治疗髁突骨折,视野暴露充分,切口隐蔽,利于保护面神经,并发症少,是安全有效的手术入路之一。     

髁突下骨折手术复位入路的改进

目的：探讨髁突下骨折切开复位内固定的新入路。方法：对6N（8侧）髁突下骨折患者行患侧耳屏前直线切口，顺颞浅静脉表面向下分离，寻找面神经颞面干和颈面干，并对其加以保护后，切开下颌支骨膜，在直视下对骨断端行复位内同定。结果：此手术入路视野好，骨断端暴露充分，便于复位同定。所有病例术后咬合关系良好，无面神经损伤。结论：此手术入路是髁突下骨折切开复位内同定的较好方法。     

穿腮腺手术径路治疗下颌骨髁突骨折的临床效果评价

目的评价穿腮腺手术径路治疗下颌骨髁突骨折的临床效果。 方法对31例（共36侧）下颌骨髁突骨折的患者,穿腮腺入路行下颌骨髁突骨折切开复位钛钉钛板坚固内固定术、髁突骨折碎片取出术并髁突成形术。术后观察面型、张口度、咬合关系、面神经损伤、有无唾液腺瘘及复查颌面部CT观察骨折段的复位情况等。 结果24例（共29侧）行下颌骨髁突骨折切开复位钛钉钛板坚固内固定术,7例（共7侧）髁突骨折碎片取出术并髁突成形术,术后随访6 ~ 18个月（平均11.3个月）;通过穿腮腺手术径路骨折断端复位准确、固定良好、咬合功能恢复正常、面部外形均满意;4例患者早期出现Ⅰ~Ⅱ度张口受限,经过张闭口训练后恢复正常;5例患者出现面神经暂时性麻痹,8周后均恢复正常;1例患者出现唾液腺瘘,经过加压包2周后扎后创口愈合;4例患者出现创伤性关节紊乱症,有关节弹响、疼痛等。 结论穿腮腺手术径路治疗下颌骨髁突骨折安全有效,手术并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

不同类型下颌骨髁突骨折的外科手术治疗探讨

目的分析不同类型下颌骨髁突骨折的手术入路、复位固定方法、疗效及并发症,为外科手术治疗髁突骨折提供参考。方法收集近3年完成的下颌骨髁突骨折切开复位内固定患者的临床资料及随访资料,根据不同骨折类型分别选择耳屏前/内、耳下颌后或口内切口入路,高位骨折采用长螺钉固定,中位和低位骨折选择小型钛板固定,对骨折类型,手术入路,复位固定方式,术后愈合、开口功能恢复及相关并发症进行相关分析。结果 146例共57侧髁突骨折手术后均未出现钛板/螺钉松动及frey's综合征;面神经受损征7例,均为高位和中位骨折治疗组的面神经颞支暂时性损伤,低位骨折组面神经损伤概率低于高位及中位骨折组(P<0.05)。2各治疗组术前术后的张口度均得到显著改善(P<0.05),平均张口度3.5 cm以上。3高位骨折术后张口偏斜11例,占23.91%;中位骨折术后张口偏斜4例,占8.70%,低位骨折5例,占10.87%,患者张口偏斜均在0.5 cm以内。结论髁突骨折应根据不同类型选择手术入路、复位固定方式;外科解剖学复位可实现早期张口功能训练及良好的咬合关系,患者总体满意度高;髁突高位骨折复位时应尽量避免剥离翼外肌附着,注意关节结构保存;耳前切口入路过度牵拉暴露易致面神经颞支损伤。     

The retromandibular transparotid approach for reduction and rigid internal fixation using two locking miniplates in mandibular condylar neck fractures

We evaluated the safety, efficacy, and morbidity associated with the treatment of displaced mandibular condylar neck fractures using a retromandibular transparotid approach to reduce and rigidly fix using two 2.0-mm locking miniplates. Our surgical inclusion criteria were: patient selection of open reduction and fixation, displaced unilateral condylar fractures with derangement of occlusion, and bilateral condylar fractures with an anterior open bite. The study group consisted of 19 patients who underwent surgery for 19 mandibular condylar neck fractures; patients were analyzed prospectively, with more than 6 months of follow-up, and were evaluated in terms of functional results, scar formation, postoperative complications, and stability of fixation. The results showed that functional occlusion identical to the preoperative condition and correct anatomical reduction of the condylar segments in centric occlusion, followed by immediate functional recovery, was achieved in all patients. No patient suffered from any major or permanent complication postoperatively, although there were two cases (11%) of temporary facial nerve palsy, which resolved completely within 3 months. Surgical scars were barely visible. The retromandibular transparotid approach with open reduction and rigid internal fixation for displaced condylar neck fractures of the mandible is a feasible and safe, minimally invasive surgical technique that provides reliable clinical results.     

The retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar fractures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, utility and morbidity associated with the treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures using the retromandibular transparotid approach and to evaluate the stability of a single 2mm miniplate fixation system for such fractures. Forty-two cases with 48 mandibular subcondylar fractures were analysed prospectively for 12 months and evaluated for functional results, scar, postoperative complications and stability of fixation. There were three cases of suboptimal occlusal status, two cases of haematoma that were drained and resolved, eight patients with facial nerve weakness which resolved in a few weeks, and three cases of salivary fistulae that resolved after treatment. All cases showed stable osteosyntheses. Maximal postoperative interincisal distance was 32-61 mm (mean 44 mm). Four patients had deflection on opening, while clicking on opening or chewing was observed in five patients. The postoperative scars were well accepted by all patients. The results of this study suggest that a retromandibular approach will facilitate accurate reduction and fixation of subcondylar fragments with a good cosmetic result and minimal complications. A single 2 mm miniplate fixation provides stable results.     

Usefulness of the retromandibular transparotid approach for condylar neck and condylar base fractures

Condyle fractures represent 20% to 30% of all mandibular fractures and are thus among the most common facial fractures. The fracture pattern can vary greatly and may occur anywhere along the line from the sigmoid notch to the mandibular angle. The main problems are access, difficulty in repositioning the extremely slender fragments, and fixation of the condyle.Eighty-seven patients were diagnosed with condylar neck or condylar base fractures from January 2007 to December 2009 in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery of Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital. In this study, we included 35 patients who underwent open surgery and a total of 28 patients who were treated using a retromandibular transparotid approach.Surgical treatment aims were anatomic repositioning and rigid fixation of the fragments, occlusal stability, rapidly return to function, maintenance of vertical ramus dimension, no airway compromise, and reduced long-term temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Considering the high rate of occurrence of condylar fracture and the importance of the condylar as a growth center of the mandible, extraoral approaches for the open reduction of condylar fractures are considered effective and can be used widely.Short access route, easy reduction, short operating time, and stable postoperative occlusion are the advantages of the retromandibular transparotid approach. Also, there was no permanent damage from facial nerve injury, salivary leakage, or preauricular hypoesthesia. Therefore, the retromandibular transparotid approach is considered a safe and effective method for patients with a condylar neck or condylar base fracture classified according to the Strasbourg Osteosynthesis Research Group's classification, who require surgical treatment with an extraoral approach.     

Retromandibular transparotid approach compared with transmasseteric anterior parotid approach for the management of fractures of the mandibular condylar process: a prospective randomised study

Fractures of the mandibular condyle lead to displacement of the condyle and loss of the height of the ramus. A retromandibular approach is the most commonly used for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of such fractures. We aimed to compare the complications associated with a retromandibular transparotid approach with a retromandibular transmasseteric anterior parotid (TMAP) approach for their management. Thirty patients were randomly selected into two groups (15 in each): Group A comprised the retromandibular transparotid approach and Group B the retromandibular TMAP. The variables evaluated were: operating time, facial nerve injury, occurrence of Frey syndrome, and sialocoele at one week, four weeks, three months, and six months. The mean (SD) age in group A and B was 33.93 (17.97) years and 33.53 (16.15) years, respectively, and there were 28 men and two women. Mean (SD) exposure time in the transparotid approach was 26.93 (5.19) minutes and 25.4 (8.35) minutes in the TMAP approach. The incidence of facial nerve injury was 2/15 patients in the transparotid group and 3/15 in the TMAP group, all of which resolved within six months. The incidence of sialocoele was 2/15 in the transparotid group. The results did not show any significant difference in complications between the two approaches, but the retromandibular transparotid approach provided straight-line access in fractures of the condylar neck, with fewer incidences of nerve injury. The anterior parotid approach, on the other hand, provided easier access for fractures that were medially dislocated or of the condylar base but had an increased incidence of facial nerve injuries.     

The periauricular transparotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle fractures varies among centres as there still is no general consensus. The aim of this paper was to determine the safety and efficiency of surgical treatment using a transparotid approach for direct plating. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective clinical study was conducted on 34 patients with 36 fractures of the condyle. All 36 fractures were displaced, and 14 (39%) of them were fracture dislocations. The fractures were treated surgically with a transparotid facelift or retromandibular approach using miniplates and screws for fixation. Patients were carefully followed up and were asked to answer a survey paper 2-39 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Occlusion practically identical to the pretraumatic condition was achieved in 31 out of 33 dentate patients (94%). Postoperative interincisal distance was 30-61 mm (mean 44 mm), 4 patients (12%) had postoperative deflection to the side of injury during mouth opening. Facial symmetry was achieved in all of the patients. Eight out of 36 cases (22%) had a transient weakness of certain ipsilateral facial muscle groups, lasting for 4-8 weeks. In one of these patients, a mild weakness of the upper lip and lower eyelid persisted after 13 months. There were 5 cases of miniplate fractures (14%), all of them in patients in whom 1.7 or thinner miniplates were used. There were 5 cases of salivary fistulae (14%), all of them in patients where the parotid capsule was not closed in a watertight fashion. According to the postoperative survey completed by 32 patients, 30 of them (94%) were very satisfied with the outcome of treatment. CONCLUSION: If conducted properly, the transparotid facelift approach offers a safe and effective approach for direct fixation of condylar fractures.     

Prospective study of morbidity associated with open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured condyle by the transparotid approach

We present a summary of a prospective study of 50 consecutive cases into the morbidity associated with open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured mandibular condyle through the transparotid approach. It is acceptably safe, and the data can now be presented to patients to help them make an informed choice about options for treatment.     

颌下切口下颌升支垂直截骨在髁突高位骨折手术中的应用

目的:探讨应用颌下切口下颌升支垂直截骨术治疗髁突高位骨折的效果。方法:对16例(19侧)下颌骨髁突高位骨折患者采用颌下切口下颌骨升支后缘垂直截骨取出升支后缘骨块将骨折的髁突游离后取出,体外直视下将骨折片与升支后缘骨块复位固定后再回植,行颞下颌关节重建。结果:于术后6、12、24个月复查全部患者的开口度为30～48 mm,平均34.92 mm。所有患者咬合关系良好,无关节疼痛症状。部分病人有轻度开口偏斜,均<3 mm,有1例患者有关节弹响。结论:颌下切口下颌升支垂直截骨是治疗髁突高位骨折的一种可选择方法,具有操作简便、复位准确、近期疗效满意等优点。